Bakgrund Närstående till patienter som får palliativ vård står inför en betydande börda. Denna börda kan vara fysisk, känslomässig och praktisk. Personer boende på glesbygden har utmaningar som långa avstånd till vårdinrättningar och brist på tillgång till specialiserad vård. Resurser i glesbygden har begränsad kapacitet att svara upp mot behoven hos patienten och deras familj. Det är dokumenterat att det finns utmaningar med att bedriva och följa riktlinjer för palliativ vård i glesbygdsområden men det saknas en sammanfattande bild av närståendes upplevelser i samband med palliativ vård i glesbygden. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser vid palliativ vård i glesbygd. Metod En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats genomfördes. Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl och resulterade i 11 artiklar som bedömdes kunna svara på syftet. De valda artiklarna analyserades med en tematisk analysmetod. Resultat Resultatet kan sammanfattas i fyra huvudteman: Interaktion med vårdpersonal, Från okunskap till förståelse, Uppoffring och belöning och Praktiska förutsättningar. Resultaten kopplas i resultatdiskussionen till Andersheds teori om delaktighet, med insikter som kan härledas till både delaktighet i ljuset och mörkret. Perspektiven som framkommer belyser olika aspekter av delaktighet inom ramen för Andersheds teoretiska ramverk. Slutsats Sammantaget visar studien på den betydelsefulla rollen av gemenskap, kommunikation och individanpassad vård i palliativ miljö, vilket har implikationer för hur vården kan förbättras och anpassas för att möta närståendes behov och önskemål i glesbygdsområden. / Background Families of patients receiving palliative care face significant burdens. These burdens can be physical, emotional, and practical. People living in rural areas have challenges such as long distances to health care facilities and lack of access to specialized care. Resources in rural areas have limited capacity to respond to the needs of the patient and their family. It has been documented that there are challenges with conducting and following guidelines for palliative care in rural areas, but there is a lack of a summary picture of relatives' experiences in connection with palliative care in rural areas. Aim The aim is to describe the experiences of relatives in palliative care in rural areas. Method A literature review was conducted using an inductive approach. Searches were performed in the PubMed and Cinahl databases and resulted in 11 articles deemed able to address the aim. The selected articles were analyzed using a thematic analysis method. Results The results can be summarized into four main themes: Interaction with Healthcare Personnel, From lack of knowledge to understanding, Sacrifices and rewards, and Practical Conditions. In the results discussion the findings are linked to Andershed's theory of participation, with insights that can be attributed to both participation in light and darkness. The perspectives that emerge illuminate different aspects of participation within the framework of Andershed's theoretical framework. Conclusion This study highlights the significant role of community, communication, and individualized care in the palliative environment, with implications for how healthcare can be improved and adapted to meet the needs and preferences of relatives in rural areas.

Bakgrund: Närstående till patienter som får palliativ vård står inför en betydande börda. Denna börda kan vara fysisk, känslomässig och praktisk. Personer boende på glesbygden har utmaningar som långa avstånd till vårdinrättningar och brist på tillgång till specialiserad vård. Resurser i glesbygden har begränsad kapacitet att svara upp mot behoven hos patienten och deras familj. Det är dokumenterat att det finns utmaningar med att bedriva och följa riktlinjer för palliativ vård i glesbygdsområden men det saknas en sammanfattande bild av närståendes upplevelser i samband med palliativ vård i glesbygden.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser vid palliativ vård i glesbygd.  Metod: En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats genomfördes. Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl och resulterade i 11 artiklar som bedömdes kunna svara på syftet. De valda artiklarna analyserades med en tematisk analysmetod. Resultat: Resultatet kan sammanfattas i fyra huvudteman: Interaktion med vårdpersonal, Från okunskap till förståelse, Uppoffring och belöning och Praktiska förutsättningar. Resultaten kopplas i resultatdiskussionen till Andersheds teori om delaktighet, med insikter som kan härledas till både delaktighet i ljuset och mörkret. Perspektiven som framkommer belyser olika aspekter av delaktighet inom ramen för Andersheds teoretiska ramverk.  