Can the decisions of a Constitutional Court or Supreme Court be unconstitutional? The answers found in the doctrine and even on constitutionalcase law are not uniform, becoming this question a controversial theme, although   extremely important for Constitutional Law.In this article, the author, considering that the Constitutional Court is the supreme interpreter and controller of the Constitution and, as such, creates Constitutional Law, maintains that the decisions which the Constitutional Court takes can be unconstitutional. Focusing on the Peruvian legal system, the author also presents alternatives to solve the problem these unconstitutional decisions cause. / ¿Pueden ser inconstitucionales las decisiones de unTribunal Constitucional o de una Corte Suprema?Las respuestas de la doctrina y de la propia juris-prudencia constitucional no son uniformes, convirtiéndose éste en un tema controvertido, pero sumamente importante para el Derecho Constitucional.En el presente artículo, el autor, considerando que el Tribunal Constitucional es el supremo intérprete y controlador de la Constitución, y que, como tal, crea Derecho Constitucional, sostiene que sí es posible que las decisiones que toma éste sean inconstitucionales. Enfocándose en el ordenamiento peruano, el autor también presenta alternativas para resolver la problemática de estas decisiones inconstitucionales.

Atualmente, no meio jurídico, há um reconhecimento implícito de que as provas materiais necessitam de embasamento científico para alcançar a autenticidade imprescindível ao estabelecimento da convicção dos magistrados. A natureza de determinados exames, como a classificação de substâncias proibidas, demandam a utilização de técnicas e saberes oriundos das ciências naturais e tecnológicas. O trabalho pericial deve ser pautado pela cientificidade, com a aplicação de conhecimentos de diversas áreas, dentre as quais está incluída a estatística forense. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas ferramentas estatísticas para avaliar a qualidade e a contribuição dos laudos periciais para os casos envolvendo substâncias ilícitas e correlacionar o conteúdo destes documentos com a sentença judicial. Numa primeira etapa foram analisadas as informações contidas em laudos toxicológicos de drogas, com o intuito de quantificar a qualidade e importância que eles poderiam fornecer em um processo. Para isso foram analisados 1008 documentos oficiais de diversas jurisdições, divididos em 504 conjuntos de laudos preliminares e definitivos do mesmo caso forense A intenção foi apreciar um conjunto heterogêneo de documentos para possibilitar uma melhor análise. A quantificação foi apreciada através de equações empíricas elaboradas. A validação do método ocorreu por análise de dados multivariados. A metodologia empregada demonstrou-se bastante robusta. A segunda fase do trabalho foi aplicar o resultado dos exames da etapa precedente e correlacionar com a decisão judicial. Para tanto, foram esmiuçadas 167 sentenças proferidas em primeira instância e que continham os laudos elencados na primeira fase. A ferramenta utilizada foi a inferência Bayesiana. Os resultados apontaram que os laudos periciais sempre foram essenciais neste tipo de procedimento julgatório. A qualidade dos documentos produzidos encontrava-se entre boa e ótima, avalizada pelo parâmetro \"relevância do laudo\". Alguns aspectos nos documentos poderiam ser aperfeiçoados, como, por exemplo, a inserção de fotografias do material apreendido e/ou imagens alusivas às análises laboratoriais. Estes estudos permitiram estabelecer um valor de corte para a quantificação da qualidade dos laudos, a partir do qual houve 100% de concordância entre o laudo direcionado e a sentença, para casos de condenação onde o suspeito foi considerado traficante. Por fim, a metodologia proposta apresentou potencial promissor e possibilidade de ser utilizada em outros tipos de casos forenses, como, por exemplo, homicídios, suicídios e outros. / There is an implicit recognition in the current legal scenario that material evidences require scientific support in order to achieve the authenticity that the magistrates need for making decisions. The nature of certain exams, such as classification of prohibited substances, requires the use of techniques and knowledge from natural sciences and technology. The forensic work must rely on scientific methods and apply knowledge from several areas, including forensic statistics. The present work used statistic tools to evaluate the quality and the contribution of forensic reports about illegal substances; the goal is to correlate the content of these documents with the court ruling. In the first part we analyzed the information from toxicology reports on drugs, aiming at the quantification of the importance they might bear