Objetivo: Avaliar a função da coluna cervical, utilizando testes clínicos cervicais em indivíduos com e sem Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) associados ou não ao relato de dor de cabeça. Métodos: Estudo Transversal. Foram avaliadas 57 mulheres com idade de 18 a 60 anos, divididas em dois grupos: DTM (n=40), e controle (n=17). Dada a alta frequência de relato de dor de cabeça a amostra de DTM foi estratificada em DTM com cefaleia (n=25) e DTM sem cefaleia (n=15). A incapacidade cervical foi avaliada pelo Índice de Incapacidade Cervical (NDI) e a dor na ATM pela Escala Visual Analógica de dor (EVA). A avaliação funcional da coluna cervical foi conduzida uma única avaliação por um examinador fisioterapeuta experiente e foi constituída pelos testes clínicos: análise da Amplitude de Movimento Ativa da Coluna Cervical (ADM); realização do Flexion-Rotation Test (FRT) e Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test (CCFT). Os sujeitos com DTM que relataram a presença de dores de cabeça foram instruídos a responder um questionário sobre as principais características da cefaleia referida. Para comparações entre os grupos foram aplicados ANOVA one way seguida por teste Post Hoc de Tukey ou por Teste Kruskall Wallis quando necessário. Para a análise de associação entre as variáveis categóricas foram aplicados Teste chi-quadrado ou Teste Exato de Fisher quando apropriado e para a análise de associação entre variáveis ordinais/contínua foram aplicados Testes de Correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Os indivíduos com DTM independente do relato de dor de cabeça apresentaram menor mobilidade no plano sagital, menores valores no FRT e apresentaram pior performance dos flexores profundos cervicais comparados aos controles (p<0.05). Além disso, os dados de ADM, FRT e CCFT foram associados com a intensidade de dor na ATM e a incapacidade cervical (p<0.01). Conclusão: Pacientes com DTM independente do relato de cefaleia apresentaram limitação na amplitude de flexão/extensão e do segmento C1-C2 da coluna cervical, além do menor desempenho dos músculos flexores profundos. Adicionalmente, a incapacidade cervical e a dor na ATM apresentaram correlação moderada com os testes funcionais cervicais nos indivíduos com DTM. / Objective: To evaluate the function of the cervical spine, using cervical clinical tests in individuals with and without Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD)associated or not to the report of headache. Methods: Were analyzed 57 women with age between 18 and 60 years, divided in two groups: TMD (n=40) and control (n=17). Given the high frequency of headache report, the TMD sample was stratified into TMD with headache (n=25) and TMD without headache (n=15). Cervical disability was assessed by the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and TMJ pain by the Visual Analogue Scale of pain (VAS). The functional evaluation of the cervical spine was conducted by a physiotherapeutic examiner with 10 years of experience and was constituted by the clinical tests: Analysis of the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM); Flexion-Rotation Test (FRT) and Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT). Subjects with TMD who reported the presence of headaches were instructed to answer 11 questions that contained the main characteristics of referred headache. For comparisons between control groups, TMD with Headache and TMD without Headache, ANOVA was applied one way followed by Tukey\'s Post Hoc test or by Kruskall Wallis test when necessary. For the analysis of association between the categorical variables, chi-square test or Fisher\'s exact test were applied when appropriate and for analysis of association between ordinal / continuous variables, Spearman\'s Correlation Tests were applied. Results: Individuals with TMD independent of headache report showed less mobility in the sagittal plane, lower values in FRT and showed worse performance of the deep cervical flexors compared to Controls (p<0.05). In addition, CROM, FRT and CCFT were associated with an intensity of TMJ pain and cervical disability (p <0.01). Conclusion: Patients with TMD independently of the headache report showed limited flexion / extension range and C1-C2 segment of the cervical spine, as well as deficits in the performance of the deep flexor muscles. In addition, a cervical disability and TMJ pain report showed a moderate correlation with the functional tests of FRT and CCFT in individuals with TMD.

