Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur manliga mellanchefer handlade, i sin strävan att förena arbetsliv och familjeliv. Två tidskrävande delar av männens liv, som båda ställer krav, och påverkar dem, i deras möjlighet till handlande. Metoden vi valt är kvalitativ och vi genomförde intervjuer med fem mellanchefer, i Stockholmsområdet. De fick under intervjun berätta om sitt liv som pappa och chef. Vi såg att samhällets normer, och företagens policys, påverkade männen i deras handlande. För att bemöta de krav som dessa yttre faktorer ställde på dem skapade de strategier. Vi såg att de hade olika många strategier att ta till, beroende på vilka krav de ställdes inför. Hur många strategier de kunde välja mellan påverkades av deras handlingsutrymme. Vi såg också att i vissa situationer agerade männen lika när de ställdes inför liknande problem, oberoende av varandra. Vi fann även stöd för att männen, i större utsträckning än sina fruar, fick betalt för det arbete de utfört. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how male middle managers acted, in their efforts to balance work and family life. These two, time-consuming, parts of men's lives, both demand and influence them, in their ability to act. The method we have chosen is qualitative and we conducted interviews with five middle managers, in the Stockholm area. During the interview they got to talk about their roles as fathers and managers. We saw that social norms and business policies affected the men in their actions. To meet the requirements that these external factors put on them, they created strategies. We saw that they had a different number of approaches to choose from, depending on the demands they faced. How many strategies they could choose from were affected by their room for maneuver. We also saw that in some situations, when they were faced with similar problems, the men acted similarly, independently. We also found support for the fact that the men, to a greater extent than their wives, got paid for the work they did.

In this paper, I study how a new law (the Convention on the Rights of the Child) is implemented in Lomma municipality. I investigate how the new law has been implemented in the municipality and how my informants experience their room of maneuver to carry out the changes required to implement the law in their business. Methodological tools used are interviews with four informants. The analysis is guided by Lundquist's theory of implementation as well as Lipsky's theory of room of maneuver.  The study results in that the implementation of the law has mainly taken place through the appointment of a working group with responsibility for the implementation. After that nothing more significant has happened in the implementation process. The informants have a room for maneuver, but are strongly influenced by management and the policy framework. Therefore, it will be difficult for the informants to fully implement the law in the business. It is not possible to draw generalizing conclusions based on the results because it is a specific case that is being analyzed, but similar studies with other municipalities in focus are examples of future research areas.

Conformément à l’article 46 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, les États contractants s’engagent à se conformer aux arrêts définitifs de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Il ressort toutefois de la jurisprudence de la Cour que ses décisions sont « déclaratoires pour l’essentiel » et que, par cela, une liberté de choix des moyens à utiliser pour s’acquitter de l’obligation d’exécuter la décision, est laissée à l’État défendeur. En tout état de cause, le sens de l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour demeurerait paradoxal s’il fallait s’arrêter à accepter à la fois que l’État doive exécuter la décision européenne tout en ayant le choix libre de la manière d’y parvenir. Un tel raccourci aurait en effet pour conséquence que les décisions de la Cour soient imparfaitement ou seulement partiellement exécutées dans la mesure où, d’une part, le but consistant à l’exécution de la décision est vaguement précisé et où, d’autre part, la liberté de choix est, quant à elle, expresse. La doctrine de la marge d’appréciation de l’État apporte ainsi une flexibilité nécessaire dans la délimitation des rôles de la Cour et ceux de l’État défendeur pour une meilleure exécution des décisions européennes. A cet effet, le double effet de la décision européenne n’a de sens que s’il est admis que l’État dispose, certes, d’une marge d’appréciation dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour, mais que les limites de cette marge sont posées par la Cour elle-même, dans sa décision. Il faut dès lors systématiquement partir de la décision de la Cour qui doit préciser ce en quoi consiste l’exécution de celle-ci, et donc ce en quoi consiste la réparation de la violation de la Convention, afin de déterminer si la marge d’appréciation de l’État, au stade de l’exécution de la décision, est plutôt large ou plutôt étroite. La liberté du choix de l’État défendeur en matière des mesures à prendre pour exécuter la décision selon les attentes de la Cour, se rapportera ainsi à une gamme de choix prédéfinie dans le cadre de la décision, et ce, dépendamment de la nature de la violation de la Convention ou encore de la gravité des conséquences de telle violation. En