Even with extensive literacy research, routines, and policy modifications, many elementary students are not provided with the needed tools to develop independent literacy skills. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine what independent literacy behaviors are developing in first through fourth grade students to determine whether the Daily 5 framework is developing the desired independent literacy skills in those students. Based on Vygotsky's social development theory, the Daily 5 literacy routine teaches students five essential habits to develop independent literacy abilities across various grade levels. This qualitative study's research questions were developed to examine what independent literacy behaviors have been observed by teachers and how student learning is reflected based on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development. The study included nine participants comprised of teachers and parents of students at the study site. The data collected through open-ended interviews, email questionnaires, lesson plans from teachers, and documentation were then coded using Atlas.ti. Emergent themes were identified through data analysis, and the findings were validated through member checking, triangulation, and researcher reflexivity. The findings revealed that while some independent literacy behaviors are reported, additional support is still needed. The findings led to the development of a professional development project centered on literacy professional development activities that build collaboration. This study and project facilitates positive social change by defining how the Daily 5 routine is promoting independent literacy skills at the research site, which builds communities of readers and positive reading experiences that circulate within the school and home.

<p>This essay seeks to explore the societal institution of caste from a socio-spatial perspective. The focus is on everyday routine of individuals and on the places this routine is connected with. A special interest is the access that different people have to different places. For this purpose, information has been collected from interviews and observations with women of different caste belonging in the area of Assi, Varanasi, India. A time-geographical approach has been used. It is argued that caste, which is a social concept, and space, which is a geographical dimension, are related to each other in a socio-spatial dialectic. The conclusion is that not all castes do have access to the same kinds of places, i.e. some religious or public spaces. Although caste is not the only factor that influences, it still has a major impact on people’s actions and feelings of belonging.</p>

This essay seeks to explore the societal institution of caste from a socio-spatial perspective. The focus is on everyday routine of individuals and on the places this routine is connected with. A special interest is the access that different people have to different places. For this purpose, information has been collected from interviews and observations with women of different caste belonging in the area of Assi, Varanasi, India. A time-geographical approach has been used. It is argued that caste, which is a social concept, and space, which is a geographical dimension, are related to each other in a socio-spatial dialectic. The conclusion is that not all castes do have access to the same kinds of places, i.e. some religious or public spaces. Although caste is not the only factor that influences, it still has a major impact on people’s actions and feelings of belonging.

Sexual homicide is a rare occurrence. Little is known about the offending perspective of sexual homicide from a criminological standpoint. Recently, Chan, Heide, and Beauregard (2011) proposed an integrative theoretical framework using concepts and propositions of Social Learning Theory (differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement or punishment, and imitation) and Routine Activities Theory (a motivated offender, an attractive and suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian or guardianship) to elucidate the sexual homicide offending dynamics. According to this integrative model, the individual-level view of the sexual murderers is explained by the social learning principles, while the offending process is complemented by the routine activities propositions from a micro-level to provide a better explained sexual homicide offending model. However, this model has yet to be tested empirically. In addition to testing the Chan et al.'s model, this study proposes and tests an alternative model by incorporating the construct of pre-crime precipitators to better explain the motivating factor of an offender to commit a sexual homicide. To empirically test both models, this study utilizes the dataset collected by a group of Canadian researchers on 230 incarcerated non-serial homicidal (N = 55) and non-homicidal (N = 175) sex offenders in the province of Quebec, Canada for the period between 1995 and 2005. Using step-wise logistic regression, four regression models are tested to examine the offending process of sexual homicide by investigating the effects of the offender's motivation, the target suitability and attractiveness, the absence of a capable guardian or guardianship, and the pre-crime precipitating factors in deciding the lethal outcome of a sexual offense. The theoretical model proposed by Chan and colleagues received some support. Consistent with Chan et al.'s theoretical propositions, findings suggest that the sex offender's sexually deviant behaviors and attitudes serve as a motivating factor, and the presence/absence of a capable guardian or guardianship at the immediate crime surroundings are significant factors in deciding the survival rate of the victim. Methodological limitations of the study, practical implications for offender profiling and crime preventive measures, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