O propósito central deste estudo é investigar se existe um prazo \"ótimo\" para o rodízio mandatório de firmas de auditoria no Brasil. Primeiramente, buscou-se evidências através da percepção de agentes do mercado para fundamentar o desenvolvimento de um modelo de estudo da qualidade de auditoria em função do tempo de relacionamento auditor-auditado tenure, considerando de forma isolada o efeito da tenure nas vertentes da qualidade, competência e independência, de acordo com o conceito de DeAngelo (1981b). Com base em um modelo quadrático, que consiste em uma simplificação do modelo originalmente proposto, foi realizada uma aplicação empírica com dados de companhias abertas brasileiras, listadas na Bovespa, referente ao período de 1998 a 2016. Os resultados sugerem ser possível estimar o prazo \"ótimo\" para o rodízio mandatório de firmas de auditoria em aproximadamente 5,7 anos. Testes adicionais foram realizados para conferir robustez a este resultado, indicando que o prazo \"ótimo\" seria em torno de 6 e 8,8 anos. Esses resultados indicam, portanto, que o prazo atualmente utilizado pela CVM (5 anos para empresas que não têm comitê de auditoria estatutário e 10 anos para as que têm) é compatível com os prazos estimados para se estabelecer o maior nível de qualidade média de auditoria possível. Tendo em vista que os prazos estimados são superiores a 5 anos, talvez não haja prejuízos, no que se refere à maximização da qualidade média da auditoria, se o prazo atualmente adotado for ligeiramente estendido. / The aim of this work is to investigate whether there is an \"optimal\" period for the mandatory audit firm rotation in Brazil. Firstly, evidence was sought through the perception of market agents to support the development of a model of audit quality as a function of the audit tenure, considering separately the effects of audit tenure on the audit quality components, competence and independence, according to DeAngelo\'s (1981b) concept. Based on a quadratic model, which consists of a simplification of the model originally proposed, an empirical application was made with data from Brazilian companies, listed on Bovespa, for the period from 1998 to 2016. The results suggest that it is possible to estimate an \"optimal\" audit tenure period for the mandatory audit firm rotation in Brazil around 5.7 years. Additional tests were performed to give robustness to the results, indicating that the \"optimal\" period would be around 6 and 8.8 years. These results indicate, therefore, that the term currently used by the CVM (5 years for companies that do not have statutory audit committee and 10 years for those that have) is compatible with the estimated terms to establish the highest possible level of the average audit quality. Given that the estimated timeframe is greater than 5 years, there may be no impairment in maximizing the average audit quality if the current rotation period is slightly extended.

Au travers de leurs instabilités, les ondes internes de gravité, qui se propagent dans les fluides stratifiés, jouent un rôle crucial dans la dynamique océanique. En effet, ces instabilités transfèrent de l'énergie vers les petites échelles et créent ainsi du mélange. Parmi ces mécanismes, nous avons étudié l'instabilité triadique résonante (TRI). Ce processus se caractérise par l'émission à partir d'une onde-mère de deux ondes-filles, dont les fréquences et vecteurs d'onde vérifient avec l'onde-mère des conditions de résonance temporelle et spatiale. Dans le cas où une rotation globale du fluide (cas général en géophysique) s'ajoute à la rotation, celle-ci va changer les propriétés non seulement des ondes internes, on les appellera alors ondes gravito-inertielles, mais aussi de la TRI. L’étude expérimentale sur table tournante de l'instabilité d'un faisceau de forme contrôlée d'onde gravito-inertielle a mis en évidence l’importance de la rotation sur les caractéristiques de la TRI, comme le seuil d'instabilité ou les caractéristiques des ondes secondaires. En outre, ces résultats sont en très bon accord avec un développement asymptotique de cette instabilité qui prend en compte la taille finie du faisceau, paramètre déterminant au laboratoire et dans un contexte océanique. Cet effet est responsable notamment de l'existence d'une latitude critique dans l'océan.Dans un second temps, la réalisation d'un nouveau type de générateur d'onde axisymétrique a permis d'étudier la propagation d'ondes axisymétriques à trois dimensions. Les modes axisymétriques générés par ce nouveau dispositif ont été