Slutsats: Sammantaget visar studien på den betydelsefulla rollen av gemenskap, kommunikation och individanpassad vård i palliativ miljö, vilket har implikationer för hur vården kan förbättras och anpassas för att möta närståendes behov och önskemål i glesbygdsområden. / Background: Families of patients receiving palliative care face significant burdens. These burdens can be physical, emotional, and practical. People living in rural areas have challenges such as long distances to health care facilities and lack of access to specialized care. Resources in rural areas have limited capacity to respond to the needs of the patient and their family. It has been documented that there are challenges with conducting and following guidelines for palliative care in rural areas, but there is a lack of a summary picture of relatives' experiences in connection with palliative care in rural areas.  Aim: The aim is to describe the experiences of relatives in palliative care in rural areas.  Method: A literature review was conducted using an inductive approach. Searches were performed in the PubMed and Cinahl databases and resulted in 11 articles deemed able to address the aim. The selected articles were analyzed using a thematic analysis method.  Results: The results can be summarized into four main themes: Interaction with Healthcare Personnel, From lack of knowledge to understanding, Sacrifices and rewards, and Practical Conditions. In the results discussion the findings are linked to Andershed's theory of participation, with insights that can be attributed to both participation in light and darkness. The perspectives that emerge illuminate different aspects of participation within the framework of Andershed's theoretical framework.  Conclusion: This study highlights the significant role of community, communication, and individualized care in the palliative environment, with implications for how healthcare can be improved and adapted to meet the needs and preferences of relatives in rural areas.

Public transport is of importance for mobility and creates accessibility forindividuals and in the long run also important to create welfare in a modernsociety. There are many pros with public transport, it transports many people, noneed for a car, a better option then most for the environment and made to transportalmost anybody. Still there are challenges facing public transport. The major one iseconomy, it is expensive for the region or municipality that has responsibility forit. With prices going up public transport now faces a reality where the costs have tobe minimized. This leads to fewer departures and this affects mobility in thesociety. Especially rural areas can be affeccted of the reduction of departures, it isoften here the cost per traveler is the highest and there are also fewer travelers. In this paper the reduction of busdepartures in the municipality of Falun isexamined and connected to accessibility. It investigates wich areas are affected, ifthere is a difference in urban and rural areas and if any age groupe is negativlyaffected. This is done by using quantative data from the municipality of Falun andDalatrafik (the public transport authority).

Rural development is a key policy area in developing countries. Its basic premise boils down to improving the economic well-being and quality of life of rural people. Best practices regarding rural development in developing countries, including Benin, China, Korea and Rwanda, that are known to have been relatively successful in reducing poverty and diversifying the rural economy showed that strong governance, institutional capabilities, active rural communities, and most importantly funding, are all essential for successful rural development. Moreover, land reform and investment in agriculture, infrastructure, education and health play a crucial role in the early stages of rural development. The aim of this study was to examine the concept of rural development as well as policy measures and best practices relating to rural development in order to formulate a rural development strategy for the rural areas of Limpopo Province. To achieve its research objectives, the study used a qualitative research method and secondary data analysis. Before 1995, rural development in South