There are few scientific studies, that research the problems of the high skills in the average distance runners training in Lithuania. M. Norbutas is a Lithuanian record - breaker in 800m distance running. And he was the first Lithuanian, who entered a contest in World Championship and the Olympic Games. M. Norbutas annual training cycle in the run – up to the World Championship in San Denis (the season of years 2002 – 2003) are analyzed in herein work. Also the training technique, the strain alternation in the annual training cycle and the dynamics of the contest score in the Athens Olympics (the season of years 2003 – 2004) are analyzed. And similarly, the best world runners of the average distance: the world record – breaker in 1500m distance running, the champion of Athens Olympics in 1500m and 5000m distance, the Maroccan H. El. Geurroj (preparation for the World Championship in 1997), the champion of Athens Olympics in 800m distance, the Russian Y. Borzakovskiy (preparation for the World Championship in closed accommodation in 2001), the Olympic champion of 1500m distance running in Barcelona and the European record – breaker, the Spaniard F. Cacho (preparation for the World Championship in Barcelona in 1992). The training techniques and the structure of micro cycles of those sportsmen are compared to the techniques of M. Norbutas. The physical development, the physical qualification, the functional alternation of a fitness rate in the run – up to the Olympic Games in... [to full text]

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The subject of this study is language use in a special type of social activity: the exchange of goods, services and information in a commercial setting. The main aim is to gain an understanding of the work that shop assistants perform using language. In the analysis, the focus is on verbal routine work. One part of the analysis thus entails mapping the typical utterances and conversational sequences related to such activities. Another part involves investigating how much non-task-oriented interaction the various activities require or “tolerate”, for instance, in the form of “small talk”. A central theme in the study is the interactants’ conversational rights and obligations, from the perspective of politeness theory, especially Fraser’s theory of the conversational contract. The service encounters are categorised as activity types, according to Levinson’s activity theory. In the comparative parts of the study, the concept of pragmeme is used as a tool to examine different realisations of prototypical situated communicative acts. The empirical material consists of authentic conversations, analysed by methods borrowed from conversation analysis. The conversations were recorded at a supermarket checkout till, a deli counter with manual service and an information desk in a bookshop. It turned out that only a few of the customer conversations were without complications. At the supermarket till, for instance, only one out of four conversations was completely routine and unproblematic. Also presented is a diachronic investigation of the norms relating to service encounters that have been taking place in shops since the 1940s. The main sources here are manuals and study materials for shop employees, together with interviews and material gathered from role playing. In this part of the study, a number of features in the historical change process are described, for instance in the manner of addressing people and the use of politeness expressions.