to court proceedings. We have parsed 1008 official documents from several jurisdictions, divided into 504 sets of preliminary and final reports from the same case. The objective was to evaluate a heterogeneous document set for a better analysis. The quantification was determined from elaborate empiric equations. The validation of the method was performed by multivariate data analysis. The methodology used in the present work has proved very robust. The second part was the application of the results from the previous part and correlation to the court ruling. We have thoroughly examined 167 rulings at first instance that contained the reports cited in the first part. We have used Bayesian inference, and the results indicated that forensic reports were always required in this type of court proceeding. The quality of the documents was considered good or excellent, as stated in the parameter \"relevance of the report\". Some aspects could be improved, for instance, images of collected material evidence or laboratory analytical procedures could be included. These studies allowed establishing a cut-off value for the quantification of the report quality, from which a 100% agreement between the report and the court decision was achieved, in cases where the suspect was found guilty. Finally, the proposed methodology in this work showed a good potential and could be used in other kinds of forensic cases, such as homicide, suicide and other forensic investigations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Gustavo Friggi Rodrigues.pdf: 1098494 bytes, checksum: 499270bb00ae502d32d38cef5f9c3ec6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-18 / The "judicial reorganization" of Brazilian companies, instated with the enactment of Law 11.101/2005, brought a series of interpretative difficulties. One of the current issues is the contrast between the power exercised by the creditors in the reorganization, conferred by the Law, and its dimension within a procedure of a public nature, subject to confirmatory ruling. The work studies the organizing power of creditors in its main body - the General Assembly of Creditors (Assembleia-Geral de Credores) - the legal nature of the reorganization and its proposed plan. With the research, in particular the U.S. and the Italian foreign law, the thesis presents paradigms for application and interpretation of the law to this case, specifically in relation to court approval of the plan approved by the General Assembly of Creditors, in order to provide predictability and legal certainty to the judicial reorganization proceedings. / O processo de "recuperação de empresas" brasileiro, inaugurado com a vigência de Lei nº 11.101/2005, trouxe consigo uma série de dificuldades interpretativas. Uma das questões mais atuais encontra-se na contraposição entre o poder exercido pelos credores no processo, conferido pela Lei, e sua dimensão no interior de um procedimento de natureza pública, sujeito à decisão judicial confirmatório. O trabalho estuda a organização do poder dos credores em seu principal órgão - a Assembleia-geral de Credores - a natureza jurídica do processo de recuperação e do plano nele proposto. Com pesquisa no direito estrangeiro, em especial o norte-americano e o italiano, a tese apresenta paradigmas para aplicação e interpretação da Lei ao caso concreto, especificamente em relação ao juízo de homologação do plano aprovado pela Assembleia-Geral de Credores, de forma a prover previsibilidade e segurança jurídica ao processo de recuperação judicial.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T13:31:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 maiarabatista.pdf: 893458 bytes, checksum: c85cc4896f4cef4c19c8a9d21ab80d3a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-28T15:47:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maiarabatista.pdf: 893458 bytes, checksum: c85cc4896f4cef4c19c8a9d21ab80d3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T15:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maiarabatista.pdf: 893458 bytes, checksum: c85cc4896f4cef4c19c8a9d21ab80d3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-08 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As classes dominantes atuantes no campo tem priorizado a educação, enquanto elemento de sociabilidade, para camuflar a lógica de espoliação do agronegócio e criar legitimidade acerca da sociabilidade burguesa. Nesta realidade, o Sistema Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural, vinculado a entidade patronal Confederação Nacional de Agricultura e Pecuária, busca, desde sua fundação em 1991, ser uma referência na aprendizagem rural, de modo a constituir-se como a genuína “Escola da Terra”. Sob esta perspectiva, em 2012, o Senar passa a oferecer a modalidade destinada aos povos do campo do Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego. Tal oferta foi possível devido às parcerias público-privadas que, no Brasil, consolidaram-se nos anos 1990, com a adoção das políticas neoliberais. A partir das especificidades do campo, cabe questionar como se organiza a Educação Profissional e quais os estudos existentes sobre essa modalidade de educação? Quais os objetivos de entidades ligadas a aparelhos “privados” de hegemonia da classe dominante ao ofertar ações voltadas a Educação Profissional no campo? Baseados nestes questionamentos, esse estudo pretende compreender, mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, a intencionalidade da burguesia em fomentar projetos educativos no campo, utilizando-se como exemplo as iniciativas educacionais do Senar. / The ruling classes engaged in the Brazilian countryside have prioritized the use of education as sociability element to camouflage the logic of plundering agribusiness and to legitimate the bourgeois sociability. In this reality, the Brazil’s National Rural Learning Service (SENAR), which operates under the guidelines of the Brazilian Confederation of Agriculture and Livestock (CNA), has sought since its foundation in 1991 to be a reference in the rural training to establish itself as the genuine Escola da Terra or “School of the Land”. From this perspective, in 2012, SENAR started to offer a new educational component of its National Program for Access to Technical Training and Employment (PRONATEC) aimed at rural people. Such offer was only made possible through partnerships between the private and public sector which have been consolidating in Brazil since the adoption of neoliberal policies in the 1990s. Considering the distinct characteristics of the rural sector, one should investigate how Professional Education is structured in Brazil and which are the past studies and research developed around this this educational modality. What are the objectives of entities connected to private apparatuses of hegemony of the ruling class in proposing Rural educational initiatives? Based on these questionings, this study intends to comprehend the intentions behind the bourgeois’ investments in the rural educational projects by using SENAR educational initiatives as an example through the document and bibliographical review of previous studies in the field.

Minority- and cross-bloc regimes in Swedish municipalities have more than doubled the last ten years. The phenomenon should be seen in light of the fact that the traditional blocks have lost support in favor of new parties in the municipal parliaments, such as the Swedish Democrats and different local parties. Historically, the municipal political arena is usually described as less ideological than the national arena. Nevertheless, in the 2014 elections, the turnout resulted in formations of weak center-right/center-left minority governments in one third of the muncipalities in Sweden. When municipal elections result in hung parliaments, remarkably many parties seems to favor minority governments instead of establishing cross-bloc majorities. Why? A possible explanation is that the party identification among the swedish electorate has been replaced by a strong bloc identification, which might induce the parties to avoid coalitions that jeopardize the support from bloc identificated voters. But is this fear rational? Do political parties that form cross-bloc coalitions lose more electoral support than parties that form bloc coalitions?    Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide new knowledge about the Swedish electorate and the impact of bloc identification on Swedish politics, by investigating whether coalition parties election results are related to the choice between bloc and cross-bloc coalitions. This is done by statistical Mann-Whitney tests of election data from Swedish municipal elections between 1994-2014.    The study shows that the average voter support does not differ significantly for parties in blocs compared to parties in cross-bloc coalitions. The exception is the Social Democratic Party, which on average loses fewer votes in cross-bloc coalitions compared to scenarios in which the party is ruling alone or in a traditional bloc. With these results, the study complement previous research on bloc identification and electoral behavior. Furthermore, the study does not support the hypothesis that a party's electoral support in cross-bloc coalitions differs, depending on whether or not the party is leading the cross-bloc coalition.    In summary, the study does not provide rational support for non-scientific assumptions that cross-bloc coalitions are associated with particular declining electoral support, despite increasing political mobility and enhanced block identification among the electorate.