Africa was neglected, resulting in underdevelopment and impoverishment in rural areas. Post-1994, policies for rural development were adopted by the democratic government to improve the economic well-being of people living in rural communities. However, this had thus far limited success as high levels of poverty and inequalities in rural areas still prevails. Those highly affected were rural people in Limpopo Province. In 2018, Limpopo was the most predominantly rural province in South Africa, with over 80% of the population living in rural areas. The study classified Limpopo’s local municipalities into three types of areas, namely predominantly rural area (a local municipality is classified as predominantly rural area if the share of rural population in the local municipal area is above 50%), significantly rural area (that is, a local municipality where the share of rural population in the local area represents between 15% and 49% of the local area’s total population), and predominantly urban area (that is, a local municipality where the share of rural population in the local area is below 15%). Out of 25 local municipalities in Limpopo, 19 were predominantly rural areas, five were significantly rural areas and one was predominantly urban area. Findings show that, in rural areas of Limpopo, there was the prevalence of lower-wage jobs, lower educational attainment, a higher share of low-income households, and more than half of the population depended on government's social grants (including old age grant) and remittances as their income sources. Analysis indicates that educational attainment, household income levels, consumption expenditure and investment tend to be relatively lower, while the unemployment rate is higher, in predominantly rural areas. The economic structure is changing as the share of the primary sector in total Gross Value Added (GVA) is slowly declining, while that of the tertiary sector is gradually increasing. Regarding the contributions to the GVA and employment by sector in predominantly rural areas, agriculture contributed less than 3% to the total GVA, yet it is one of the top employers, contributing 13% of employment. Although mining contributed the most (23,7%) to the total GVA, it only employed 4% of the workforce. To address challenges in rural areas, a rural development strategy for Limpopo Province should contain policy tools that will promote infrastructure development for better access to education, communication, transport, safe water and other basic facilities. It should also encourage capital formation in rural enterprises; promote multi-sectoral development involving reviving agriculture, developing tourism and manufacturing sectors; and promote agro-processing and downstream mineral beneficiation; improve support and access to funding for rural enterprises; and promote the development of the green economy to create decent job opportunities. Access to land and land tenure security are a necessity to stimulate investment needed to accelerate rural development. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)

Rethinking education in rural areas firstly requires reviewing different legislation from a historical perspective and then reconsidering the place of education in the current rural development debate. To a large extent, rural areas have been neglected in development policies and similarly, the rural dimension of basic education issues, especially in South Africa, has been largely overlooked. Basic facts and figures, as elaborated in this thesis, shed light on the need to devote more attention to rural education. In this thesis, South African legislation in relation to basic education for Black people in rural areas during the colonial period up to the democratic era was investigated. The impact of South African legislation on Black education in rural areas is difficult to unravel and solve overnight since its thinking and practice was consolidated over centuries. However, an attempt was made to determine what the policymakers, mostly White dominated governments who ascribed to segregatory and racial attitudes, did to ensure that different policies enshrined in various legislation impacted negatively on education of people predominantly residing in rural areas. The research affirmed that education of Black people in rural areas was, in most instances negatively impacted by policies of previous White governments. The apartheid government (1948-1993) used poor funding strategies to ensure that there were low teacher-pupil