caractérisés et comparés aux solutions analytiques. Ce dispositif permet également de créer une excitation annulaire localisée qui focalise les ondes internes au centre de la cuve. En changeant la vitesse de groupe de ces ondes, au travers d'une stratification non-linéaire, nous pouvons créer une forte accumulation d'énergie au point de focalisation. En fonction de l'amplitude de l'excitation, on observe la transition entre un état stable vers un état fortement instable. / Through their instabilities, internal gravity waves, which propagate in stratified fluids, play a paramount role in the oceanic dynamics. Indeed, their instabilities transfer energy to small scales and lead to mixing. Among these instabilities, we studied the triadic resonant instability (TRI). This process is characterized by the generation from a primary wave of two secondary internal waves, whose frequencies and wave vectors fulfill the spatial and time resonance conditions. If the fluid is also rotating (which is in generally the case in geophysics), rotation changes not only the properties of internal waves, which, in this case, are named inertia-gravity waves, but also the properties of the TRI. The experimental study on a rotating plateform of the instability of a controlled internal wave beam highlighted the role played by rotation on TRI features, such as the instability threshold or the characteristics of the secondary waves. Moreover, these results are in excellent agreement with an asymptotic development of the instability that takes into account the finite width of the wave beam, key parameter in a laboratory and oceanic context. this effect is responsible for the existence of a critical latitude in the ocean.In a second part of this work, we built a new wave generator, which allowed for the study of tridimensional axisymmetric waves. The axisymmetric modes generated by this new set-up were characterized and compared to analytical solutions. The generator can also produce a localized axisymmetric bump which focalises the wave in the center of the tank. By changing the group velocity of the waves, through a non-linear stratification, we are able to create a large energy build-up at the point of focalisation. Depending on the amplitude of the wave, we observe the transition from a stable state to a strongly unstable one.

Les taillis à courte rotation (TCR) permettent de produire de la biomasse ligneuse, alternative aux combustibles fossiles. L'intégration d’espèces d’arbres fixateurs d'azote atmosphérique en mélange avec les essences à croissance rapide peut être un moyen de limiter le risque d'appauvrissement des sols dans les TCR. Le succès d'un tel mélange va dépendre des interactions entre les deux espèces : facilitation, compétition ou complémentarité pour la lumière et les ressources du sol (eau, nutriments). L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’impact du mélange peuplier / robinier, sur la croissance, la production de biomasse et l'acquisition de l'azote d'une plantation à courte rotation. Un dispositif instrumenté composé de monocultures de peuplier et robinier et le mélange des deux espèces a été étudié pendant quatre ans. La quantification répétée des biomasses aériennes et souterraines associée au suivi des dimensions des arbres a permis de mettre en évidence que la présence des robiniers n'avait pas d'influence sur la croissance, la production et l'allocation de biomasse des peupliers à l'échelle de l'arbre comme à l'échelle du peuplement. En revanche, les robiniers souffraient de la compétition interspécifique : mortalité augmentée, croissance et production de biomasse diminuée. De plus, une approche isotopique (15N) couplée à l'analyse des minéralomasses a montré que les teneurs en azote des robiniers dans le mélange étaient plus faibles que dans la monoculture dues à une fixation de l'azote atmosphérique réduite. Le stock global d'azote dans le milieu était comparable dans les mélanges et les monocultures de chaque espèce. Le mélange n'a pas montré d'intérêt sur la période d'étude en raison notamment des conditions pédoclimatiques inappropriées (en particulier pour le robinier) et d'une incompatibilité entre les deux espèces sur ce site / Biomass from short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations may help reducing fossil fuel consumption. The development of mixed-species plantations, introducing a nitrogen-fixing species could be a solution to reduce the risk of fertility decline in SRC. Nevertheless, the success or failure of the mixture will depend on the competition and complementarity processes, for light and soil resources (water and nutrients), between both species. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of a mixture of poplar and black locust, on growth, biomass production and nitrogen uptake in the plantation. Instrumented monocultures and mixed plantations of both species have been studied during four years. Repeated above-and belowground biomass estimations associated with tree dimension monitoring have shown that the presence of black locust affected neither growth, nor biomass production and allocation of poplar trees both at tree and plot level. On the other hand, the black locusts trees suffered from interspecific competition: high mortality, decrease in growth and biomass production. Moreover, an isotopic approach (15N) coupled with mineralomass analyses allowed to highlight that nitrogen concentration in black locust trees in the mixture was lower than in the monoculture due to a reduction of the percentage of nitrogen derived from atmospheric fixation. The total nitrogen contents were close in the mixture and in the monocultures of each species. No advantage of the mixture was found during the study period because of inappropriate pedoclimatic conditions (especially for the black locust) and incompatibility between both species on this site

Cette thèse présente les résultats d'observations d'étoiles en rotation rapide menées sur le spectro-interféromètre AMBER du VLTI dans ses modes haute et moyenne résolutions spectrales. Les mesures effectuées sont les visibilités estimées sur trois bases simultanées, les phases différentielles en fonction de la longueur d'onde et des phases de clôtures avec, pour certaines nuits une bonne couverture du plan (u,v). Les données utilisées sont issues de plusieurs campagnes d'observation. Ces dernières étaient fortement dégradées par les défauts optiques d'AMBER, et affectés par des bruits classiques d'interférométrie optique à longue base en IR: défauts du détecteur, bruit de lecture, instabilités du suiveur de franges, ...etc. Leur analyse a nécessité la mise au point d'outils numériques de réduction spécifiques pour atteindre les précisions nécessaires à l'interprétation de mesures interférométriques. Pour interpréter ces mesures j'ai développé un modèle semi-analytique chromatique d'étoile en rotation rapide qui m'a permis d'estimer, à partir des phases différentielles; le degré d'aplatissement, le rayon équatorial, la vitesse de rotation, l'angle d'inclinaison, l'angle position de l'axe de rotation de l'étoile sur le ciel, la distribution de la température effective locale et de la gravité à la surface de l'étoile dans le cadre du théorème de von Zeipel. Les résultats concernant 4 étoiles massives de types spectraux B, A et F m'ont permis de les caractériser pour les mécanismes évoqués ci-dessus et d'ouvrir ainsi la perspective d'études plus systématiques d'objets similaires en étendant ultérieurement ces études à la relation photosphère-enveloppe circumstellaire. / This thesis presents the results of rapidly rotating stars observations conducted on the AMBER spectro-interferometer VLTI in its high average spectral modes and resolutions. The measurements are estimated on three simultaneous visibility bases, differential phases depending on the wavelength and closure phases, with good coverage of the (u, v) plane for some nights. The data used are from several observation campaigns. These were highly degraded by the optical defects of AMBER, and assigned by standard optical interferometry long base IR noises: defects of the detector, reading noise, fringes follower instabilities, ... etc. Their analysis required the development of digital reduction of specific tools to achieve the necessary details to the interpretation of interferometric measurements. In interpreting these measures I developed a chromatic semi-analytical model of rapidly rotating star that allowed me to estimate, from the differential phases; the degree of flattening, the equatorial radius, speed of rotation, angle of inclination, the position angle of the star rotation axis in the sky, the local distribution of the actual temperature and the gravity to the surface of the star within the von Zeipel theorem. The results for four massive stars of spectral type B, A and F have allowed me to characterize the mechanisms discussed above and thus open framework for more systematic studies of similar objects subsequently extending these studies to the relationship photosphere circumstellar envelope.