somme, plus la gamme de choix de mesures étatiques est précise, plus il y a de chances que la décision soit mieux exécutée. L’essentiel du travail consiste donc à essayer d’identifier les critères de détermination de l’étendue de la marge d’appréciation de l’État dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour. Cependant, un tel exercice ne peut être mené à bien sans tout d’abord définir la notion même de « marge d’appréciation » qui, même si elle a déjà été employée par la Cour et par une partie de la doctrine, n’a pas reçu une définition convaincante, ou encore, a souvent été indistinctement associée à la notion de « marge de manœuvre », au « principe de subsidiarité », ou même à la souveraineté, alors qu’elle ne saurait s’y confondre. / In accordance with Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the European Court of Human Rights. It is however apparent from the Court’s case-law that its decisions are “essentially declaratory” and, by that, a freedom to choose the means to be used to fulfill the obligation to execute the decision is given to the respondent State. In any event, the sense of the execution of the Court’s decisions would remain paradoxical if we were to stop at accepting at the same time that a State must execute the European decision while having the free choice in the manner to achieve so. Such a shortcut would lead to a poor execution of the decisions of the Court in so far as, on one hand, the purpose of the enforcement of the decision is vaguely specified and, on the other hand, freedom of choice is expressly precise. The doctrine of the State's margin of appreciation thus gives the flexibility needed in delimiting the roles of the Court and those of the respondent State for the purpose of a better implementation of European decisions. To that end, the dual effect of the European decision only makes sense if it is accepted that the State indeed enjoys a margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision but that the limits of such margin are laid by the Court itself, in its decision. It is therefore necessary to systematically start from the decision of the Court which must specify what the expected execution is, and therefore what the compensation for the violation of the Convention should be, in order to determine whether the margin of appreciation of a State, at the stage of implementation of the decision, is rather broad or rather narrow. The freedom of choice of the respondent State as to the measures to be taken to implement the decision according to the expectations of the Court will thus relate to a range of choices predefined in the decision, depending on the nature of the violation of the Convention or the gravity of the consequences of such violation. In short, the more precise the ranges of choices of measures are, the more likely it is that the decision will be better executed. The essence of the work is therefore to try to identify the criteria for determining the extent of the State’s margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision. However, such an exercise cannot be carried out without first defining the very notion of “margin of appreciation” which, even if it has already been used by the Court and by a part of the doctrine, has not received a convincing definition, or has often been indistinctly associated with the notion of “margin of manoeuver”, the “principle of subsidiarity”, or even sovereignty, while it cannot be confused with them.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka personalens upplevelser av att möjliggöra brukarinflytande på verksamhetsnivå inom LSS. Inflytande på verksamhetsnivå innebär att kunna påverka beslut som verksamheten handhar med. Områden som studien har sitt fokus på är aktiviteter som genomförs på fritiden och att förändra lokaler på boendet. Det som arbetet kommer att belysa är hur personalen arbetar för att ge brukaren inflytande, samt vilka svårigheter och begränsningar personalen upplever med att tillgodose brukarens önskemål om aktiviteter och lokalanpassning. I resultatet av denna studie framgår det att svårigheter som bristande engagemang påverkar personalens möjligheter med att uppnå brukarinflytande. Det framgår även i resultatet att personalen upplever sitt handlingsutrymme begränsat med att tillgodose brukarens önskemål. De element som utgör en begränsning i personalens handlingsutrymme är främst brukarnas ekonomi, bemanning och arbetsschemat. / The purpose of the study is to investigate the staff’s experiences of enabling user influence at the organizational level within LSS. Influence at the organizational level means being able to affect decisions that the o handles. Areas that the study focuses on are activities that are implemented in leisure time and changing premises at the accommodation. What the work will emphasize on is how the staff works to give the user influence, and what difficulties and limitations the staff experience in satisfying the user’s desires for activities and local adaptation. The results of this study show that difficulties such as lack of commitment affect the staff’s opportunities to achieve user influence. It also appears from the results that the staff experience their room for maneuver limited in satisfying the user’s desires. The elements that constitute a limitation in the staff’s room for maneuver are mainly the users’ finances, staffing and work schedule.