ratios and teacher qualifications. Unequal pattern of education spending continued well into the democratic era. This poor funding which impacted negatively on, especially rural schools, made infrastructural provision in rural areas difficult. Even though the democratic government have competitive legislative policies in place, it was concluded that educational policies since 1994 were hastily implemented and insufficient consideration has been given to the contextual realities in South African schooling, particularly in rural areas. Hence the democratic government still need to give grave attention to the issue of education in rural areas. / Educational Studies / DED (HISTORY OF EDUCATION)

Die Straßenunterhaltung stellt in Deutschland Bund, Länder, Landkreise und Gemeinden vor eine finanzielle Herausforderung, die es zu lösen gilt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet dazu Landkreisen und Gemeinden eine Methode, Straßenunterhaltungskosten langfristig zu senken. Die Methode ist dabei auf einen Straßenkomplettrückbau ausgelegt. Zur Identifizierung rückbaugeeigneter Straßen werden quantitative und qualitative Kriterien vorgestellt. Zu den quantitativen Kriterien zählen die Ver-gleichsgrößen: Mehraufwandsleistung und der Mehraufwand X-Wert. Als Mehraufwand wird die zusätzliche Reisezeit bezeichnet, die ohne die Straße bewältigt werden müsste. Die Mehraufwands-leistung gibt die Mehraufwände aller Nutzer einer Straße pro Tag wieder. Je höher die Verkehrsmenge einer Straße, desto höher ist die Mehraufwandsleistung. Der Mehraufwand X-Wert beschreibt den Mehraufwand pro Person eines Ortes. Zur Bestimmung der Wichtigkeit einer Straße werden beide Größen gewichtet zusammengefasst. Zur Berechnung der Vergleichsgrößen wurden im Vorfeld Ent-scheidungen getroffen, so besteht der Mehraufwand nur aus der Fahrzeit. Die Fahrzeit wird für lokal begrenzte Verbindungen wie dem täglichen Einkauf, Erledigungen, Bildung, innerwöchentliche Frei-zeitaktivitäten und Begleitwegen ermittelt, die ungefähr innerhalb eines 30-km-Radius erreichbar sind, sowie für Arbeitswege mit Fahrzeiten bis 1:45 Stunden. Wirtschaftsverkehr wird nicht berechnet. Die Routen der betrachteten Verbindungen werden für den motorisierten Verkehr, den nichtmotorisierten Verkehr und den öffentlichen Personennahverkehr berechnet. Zur Routenermittlung werden Quelle-Ziel-Beziehungen genutzt, deren Routen über Straßen verlaufen, die für das jeweilige Verkehrsmittel zugelassen sind und die Verkehrsmenge aufnehmen können. Eine flexible Zielwahl wird berücksichtigt. Für Straßen mit geringer Wichtigkeit wird anhand der qualitativen Kriterien geprüft, ob die Straßen wirklich rückbaugeeignet sind. Dazu werden die Themen: Rettungsdienst, Nahversorgung, ganzjährige Erreichbarkeit, öffentlicher Verkehr, Dienstleister, Lärm, Sicherheit und weitere Kriterien bedacht. Nur für rückbaugeeignete Straßen wird das Einsparpotential kalkuliert. Dazu nennt die Arbeit entsprechende Kostensätze. Ziel der Arbeit war es, diese Methode zu entwickeln und deren Anwendbarkeit zu prüfen. Die Methode ist umsetzbar. Die benötigten Daten sind beschaffbar. Die Objektivität der Methode ist durch die Anpassbarkeit an die Ziele des Untersuchungsgebiets vor bewusst herbeigeführter Scheinobjektivität nicht geschützt. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht zur Implementierung eines öffentlichen Verkehrs-Verbindung-Tools, welches die Fahrtmöglichkeiten pro Tag ausgibt, und zu einer vergleichenden Bewertungsmethode von Aufwandserhöhungen verschiedener Routen mit Bezug zum gegenwärtigen Aufwand kommt.

Die Straßenunterhaltung stellt in Deutschland Bund, Länder, Landkreise und Gemeinden vor eine finanzielle Herausforderung, die es zu lösen gilt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet dazu Landkreisen und Gemeinden eine Methode, Straßenunterhaltungskosten langfristig zu senken. Die Methode ist dabei auf einen Straßenkomplettrückbau ausgelegt. Zur Identifizierung rückbaugeeigneter Straßen werden quantitative und qualitative Kriterien vorgestellt. Zu den quantitativen Kriterien zählen die Ver-gleichsgrößen: Mehraufwandsleistung und der Mehraufwand X-Wert. Als Mehraufwand wird die zusätzliche Reisezeit bezeichnet, die ohne die Straße bewältigt werden müsste. Die Mehraufwands-leistung gibt die Mehraufwände aller Nutzer einer Straße pro Tag wieder. Je höher die Verkehrsmenge einer Straße, desto höher ist die Mehraufwandsleistung. Der Mehraufwand X-Wert beschreibt den Mehraufwand pro Person eines Ortes. Zur Bestimmung der