Selon plusieurs évidences, la présence de cellules tumorales occultes dans la circulation sanguine aux premières étapes du cancer du sein pourrait être à l’origine des lésions métastasiques. Plusieurs études de recherche ont montré que l’utilisation de la RT-PCR en temps réel pour la détection des cellules tumorales circulantes CTC offre la meilleure sensibilité dans la quantification des marqueurs tumoraux. Présentement de routine, le suivi du cancer du sein est réalisé par le dosage immunologique des marqueurs sériques CA15-3 et CEA. Cependant, la faible sensibilité de ces marqueurs aux stades précoces de la maladie et leur manque de spécificité tissulaire ne permet pas leur utilisation pour le diagnostic et le pronostic du cancer du sein. Le diagnostic de la maladie est plutôt basé sur l’analyse d’une biopsie de la tumeur ou des ganglions lymphatiques, des méthodes invasives, coûteuses et peu adaptées pour un suivi de routine dans l’évaluation du risque de rechute et de la réponse au traitement. Malgré les études, la détection de ces cellules dans les laboratoires hospitaliers est rare. Nous avons envisagé de mettre en place un nouveau test RT-PCR pour la détection de cellules malignes du cancer du sein dans la circulation. La spécificité et la sensibilité de plusieurs marqueurs potentiels ont été comparées. Le but ultime de ce projet est d’offrir la détection d’un ou d’une combinaison de ces marqueurs de routine aux patientes. Nos résultats montrent une corrélation positive entre l’expression des ARNm des marqueurs CK19 et de HER2 avec les données cliniques des patientes. De plus, la sensibilité et la spécificité des tests RT-PCR sont comparables à la littérature récente. Finalement, la comparaison de notre test avec le dosage immunologique des marqueurs tumoraux sériques CA15.3 et CEA a montré que la détection de la CK19 et de HER2 par RT-PCR est plus sensible chez les patientes de cancer du sein métastatique. / According to several evidences, the presence of occult tumor cells in blood circulation in the early stages of breast cancer could be the origin of metastatic lesions. Recent research studies have shown that the use of qRT-PCR for the detection of circulating tumor cells CTC offers the best sensitivity in the quantification of tumor markers. Currently routine monitoring of breast cancer is performed by immunoassay of serum markers CA15.3 and CEA. However, the low sensitivity of these markers in the early stages of the disease and the lack of tissue specificity does not allow their use in diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. The diagnosis of the disease is rather based on the analysis of biopsies of the tumor or lymph nodes. This is an invasive procedure, expensive and not suitable for routine monitoring of the risk of relapse and response to treatment. Despite these studies, detection of these cells in hospital laboratories is rare. Our objective is to set up a new RT-PCR assay for the detection of malignant breast cancer cells in the circulation. The specificity and sensitivity of some potential markers will be compared. The ultimate goal of this project is to routinely offer the detection of one or of a combination of these markers routinely to patients with breast cancer. Our results show a positive correlation between the expression of CK19 and HER2 mRNA with clinical data of patients. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of our RT-PCR tests are similar to the recent literature. Finally, the comparison of our test with the immunoassay of serum tumor markers CEA and CA15.3 showed that the detection of HER2 and CK19 by RT-PCR is more sensitive in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Submitted by Denise Souza (dnisysouza@ig.com.br) on 2018-05-26T16:33:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Denise Silva de Souza.pdf: 7073793 bytes, checksum: 0dd205870a0bdc12086331745388ef65 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2018-05-30T14:25:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Denise Silva de Souza.pdf: 7073793 bytes, checksum: 0dd205870a0bdc12086331745388ef65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T14:25:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Denise Silva de Souza.pdf: 7073793 bytes, checksum: 0dd205870a0bdc12086331745388ef65 (MD5) / O estudo teve como objetivo compreender tensões, desafios e potenciais da formação continuada na perspectiva de Coordenadoras Pedagógicas do Coletivo de Coordenadores Pedagógicos de Salvador. A importância da formação continuada é destacada nesse trabalho como uma necessidade intrínseca aos profissionais que manejam a construção do conhecimento e não como produto a ser consumido, em virtude dos ditames de mercado – pseudoformação. O sistema neoliberal afirma a formação como um dos principais antídotos para a melhoria da qualidade da educação, sob o argumento da “incompetência docente”. Contudo, a oferta, na maioria das vezes, se apresenta desconectada das expectativas da escola, colocando em tensão a relação entre o discurso oficial e o cotidiano da escola; os processos de adaptação e resistência nesse espaço. A pesquisa buscou inserir-se nessa tensão para compreender a trajetória de formação continuada no município de Salvador, no período de 2005-2017, a partir das experiências de coordenadoras pedagógicas que têm na formação sua principal atribuição e desafio. Sobre o aporte teórico, as ideias de Adorno (2012) ajudaram a pensar a relação entre Educação e Sociedade, bem como a Formação voltada para a contradição, resistência e experiência – emancipação. Maués (2014) e Santos (2001) contribuíram para a contextualização do objeto no modelo de sociedade vigente; Souza (2014); Saviani (2009); Pimenta (2006); e outros auxiliaram na discussão acerca da Formação Continuada; sobre o cotidiano escolar encontramos referência em Patto (1993) e Ezpeleta e Rockwell (1986). Em relação à Coordenação Pedagógica, Santos e Sampaio (2015); Venas (2013); Placco e outros (2012); Franco (2006); Almeida (2005); Roman (2001) se tornaram referência. Quanto ao percurso teorico-metodológico, elegemos o caminho da pesquisa qualitativa (Minayo, 2011), de inspiração crítica - uma busca por entender tensões, desafios e potenciais presentes em um processo, a partir da análise da história documentada e não documentada. Sobre as estratégias metodológicas o Grupo Reflexivo (VIÉGAS, 2002); Entrevista Semiestruturada (MINAYO, 2011) e Análise Documental (FLICK, 2009) se constituíram subsídios. A Análise de Prosa (André, 1983) foi utilizada para analisar o material de campo. Os resultados foram organizados a partir das categorias: Construção da identidade do Coordenador Pedagógico: um terreno em disputa; Trajetória da Formação Continuada na Rede: tensão entre o instituído e o instituinte; Coordenação Pedagógica e a Formação Continuada na Rede: tensões, desafios e potenciais; Coletivo de Coordenadores Pedagógicos: espaço de formação para contradição, resistência e experiência. Consideramos que a política educacional do município de Salvador vem afirmando na perspectiva de mercado, balizada pelos ditames das agências internacionais, caracterizada pela fragmentação; descontinuidade dos processos e responsabilização dos indivíduos pela qualidade da educação. A análise acerca da trajetória da Formação Continuada na Rede mostrou, portanto, um acirrado e ininterrupto confronto entre o discurso oficial, a prática institucional e o cotidiano das escolas, onde a disputa de versões vai sendo afirmada por meio de movimentos de adaptação impostos pela institucionalidade, e dialeticamente de resistência construídos coletivamente pela via sindical, por iniciativas como o Coletivo de Coordenadores Pedagógicos, bem como por movimentações no lócus específico das escolas. As coordenadoras pedagógicas se colocaram como intelectuais na construção dos processos de enfrentamento às definições institucionais contrárias aos princípios da autonomia, demarcadas pela oferta de pseudoformação. A perspectiva da educação para a emancipação encontra-se em disputa. / ABSTRACT The study aimed to understand tensions, challenges and potential of continuing education from the Pedagogical Coordinators perspective of the Collective Educational Coordinators of Salvador. The importance of continuous training is highlighted in this work as an intrinsic need for professionals who manage the construction of knowledge and not as a product to be consumed, due to market dictates - pseudo formation. The neoliberal system affirms the formation as one of the main antidotes for the improvement of the quality of education, under the argument of “teacher incompetence”. The neoliberal system affirms the formation as one of the main antidotes for the improvement of the quality of education, under the argument of “teacher incompetence”. However, the offer, in most cases, appears disconnected from school expectations, putting in tension the relationship between the official discourse and the school routine; adaptation and resistance processes in this space. The research sought to be part of this tension to understand the continuing education trajectory in the municipality of Salvador, during the period of 2005-2017, based on the experiences of pedagogical coordinators who have in their training their main attribution and challenge. Regarding the theoretical contribution, the ideas of Adorno (2012) helped to think about the relationship between Education and Society, as well as the Training focused on contradiction, resistance and experience - emancipation. Maués (2014) and Santos (2001) contributed to the contextualization of the object in the current model of society; Souza (2014); Saviani (2009); Pimenta (2006); and others assisted in the discussion of Continuing Education; on the quotidian school we find reference in Patto (1993) and Ezpeleta and Rockwell (1986). Regarding the Pedagogical Coordination, Santos and Sampaio (2015); Veins (2013); Placco et al. (2012); Franco (2006); Almeida (2005); Roman (2001) became reference. As for the theoretical-methodological path, we chose the path of qualitative research (Minayo, 2011), of critical inspiration - a search to understand tensions, challenges and potential present in a process, based on the documented and undocumented history analysis. On the methodological strategies the Reflective Group (VIÉGAS, 2002); Semi structured interview (MINAYO, 2011) and Document Analysis (FLICK, 2009) constituted subsidies. The Prose analysis (André, 1983) was used to analyze the field material. The results were organized from the following categories: Construction of the identity of the Pedagogical Coordinator: a disputed land; Trajectory of Continuing Education in Network: tension between the instituted and the instituting; Pedagogical Coordination and Continuing Education in the Network: tensions, challenges and potentials; Collective of Pedagogical Coordinators: training space for contradiction, resistance and experience. We consider that the educational policy of the municipality of Salvador has been affirming in the market perspective, based on the dictates of international agencies, characterized by fragmentation; discontinuity of processes and accountability of individuals for the quality of education. The analysis about the trajectory of Continuing Education in Network showed therefore a fierce and continuous confrontation between the official discourse, institutional practice and the daily life of schools where the dispute versions will be affirmed through adaptive movements imposed by institutions and dialectically collectively built by the trade union resistance route, for initiatives such as the Collective educational coordinators, as well as movements in the specific locus of schools. The pedagogical coordinators put themselves as intellectuals in the construction of coping processes of institutional settings contrary to the principles of autonomy, demarcated by the offer of pseudoformação. The perspective of education for emancipation is still in dispute.