The aim of this study is to examine how different factors affect the social worker's room for maneuver in relation to the case of home return request and the LVU process. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine how the social workers experience that the children are affected during home returns and what kind of effects it has on the children's attachment. The questions that have permeated our work are: What does the social worker's room for maneuver look like in relation to the case of home return request? and which factors do social workers believe affect the children's attachment to a home return request? The questions have been answered with the help of semi - structured interviews with five social workers from family home care. The results of the study have been analyzed with the help of previous research, Lipsky's theory, “Street level Bureaucracy” and Bowlby's attachment theory. The conclusion of the study has shown that the social workers' room of maneuver are complex but that the social workers have to some extent freedom of action. The room for maneuver is made possible and hindered by laws, guidelines and frameworks that exist in the organization. Furthermore, the conclusion showed that children's development can be affected when a home request becomes relevant, as the child both has a connection to the family home and their biological family. These attachment patterns that the child creates in turn create whether the child will develop healthily or not.

The aim of this study has been to get a better understanding of school counselors experience of their room for maneuver in a pedagogical environment. Consequently, examine the meaning of legitimacy and cooperation with other professions within the school. Our study emanates from six semi-structured qualitative interviews with school counselors that have been analyzed from a thematic analysis. The study consists mainly of three key concepts room for maneuver, cooperation and legitimacy. The result shows that there is a duality around their perception of these key concepts. School counselors find both strengths and difficulties in their profession and role at the school. Our conclusion is that school counselors need a clearer job description and support from mainly principals to enable the work more health-promoting and preventive in school. The school counselors described a desire for a central manager with an educational background more similar to theirs in order to make it easier for them to find their role at the school. ,

Sauer and Ahnlund (2021) believe that the care manager who works in social work is described as complex because the role involves having an approach to various individual needs that the individuals have. The difficulty is to assemble politics, profession and organizational choices as they, based on this, must take a stand in situations of ethical sensitivity. Previous research shows that guidelines, knowledge and interaction affect the care managers room for maneuver, where it is described that these can provide security and benefits. However, it appears that difficulties may arise in these parts of the decision-making process that the care managers as a profession has the task of implementing (Olaison, Torres & Forssell 2018; Janlöv, Hallberg & Petersson 2011). The purpose of the study is to investigate how the care managers in elderly care describe their role and how guidelines, knowledge and interaction affect the care managers in their decision-making. Semistructured interviews were conducted with seven care managers in elderly care. The study is alalyzed based on Lipsky´s (2010) theory of grassroots bureaucrats. The results show that the care managers are based on the individual´s needs at the center. However, the study shows that they describe guidelines, knowledge and interaction in different ways in relation to the decision-making process because they create different spaces for action. Our study shows that the role of care managers is contradictory which means that the elderly's need for help is treated in different ways, depending on which care manager they meet. / Sauer och Ahnlund (2021) menar att