Wichtigkeit einer Straße werden beide Größen gewichtet zusammengefasst. Zur Berechnung der Vergleichsgrößen wurden im Vorfeld Ent-scheidungen getroffen, so besteht der Mehraufwand nur aus der Fahrzeit. Die Fahrzeit wird für lokal begrenzte Verbindungen wie dem täglichen Einkauf, Erledigungen, Bildung, innerwöchentliche Frei-zeitaktivitäten und Begleitwegen ermittelt, die ungefähr innerhalb eines 30-km-Radius erreichbar sind, sowie für Arbeitswege mit Fahrzeiten bis 1:45 Stunden. Wirtschaftsverkehr wird nicht berechnet. Die Routen der betrachteten Verbindungen werden für den motorisierten Verkehr, den nichtmotorisierten Verkehr und den öffentlichen Personennahverkehr berechnet. Zur Routenermittlung werden Quelle-Ziel-Beziehungen genutzt, deren Routen über Straßen verlaufen, die für das jeweilige Verkehrsmittel zugelassen sind und die Verkehrsmenge aufnehmen können. Eine flexible Zielwahl wird berücksichtigt. Für Straßen mit geringer Wichtigkeit wird anhand der qualitativen Kriterien geprüft, ob die Straßen wirklich rückbaugeeignet sind. Dazu werden die Themen: Rettungsdienst, Nahversorgung, ganzjährige Erreichbarkeit, öffentlicher Verkehr, Dienstleister, Lärm, Sicherheit und weitere Kriterien bedacht. Nur für rückbaugeeignete Straßen wird das Einsparpotential kalkuliert. Dazu nennt die Arbeit entsprechende Kostensätze. Ziel der Arbeit war es, diese Methode zu entwickeln und deren Anwendbarkeit zu prüfen. Die Methode ist umsetzbar. Die benötigten Daten sind beschaffbar. Die Objektivität der Methode ist durch die Anpassbarkeit an die Ziele des Untersuchungsgebiets vor bewusst herbeigeführter Scheinobjektivität nicht geschützt. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht zur Implementierung eines öffentlichen Verkehrs-Verbindung-Tools, welches die Fahrtmöglichkeiten pro Tag ausgibt, und zu einer vergleichenden Bewertungsmethode von Aufwandserhöhungen verschiedener Routen mit Bezug zum gegenwärtigen Aufwand kommt.

Der Bericht informiert über den Wohnungsleerstand in Sachsens ländlichem Raum. Die Wohnungsleerstandsquote im ländlichen Raum beträgt etwa 10 Prozent und unterscheidet sich damit kaum von anderen Raumkategorien. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse deuten auf ein Ansteigen des Wohnungsleerstands in den ländlichen Raumkategorien Sachsens hin. Die Analyse beruht auf Daten der Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung 2011. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Tabellen, Abbildungen und Karten illustriert. Regionale Differenzierungen erfolgen nach Gebietskategorien, ILE-/Leader-Regionen, Gemeinden oder Gemeindegrößenklassen.

This thesis examines how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. Such a study lies at the intersection of research about tourism impacts, adult transition, and rural areas. The aim is to examine how largescale tourism affects the opportunities for young adults living in rural areas; their perception of place and the perceived opportunities and obstacles that tourism provides. The thesis utilizes a mixed method approach. A quantitative study based on micro-data on individuals identifies the patterns and magnitudes of the mechanisms by which tourism affects population change among young adults. Interview methods are used in the case study area, Sälen, to investigate these mechanisms in depth. Finally, the rural–urban dichotomy is explored in a conceptual study that asks how tourism affects the perception of a local village as either rural or urban. Young inhabitants in rural areas are rarely considered in tourism research; therefore, the main contribution of this thesis is that it illuminates how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. The thesis reveals a substantial impact on the adult transition, mainly due to easier access to the labor market and a good supply of jobs during the high season. Further, the large number of people passing through creates flows of opportunities to make friends, get a job, or just meet people. All of these factors contribute to high mobility in these places, and to the perception of them as places where things happen. The high mobility in Sälen implies that fixed migrant categories (such as stayers and leavers) are largely insufficient. The tourism environment creates a space that is always under construction and continually producing new social relations mainly perceived as opportunities. Conceptualizing this as a modern rurality is a way to move beyond the often implicit notions of urban as modern and rural as traditional.