Background: Coronary artery disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK. Interventional revascularisation procedures for addressing the disease include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), which respectively seek to open up or bypass blocked arteries to restore blood flow to heart muscle. Rates at which these procedures are carried out have changed in recent years, as have clinical indications for referral. PCI is delivered by interventional cardiologists, while CABG is carried out by cardiothoracic surgeons, necessitating multi-disciplinary decision making. There is both within- and cross-speciality debate as to the optimal treatment strategy in some case types. Evaluation of the care provided is of clinical and political importance, and requires information about how post-procedure event rates per operator and hospital compare with those expected given the composition of patient populations. Methods: Two UK-wide audit databases of PCI and CABG procedures were used to explore a range of clinical outcome questions. The patient populations contained within each database were compared to see how they differed, and also how each had changed in recent years. In CABG patients, comparative effectiveness of two different surgical techniques (single vs bilateral mammary artery grafting) was assessed with respect to both short-term and long-term mortality outcomes. In PCI patients, a risk model to predict 30-day mortality was developed for use in clinical appraisal. Results: In both patient populations there had been changes to the relative frequencies of many characteristics over time. In the CABG population, multivariable analysis showed that patients undergoing single mammary artery grafting had lower odds of all-cause mortality within 30 days of procedure than those receiving bilateral mammary artery grafting, but had worse overall survival in the long term. In the PCI population, the developed risk model demonstrated good calibration and discrimination at predicting 30-day all-cause mortality. Discussion: The studies described above demonstrate that large-scale routinely collected data can be used to gain insights into clinical care quality and delivery. These resources are under-utilised at present; correcting this requires an understanding of the limitations of the data and how the information contained therein relates to actual clinical care.