biståndshandläggare som arbetar inom det sociala arbetet beskrivs som en komplex roll då rollen innebär att ha ett förhållningssätt till olika individuella behov som individer har. Svårigheten är att knyta samman politik, profession samt organisatoriska val då de utifrån detta skall ta ställning kring situationer av etisk känslighet. Tidigare forskning visar att riktlinjer, kunskap och interaktion påverkar biståndshandläggares handlingsutrymme då det beskrivs att dessa kan ge trygghet och fördelar. Dock framkommer det att svårigheter kan uppstå inom dessa delar i beslutsprocessen som biståndshandläggare som profession har som uppgift att genomföra (Olaison, Torres & Forssell 2018; Janlöv, Hallberg & Petersson 2011). Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur biståndshandläggare inom äldreomsorgen beskriver sin roll samt hur riktlinjer, kunskap och interaktion med klienterna och klienternas anhöriga påverkar biståndshandläggare i deras beslutsfattande. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med sju biståndshandläggare inom äldreomsorgen. Studien analyseras utifrån Lipskys (2010) teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater. Resultatet visar att biståndshandläggarna utgår från den enskildes behov i centrum. Dock visar studien att de beskriver riktlinjer, kunskap och interaktion på olika sätt i förhållande till beslutsprocessen på grund av att de skapar olika handlingsutrymmen. Vår studie visar att rollen som biståndshandläggare är motstridig och innebär att äldres hjälpbehov behandlas på olika sätt, beroende på vilken biståndshandläggare de möter.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka utredande socialsekreterares förståelse av och förhållningssätt till principen om barnets bästa. Tidigare forskning visar på att barnets bästa som begrepp är svårdefinierat, att hög arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist kan påverka bedömningar om barnets bästa och att tillit samt en förtroendefull relation mellan socialsekreteraren och barnet kan främja delaktigheten. Resultatet analyserades utifrån Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska teori och handlingsutrymme som teoretiskt begrepp. Studien har använt sig av en kvalitativ metod bestående av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys för att finna teman. Socialsekreterarna upplever sig ha ett stort handlingsutrymme för att göra egna bedömningar om barnet bästa. Trots att resultatet visade att begreppet var svårt att definiera var socialsekreterarna relativt eniga om hur de förstår barnets bästa och vad de väger in i bedömningen. Resultatet visade även att socialsekreterarna för det mesta hinner träffa barnen vid endast ett tillfälle under utredningsprocessen på grund av hög arbetsbelastning och brist på tid. Verksamhetens ekonomiska förutsättningar visade sig även ha en inverkan på socialsekreterarnas handlingsutrymme när det gäller att bedöma barnets bästa. / The aim of this study was to examine investigative social workers understanding of and approach to the principle of the best interests of the child. Previous research shows that it’s difficult to define the best interests of the child. Research also shows that a high workload and lack of time can affect assessments of the child’s best interests, and that a trusting relationship between the social worker and the child can promote participation. The theoretical background is based on Bronfenbrenner’s developmental ecology theory and room for maneuver as a theoretical concept. A qualitative method has been used and the empirical material was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Social workers feel that they have a large margin of maneuver to make assessments. Although the result showed that the concept was difficult to define, the social workers had a similar understanding on how they understood the concept and what they take in consideration in the assessment. However, the social workers have for the most part only time to meet the children at one point during the investigation process. Financial conditions also turned out to have an impact on their room for maneuver when it comes to assessing the child’s best interests.