A educação como catalizadora do desenvolvimento humano e econômico é uma ideia já enraizada na maioria das culturas contemporâneas. Todavia, compreender como ela influencia esse desenvolvimento e identificar os fatores influenciadores desse processo ainda é um desafio para os pesquisadores das mais distintas áreas que se interessam pelo tema, sobretudo quando se trata da educação direcionada às minorias. Neste contexto, no Brasil, destaca-se a população do campo que, por muito tempo, não recebeu os devidos olhares. Contudo, avanços são observados, sobretudo, a partir da Constituição de 1988, que possibilitou o surgimento e a evolução das políticas públicas e gestão da educação, incluindo a Educação do Campo. Como forma de contribuir com a evolução dessas políticas, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o perfil socioeconômico e o desempenho das escolas públicas brasileiras que ofertam a educação fundamental (5º e 9º anos) em zonas rurais, ao compará-las com escolas localizadas em zonas urbanas, considerando as Unidades da Federação (UF) e a dependência administrativa (estadual e municipal) como fatores de análise. Os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa são provenientes das bases de dados do INEP: dados da Prova Brasil, Censo Escolar, IDEB e fluxo escolar do ano de 2011. Após a obtenção das bases de dados, estas foram processadas e ajustadas para a realização das análises. Como medida de desempenho, utilizou-se a relação idade-série que permite avaliar a defasagem idade/série, as notas em Matemática e Língua Portuguesa da Prova Brasil, a taxa de aprovação e a taxa de evasão das escolas, e, em alguns casos, o IDEB. Para este trabalho, construiu-se um indicador socioeconômico a partir das respostas dadas pelos alunos ao questionário socioeconômico aplicado juntamente com a Prova Brasil e que está relacionado à posse de bens, ao acesso à cultura, à escolaridade dos pais, entre outros. Construiu-se também um indicador do nível de ruralidade das escolas/anos, obtido a partir da relação entre a proporção de alunos residentes em zonas rurais e a quantidade total de alunos matriculados no ano. Após a construção da base de dados e da definição de indicadores de avaliação, procedeu-se à análise estatística dos dados valendo-se da estatística descritiva, análise de correlação e análise de agrupamento (cluster) para formação de grupos homogêneos de escolas. Os resultados, tanto para o 5º quanto para o 9º ano, evidenciam o pior desempenho das escolas rurais em relação às urbanas, bem como o pior desempenho das escolas municipais em relação às estaduais. Além disso, à medida que aumenta o índice de ruralidade das escolas urbanas (turmas mistas), piora o desempenho destas; nesses termos, os resultados parecem legitimar a centralização das políticas públicas para a educação básica pelo governo federal como forma de assegurar a qualidade e a equidade do ensino, já que a descentralização por si só não tem garantido, principalmente no campo. / Education as a catalyst for human and economic development is an idea ingrained in most contemporary cultures. However, to understand how it influences this development and to identify the factors influencing this process is still a challenge for researchers from different areas who are interested in the subject, especially when it comes to education for minorities. In this context, in Brazil, the rural population has not received proper attention for a long time. However, advances are observed, mainly from the 1988 Constitution that enabled the emergence and evolution of public policies and education management, including education in rural areas. As a contribution to the evolution of these policies, this study aims at analyzing the socio-economic profile and performance of Brazilian public schools that offer Fundamental Education (Primary and Middle Education, 5th and 9th grades in Brazil) in rural areas, comparing them to schools located in urban areas, considering Federation Units (UF) and administrative responsibility (state and cities) as analytical factors. Data used in this research are derived from INEP databases, namely data from \"Prova Brazil\", school census, IDEB and school flow of 2011. Data were processed and adjusted and then analyzed. As performance measure the following factors were used: age-grade relationship for assessing the age versus grade delay; grades obtained in Mathematics and Portuguese at \"Prova Brazil\"; the approval rate and the dropout rate in schools; and in some cases, IDEB. For this study, a socioeconomic indicator was developed from the answers given by the students to the socioeconomic questionnaire at \"Prova Brazil\", including questions related to asset ownership, access to culture, parental education, among others. An indicator of the level of rurality of schools/years was also developed from the relationship between the proportion of students living in rural areas and the total number of students enrolled in the year. Once the database and the evaluation indicators were defined, the statistical analysis was developed, using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and cluster analysis to getter and to analyze homogeneous groups of schools. Results for both 5th and 9th grades (Primary and Middle Education) show worse performances of rural schools compared to urban schools and also worse performance of city schools compared to state schools and as the degree of rurality of urban schools (mixed classes) increases, the performance worsens. Results seem to justify the centralization of public policies for Basic Education by the Federal Government in order to ensure the quality and equity of education, since the decentralization alone has not guaranteed it yet, especially in rural areas.