Le moyen sérieux et l’appréciation manifeste sont des notions bien connues des processualistes qui suscitent toujours la défiance et la circonspection. Elles connaissent pourtant un succès législatif spectaculaire et interviennent dans l’application d’un grand nombre de textes dont l’importance pratique et juridique n’est plus à démontrer. Encore considérées comme la clé la plus insaisissable des dispositifs dans lesquelles elles sont intégrées, ces notions appellent une étude synthétique. Faisant le lien entre des analyses doctrinales éparses qui ne s’intéressent à ces notions qu’au sein d’une procédure identifiée, la thèse tente d’en dégager une définition généralement et globalement opérante. Un examen attentif de la jurisprudence conduit à rejeter la définition classique fondée sur l’évidence et à lui substituer une définition fondée sur le concept plus large de certitude.La réflexion glisse alors imperceptiblement vers la théorie du droit et se tourne vers la question de la vérité en droit. Une connaissance objective des règles de droit est-elle possible ?A la recherche d’une définition succède naturellement une recherche des fonctions des notions. Véritables facteurs de rationalisation du droit processuel, elles y occupent une place essentielle. En dégageant les fonctions pratiques et juridiques des notions, la thèse est amenée à sortir des hypothèses consacrées et à rechercher si les conditions du recours à ces notions ne sont pas déjà réunies dans des dispositifs où il n’y est pourtant pas expressément fait référence. Elle quitte même le terrain du droit positif pour interroger la rationalité des mécanismes dont la mise en œuvre dépend des notions étudiées / An increasing number of statutes relies on the concepts of serious argument and obvious evaluation for their application. Yet no satisfying definition of these concepts has still been found. For if it is usually assumed that these concepts depend on the obviousness of the Law and of the disputed facts, a careful examination of the case law shows well enough that this view is false : one often judges an evaluation obvious only after having demonstrated its truth through a complex argumentation and a long reasoning.Thus, the thesis argues that the concepts refer not to the obviousness of the Law and the disputed events but to the certainty of these. Here the Law refers to a question of jurisprudence : is the case easy or hard ? This new definition leads to the discussion of skepticism regarding the Law. Once a definition that fits the case law has been built, it is necessary to identify the reasons, both legal and pratical, for the use of the concepts in procedural law.From this it becomes possible to a build critical look on the statutes that use the concepts of serious argument and obvious evaluation for their application : is this use justified or should the statutes be changed ? It will also be possible to consider that the appplication of statutes that do not refer to these concepts actually depends on them, or at least should depend on them

Dans un contexte de surabondance d’Organisations d’Intégrations Régionales induisant une pluralité de législations communautaires sur le droit de la concurrence,nous pouvons aisément constater qu’un même Etat appartient à différentes Organisations régionales.Dans ce cadre, lorsqu’il y a un contentieux sur la concurrence, ce foisonnement législatif communautaire engendrera de sérieux conflits de compétences et de risque de recoupement de ces différentes normes.S’il est une évidence que le droit de la concurrence est un instrument juridique impératif dans tout processus d’intégration, il n’en demeure pas aussi moins que la garantie de promotion et de sécurisation de l’investissement en est primordiale.Les solutions que nous avons proposées pour concilier l’application simultanée et sans heurts des différentes normes communautaires existantes sur le droit de la concurrence tout en garantissant une sécurité juridique et judiciaire aux entreprises sont nombreuses.C’est dire que l’étude met un accent sur l’adoption d’une norme harmonisée en Afrique afin de mettre en place une politique de la concurrence saine et crédible qui prendrait en compte d’une part les intérêts des différents acteurs économiques et d’autre part des consommateurs.Ainsi nous parviendrons à un véritable instrument juridique d’ouverture économique qui faciliterait l’accès des marchés africains. / In a context of overabundance of regional organisation of Integration leading toseveral community legislations on the competition law, we can easily notice that thesame states belong to these different organisations.Within this framework, when there is litigation about the competition, thiscommunity legislative abundance will lead to serious conflicts of competences andreinterruption risks of these different norms.If it is an abvious fact that, the competition law is an imperative legal instrument inevery integration process, it is not less important that the safeguard of promotion andreassurance of investment is vital.The solution we suggested to reconcile the smoothly simultaneous application of thedifferent community norms existing on the competition law by safeguarding a legaland judicial security to the companies are many.That is, the study emphasizes on the adoption of an harmonized norm inAfrica in order to put in place a politic of a safe and credible competition that willstake into account on the one hand the interests of the different economic actors andon the other hand of the consumers.In this way, we will reach a real legal instrument of economic aperture that will enable the access to African markets.