Le sujet de cette thèse est l'étude de la rotation à long terme des corps célestes.La première partie est consacrée à l’étude de la rotation à long terme de Cérès et Vesta, les deux corps les plus massifs de la ceinture principale d’astéroïdes. Ils sont l’objet d’étude de la sonde spatiale Dawn, qui a permis de déterminer précisément les caractéristiques physiques et de rotation nécessaires au calcul de leurs rotations. La distribution de glace sous et à la surface de Cérès dépend du mouvement de son axe de rotation par le biais de l’obliquité, inclinaison de l’équateur sur l’orbite. Les rotations de Cérès et Vesta étant rapides, l’évolution à long terme des axes de rotation de Cérès et Vesta a été obtenue à l'aide d'une intégration symplectique des équations de la rotation, où une moyenne a été réalisée sur la rotation propre rapide. La stabilité des axes de rotation de Cérès et Vesta a été étudiée en fonction des paramètres de la rotation avec un modèle séculaire semi-analytique, qui a permis de montrer que les axes de rotation ne présentaient pas de caractère chaotique.La seconde partie concerne le développement d'intégrateurs symplectiques dédiés au corps solide. L'intégration de la rotation propre d'un corps solide nécessite d’intégrer les équations issues du hamiltonien du corps solide libre. Ce hamiltonien est certes intégrable et présente une solution explicite nécessitant l’usage des fonctions elliptiques de Jacobi, cependant le coût numérique de ces fonctions est élevé. Lorsque le hamiltonien du corps solide libre est couplé avec une énergie potentielle, l’orientation du corps doit être calculée à chaque pas d’intégration, ce qui augmente le temps de calcul. Des intégrateurs symplectiques ont ainsi été précédemment proposés pour le corps solide libre. Dans ce travail, des intégrateurs spécifiques au corps solide ont été développés en utilisant les propriétés de l’algèbre de Lie du moment cinétique. / This thesis concerns the long-term rotation of celestial bodies.The first part is a study of the long-term rotation of Ceres and Vesta, the two heaviest bodies of the main asteroid belt. The spacescraft Dawn studied these two objects and determined the physical and rotational characteristics, which are necessary for the computation of their rotations. The ice distribution under and on the surface of Ceres depends on the evolution of the obliquity, which is the inclination of the equatorial plane on the orbital plane. As the rotations of Ceres and Vesta are fast, the long-term evolution of the spin axes of Ceres and Vesta was obtained by realizing a symplectic integration of the equations of the rotation averaged on the fast proper rotation. The stability of the spin axes of Ceres and Vesta was studied with respect to the parameters of the rotation with a secular and semi-analytical model, which allowed to show that the spin axes are not chaotic.The second part concerns the development of symplectic integrators dedicated to the rigid body. The integration of the proper rotation of a rigid body needs to integrate the equations given by the Hamiltonian of the free rigid body. This Hamiltonian is integrable and presents an explicit solution using the Jacobi elliptic functions. However, the numerical cost of these functions is high. When the Hamiltonian of the free rigid body is coupled to a potential energy, the orientation of the body is needed at each step, which increases the computation time. Symplectic integrators were then previously proposed for the free rigid body. In this work, symplectic integrators dedicated to the rigid body were developed using the properties of the Lie algebra of the angular momentum.

Revisorernas oberoende har under de senaste två decennierna varit ett mycket kontroversiellt ämne till följd av de skandaler som inträffade i USA i början av millenniet. Den välkända Enronskandalen väckte mycket uppmärksamhet vilket resulterade i att många intressenter har blivit skeptiska mot revisorns oberoende och tappade förtroendet för revisorerna. Det är nämligen mycket viktigt för revisionsbranschen att inge förtroende för sitt arbete, om allmänheten ska kunna förlita sig på den information som framgår av revisionsberättelsen. I syfte att säkerställa revisorns oberoende gentemot sina klienter infördes analysmodellen i Sverige den första januari 2002. Modellen bygger på att en revisor, inför varje granskningsuppdrag, ska pröva om det föreligger sådana omständigheter som kan rubba dennes oberoende. Under samma år antogs även EU-rekommendationen 2002/590/EG i syfte att behandla frågor avseende oberoende problematiken inom EU. Rekommendationen 2002/590/EG föreslår revisorsrotation, d.v.s. att påskrivande revisorer ska bytas ut efter två genomförda mandatperioder på sammanlagt sju år. Syftet med uppsatsen är att bilda en djupgående uppfattning om revisorn oberoende och huruvida rotationsregler kan främja oberoendet samt under vilka förutsättningar de kan tillämpas. För att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor tillämpades kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem revisorer från region syd i Sverige. Resultaten visar att en revisor ska agera med objektivitet, självständighet och opartiskhet i syfte att bevara sin oberoende ställning. Studien påvisar att rotationsregler tillämpas främst i de klientföretagen av allmänt intresse. / The independence of auditors has been a very controversial topic for the past two decades because of the scandals that occurred in the United States at the beginning of the millennium. The Enron scandal attracted a lot of attention, which resulted in many stakeholders becoming skeptical of the auditor's independence and losing confidence in them. It is important for the auditing industry to instill confidence in their work, so that the public can rely on the information that appears in the audit report. In order to ensure the auditor's independence, the so-called “analysmodellen” was introduced in Sweden on the first of January 2002. The model is based on an auditor, prior to each audit assignment, examining whether there are circumstances that could upset his independence. During the same year, Commission Recommendation 2002/590/EC was also adopted to address issues relating to the issue of independence within the EU. The recommendation proposes auditor rotation, i.e. endorsing auditors to be replaced after two completed terms of office of a total of seven years. The purpose of this thesis is to form an in-depth view of the auditor's independence, whether rotation rules can promote independence and the conditions under which it can be applied. To answer the research questions, qualitative semi-structured interviews were applied with five auditors in the Southern Region of Sweden. The results show that an auditor must act objectively and impartially in order to maintain his independence. The rotation rules are mainly applied in the companies of public interest.