I Sverige använder socialtjänsten lagar för att tillgodose olika levnadsstandarder till olika grupper av människor. Aktuell studie har syftat till att undersöka hur biståndshandläggare resonerar kring begreppet skälig levnadsnivå och hur det används i praktiken inom äldreomsorgen. En kvalitativ studie har utförts där åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med biståndshandläggare från tre olika kommuner i Sverige. En vinjett med ett fiktivt ärende har även använts för att undersöka om det finns olikheter i bedömningar mellan biståndshandläggare. Utifrån den insamlade empirin så har en tematisk analys genomförts och fyra teman har presenterats i resultatdelen. Dessa teman är vad är skälig levnadsnivå?, god vs skälig levnadsnivå, handlingsutrymme och olikheter i bedömning. Resultatet visar att det finns olikheter i bedömningar och att begreppet skälig levnadsnivå är ett abstrakt begrepp som har ett stort tolkningsutrymme. Parallellt visar studiens resultat att majoriteten av biståndshandläggare upplever sitt handlingsutrymme en lagom nivå. En diskussion förs mellan vikten av att ha handlingsutrymme och ett rättssäkert samhälle där alla behandlas lika av myndigheter. Slutsatsen visar att det är en svår balansgång och att det krävs mer forskning inom ämnet. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater samt Maslows behovspyramid. / In Sweden the social services use different laws to meet different living standards for different groups of people. The current study has aimed to investigate how social workers in elderly care reason about the concept of a reasonable standard of living and how it is used in practice. A qualitative study was conducted in which eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with social workers in the elderly care unit from three different municipalities in Sweden. A vignette has also been used to investigate whether there are differences in assessments between social workers. Based on the collected empirical data, a thematic analysis has been carried out and four themes have been presented in the results section. These themes are what is a reasonable standard of living?, good vs reasonable standard of living, room for maneuver and differences in assessment. The results show that there are differences in assessments and that the concept of a reasonable standard of living is an abstract concept that has a large scope for interpretation. In parallel, the results of the study show that the majority of development assistance officers feel that their room for maneuver is at a reasonable level. A discussion is held between the importance of having room for maneuver and a law-abiding society where everyone is treated equally by the authorities. The conclusion shows that it is a difficult balancing act and that more research is required in the subject. The results have been analyzed with the help of previous research and Lipsky's theory of grassroot bureaucrats and Maslow's pyramid of needs.

Syftet med uppsatsen är dels att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser av stödinsatser till personer med missbruksproblem, med särskilt fokus på tillämpningen av tvångslagstiftningen Lag (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM), dels huruvida socialsekreterare upplever etiska dilemman vid bedömning av LVM och hur sådana dilemman kan hanteras. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ studie där totalt sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med socialsekreterare i olika kommuner i Sverige. Genom en tematisk analys, har vårt empiriska material analyserats. Teman som framkom var handlingsutrymme utifrånRiktlinjer och samarbete, Bedömning av helheten, Motivationsarbete, Tankar om tolkningsutrymme samt vård och Etiska dilemman. Det empiriska materialet har även analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och teoretiska begrepp, det vill säga gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterarna upplevde att samarbete med kollegor, teamledare och chefer var viktigt vid inledning av LVM. Vidare menade de intervjuade socialsekreterarna att riktlinjer och lagtext tydliggör när tvångsomhändertagande ska tillämpas. De uppgav dock att lagtexten är en svårighet på grund av tolkningsutrymmet. Etiska dilemman som lyftes av socialsekreterarna hängde samman med att klientens självbestämmanderätt försvinner vid tillämpning av LVM, samtidigt som klientens liv är i fara om LVM inte tillämpas. / The aim of this study was to examine the experiences of social secretaries, in support measures for people with substance abuse problems, with special focus on the application of the law Lag (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM). Additionally we examined potential ethical dilemmas and how these are handled by the social secretary. The study is based on a qualitative study where a total of six semi-structured interviews were conducted with social secretaries from different municipalities in Sweden. Through a thematic analysis, our empirical material was analyzed. Themes that emerged were Room for maneuver based on guidelines and laws, The overall assessment, Motivational work, Thoughts on room for interpretation, Care and Ethical dilemmas. The empirical material has been analyzed with the help of previous research and theoretical concepts. The results showed that the participants' collaboration with colleagues, team leaders and managers was important when initiating compulsory care. Further, the respondents emphasized that guidelines and legislation clarify when compulsory treatment is to be applied. However, the social secretaries stated that there were difficulties with the scope for interpretation. An ethical dilemma highlighted by the social secretaries was that the client's right to self- determination disappears when applying LVM, at the same time as the client's life is in danger if LVM is not applied.