Since 2002, the Canadian state has mandatorily tested applicants for permanent residence for HIV (Human immune deficiency virus). The policy and practices associated with this screening have never been critically scrutinized. Authoritative claims about what happens in the conduct of the immigration medical examination are at odds with the experience of immigrant applicants living with HIV. This is the analytic entry point into this inquiry that is organized within the theoretical and methodological frame offered by institutional ethnography and political activist ethnography. Analysis is connected to broader research literatures and the historical record. The goal of this study is to produce detailed, contextualized understandings of the social and ruling relations that organize the lives of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. These are generated from the material conditions of their lives. An assumption about how organization happens is the social and reflexive production of knowledge in people’s day-to-day lives through which connections between local and extra-local settings are empirically investigable. I investigate the organization of the Canadian immigration process. How is this institutional complex ordered and governed? How is immigration mandatory HIV testing organized, and with what consequences to HIV-positive applicants to Canada? This is a text-mediated organization where all the sites are connected by people’s work and the texts they circulate. The positive result of an immigration HIV test catalyzes the state’s collection of medical data about an applicant. These are entered into state decision-making about the person’s in/admissibility to Canada. I focus on a key component of the immigration process, which is medical examination and HIV testing with this, along with the HIV test counselling practices that happen (or not) there. The reported absence of the latter form of care causes problems and contradictions for people. This investigation adopts the standpoint of these persons to investigate their problems associated with HIV testing. The main empirically supported argument I make is that the Canadian state’s ideological work related to the HIV policy and mandatory screening ushers in a set of institutional practices that are highly problematic for immigrants with HIV. This argument relies on data collected in interviews, focus groups, observations, and analysis of texts organized under Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (S.C., 2001, c. 27) and textually mediated, discursively organized concepts that shape people’s practice. Canadian immigration medical policy makers should make use of these findings, as should civil society activists acting on behalf of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. I make nine specific recommendations for future action on HIV and immigration in Canada.

In Peters and Pomeroy's fourth edition of Commercial Law, a number of cases are cited where there is a difference between the laws and rulings of the various states. There are only three cases in which the difference is given. The procedure was to find all of the cases in which there is any doubt as to the Texas law, and to quote the law or ruling as given by Peters and Pomeroy, and then to give the law or ruling of the State of Texas.

Le droit de l'enfance délinquante est principalement régi par les dispositions de l'ordonnance du 2 février 1945 relative à l'enfance délinquante. La philosophie associée à la version initiale de cette ordonnance est le primat donné au relèvement éducatif du mineur, auteur d'infraction, plutôt qu'à la seule sanction de l'acte qu'il a commis. Cependant, celle-ci a été modifiée à de multiples reprises. En sus d'ébrécher l'esprit initial du texte de 1945, les nombreuses modifications législatives ont profondément altéré la lisibilité et la cohérence du droit pénal des mineurs. Avant de formuler des voies de réforme de ce droit, la thèse propose d'optimiser le cadre supralégislatif du droit de l'enfance délinquante. En effet, ses faiblesses en ont désactivé le rôle de garde-fou de sorte que le législateur a pu sans difficulté réagencer les principes initiaux de la justice pénale des mineurs / The French juvenile justice system isbased on a speciallawwhichwaswrittenin 1945. The first philosophy of thistextwas to protect and not onlypunish the juvenileoffenders. However, severalrecentlaws have changedthisphilosophy and the lisibility of the currentjuvenile justice system. Our thesis serve twopurposes. In one hand, wewant to demonstratethat the international and the constitutionalnorms about the juveniledeliquency have someweaknesseswhichexplain the current situation. We propose some solutions in order to reinforcethesesupremnorms. In the other hand, wepresentsome propositions and arguments about the future French juvenile justice system reform.