Bakgrund: Barnmorskor upplever att rotationsarbete och kontinuitet i arbetet leder till en god vård, bredare kunskap samt att det uppskattas av patienter. Barnmorskorna känner sig mer välmående i sin arbetssituation. Det leder även till en dubbel kompetens hos barnmorskorna. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva barnmorskors upplevelse av att arbeta roterande mellan mödrahälsovård och förlossningsvård. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie där semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta deltagande barnmorskor arbetande i mellansverige utfördes. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys utfördes vilken resulterade i fyra kategorier samt nio subkategorier. Resultat: Barnmorskornas upplevelser av att arbeta roterande beskrevs som ett omväxlande och givande arbete som gav glädje och tillfredsställelse, trots att det var arbetsamt. Samtidigt var det en utmanande uppgift då de behövde hålla sig uppdaterade på två arbetsplatser, få ihop tidboken på barnmorskemottagningen och bibehålla kompetensen på förlossningsavdelningen. Arbetsplatserna skiljde sig åt vilket var med fördelar och nackdelar. En viktig grundsten i arbetet var kollegialt stöd, och att ha en hemarbetsplats istället för två upplevdes positivt. Rotationsarbete ur patientsynvinkel ansåg barnmorskorna vara uteslutande positivt då de kunde ge ett utökat stöd till de födande vilket var en vinst för både barnmorskan och patienten. Slutsats: Trots att det kräver extra arbete från barnmorskorna är upplevelserna av att arbeta roterande övervägande positiva både ur barnmorskans eget perspektiv samt deras beskrivning av respons från patienterna. Det finns relevans för att genomföra ytterligare forskning inom området genom att intervjua en större grupp med barnmorskor. / Background: Midwives experience that working rotationally and with continuity leads to a quality of good care, bigger knowledge and the care is valued by patients. This also leads to a double competency for the midwives. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe midwives’ experience of working rotation between antenatal care and perinatal care. Method: A qualitative interview study with semi structured interviews were conducted, with eight participating midwives working in the central Sweden. An analysis was conducted, resulting in four categories and nine subcategories. Result: The midwives’ experiences of working rotationally were described as a varied and rewarding job that brought joy and satisfaction, even though the work was trying. The work was a challenging task, they needed to be updated at two workplaces, make sure the patients were being cared for at the maternity clinic and maintain the expertise at the maternity ward. The workplaces differed, which was advantageous and disadvantageous. An important cornerstone for the work was collegiate support and having one instead of two working places. From the patients’ point of view the rotationally work by the midwives was positive as they could provide increased support for childbearing women, which was beneficial for the midwives and the patient. Conclusion: Although it requires extra work from the midwives, the experience of working with rotation is mostly positive both from the midwife’s own perspective as well as their description of the patient’s response. There is relevance for conducting further research in the field by interviewing a larger group of midwives.

No description available.

Appropriate management of mid-rotation pine plantations can improve habitat for early successional and pine-grassland adapted avian species. I tested effects of Imazapyr selective herbicide and prescribed fire on plant and avian communities in thinned, mid-rotation pine stands contracted under the Conservation Reserve Program. Within 12 replicate sites, 2 8.1-ha plots were assigned either herbicide and prescribed fire treatment or control. I described components of vegetation structure and composition in 2006. I tested effects of herbicide and prescribed fire treatment on avian relative abundance, species richness, total avian conservation value, and density of select species during 2003 - 2006. Hardwood midstory decreased and abundances of grasses and forbs increased following treatment. A shift occurred in the bird community from closed-canopy forest species to early successional and pine-grassland species. Treatment stands benefited many avian species exhibiting negative population trends.