The importance of strategy formulation is well known and has consequently received a lot of attention from researchers and managers alike, however, strategy is not of any use if it cannot be implemented successfully. The field of implementation has received more and more attention lately but there is still much left to study and understand. One gap in the area is related to non-managers as executors and how they can contribute to a successful implementation; the purpose in this study is therefore to provide an initial foundation to fill this gap but also to link the factors to a context. To gauge the success of implementation as influenced by the non-management, the smoothness of the implementation was considered, i.e. how frequent the problems were. The first step was therefore to find possible problems affected by the actions of the non-management and then to consider why they occurred. This was done with the help of the theory of strategy aligned behavior. A qualitative study using interviews with managers and employees from two medium-sized manufacturing companies within a regional cluster in southern Sweden was chosen to gain the necessary data in order to reach the purpose of our study. In the analysis of the research, the theory was found to be closely correlated to the empirical findings for the most part. With attention to the type of implementation discussed, the findings could be related to a context of where they occurred and then presented in a 2x2 matrix using measures of competence and company linkages. The findings include, as theory emphasizes; the importance of communication, not only in general but also in specific contexts. Further, an importance of the difference of strategic purpose and strategic effects could amongst other things also be seen.

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This master's thesis examines the possibilities of correction and change in a classification scheme, with regard to the changes that occur in the world the classification system intends to describe. Applying a comparative method and classification theory, the classification of the example of the former Yugoslavia (1918-1941, 1945-1991), its republics and successor states, and the languages, formerly known as Serbo-Croatian are examined through a comparison of the main classes and divisions of language, geography, and history, in Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), and Klassifikationssystem för svenska bibliotek [Classification for Swedish Libraries] (SAB). Eight editions of DDC, from 1876 to 2014, are compared to seven editions of SAB, from 1921 to 2013. The editions have been selected in order to show the changes prior to, and following, the First World War, changes after the Second World War, and changes following the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991. The examination shows that both systems have updated their editions according to the changes in former Yugoslavia over the years. DDC has well constructed facet schedules, especially Table 2 concerning geography, but fails, in some cases, to construct a logic and hierarchical structure for the republics and languages of Yugoslavia, partly due to the fixed classes and divisions that survive from the very first edition of DDC from 1876, but also as a result of the decimal notation, and its limitations, itself. SAB seeks to construct a hierarchically logic and equal scheme for the languages, areas, and states of the former Yugoslavia. Although the facets for geography and chronology aren't as developed as the ones in DDC, the overall result is that of a logically consistent and hierarchically clear classification, with short notation codes, thanks to the alphabetic mixed notation, which allows more subdivisions than the numerals and the pure notation of DDC. This study is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to examine how libraries can organize their collections in terms of library shelving and displays and to what extent these activities stem from a desire to create a user-friendly library. The thesis is based upon a case study of Arkenbiblioteket in Sweden and the material consists of a literature study and qualitative, semi-structured interviews with three librarians at Arkenbiblioteket. The theoretical framework consists of theories on information-seeking behavior, classification and displays. These theories form the basis of the analysis of the empirical material.The main reason for the changes in shelf arrangement at Arkenbiblioteket was a desire among the library staff to create a user-friendly library. Their experience of the previously used SAB classification system was that it was outdated and suited neither the collection nor the users’ information-seeking behavior. Many Swedish libraries have recently decided to change from SAB classification to the internationally used Dewey decimal classification. This, however, was not an option for Arkenbiblioteket as the staff believed that DDC, with its classification’s notation based on Arabic numerals, was likewise ill-suited for their users. As a result they created their own classification and shelving system using text in plain and colours for each category. Furthermore, the staff at Arkenbiblioteket focuses on library displays with commercial inspiration from bookshops. They work with face-front displaying techniques to inspire users. In conclusion, both the new shelving system and the library displays are designed to suit the users and their information-seeking behavior, whether they are conducting a specific search or merely browsing. The feedback from users on the new shelving system has been mainly positive.This study is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

In November 2008, the National Library of Sweden decided to change their standard classification system from the Swedish Library Classification System (SAB) to the american Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). One of the main reasons to this transition was the assumption of gaining the possibility to exchange and import catalogue posts by using an outspread international classification system. Throughout the years, it has been disputed whether DDC’s treatment of music has been the most suitable. The system has been criticized for being biased in favor of Western music and not being updated with the growth of new music. The purpose of this study is to examine the opinions among librarians connected to the music area on how this classification transition went, and how it has affected their work. The primary questions concerned with this study are if the interviewees perceive that there is a problem by using DDC for music and if so, how? Additionally, does this change also affect the library users, or is it only the librarians? The method I am using to examine these questions is qualitative interviews based on Steinar Kvale and Svend Brinkmann’s thoughts in their book Den kvalitativa forskningsintervjun. The theories that will be used for this thesis are theories concerning functional requirements of classification systems. The results show that the interviewees’ opinions are that DDC’s notation tends to be long, which affects the usability of the system. The interviewees’ perception is that DDC is also lacking in its treatment regarding musical recordings and the popular music area. One of the main reasons for this shortage is because there is basically no other library outside of Sweden that is classifying such material with DDC, which means that the information exchange with countries abroad has so far been rather exiguous.

Universidade Federal do Cearà / Esta pesquisa faz uma avaliaÃÃo do projeto selecionado no Edital 02/2008 do BNB/ETENE â Novas Tecnologias Sociais (TS) de ConvivÃncia com o SemiÃrido. Essas tecnologias tÃm como objetivo promover uma melhor convivÃncia com o semiÃrido, com o aumento das exploraÃÃes agropecuÃrias, a geraÃÃo de renda e a participaÃÃo comunitÃria. A tecnologia deveria ser utilizada como exemplo de reaplicabilidade no semiÃrido brasileiro. Optamos por uma avaliaÃÃo ex post, que à realizada ao longo da execuÃÃo ou apÃs a conclusÃo do projeto. AtravÃs de metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas, procuramos verificar a implantaÃÃo da TS cisterna calÃadÃo em trÃs comunidades dos municÃpios de Santana do Acaraà e Morrinhos, no CearÃ. A pesquisa de campo foi desenvolvida com a aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios com os representantes das famÃlias, e entrevistas com a coordenadora e os lÃderes comunitÃrios. Observamos a dependÃncia das famÃlias quanto à ajuda do Governo e da sociedade civil organizada, a baixa escolaridade da maioria dos pais, a pouca quantidade de terra utilizada para a produÃÃo e o cultivo tradicional do feijÃo, do milho e da mandioca. Apresentamos a caracterizaÃÃo do SemiÃrido Brasileiro (SAB), o bioma, a convivÃncia do homem com esse ambiente, as tecnologias adaptadas à sua realidade, bem como os principais programas desenvolvidos pela sociedade civil. Os agricultores, tradicionalmente, realizam seus plantios durante o inverno, recebendo pouca ou nenhuma assistÃncia tÃcnica dos ÃrgÃos municipal e estadual. A tecnologia social implementada pelo projeto requer maior tempo de utilizaÃÃo para a satisfatÃria geraÃÃo de renda Ãs famÃlias. A Ãgua à um bem precioso para essas comunidades, entretanto, verificou-se que à fundamental a disponibilidade de infraestrutura, como melhores estradas, escolas e postos de saÃde para o desenvolvimento local e a melhor convivÃncia com o semiÃrido. / This study assesses the project selected in Proclamation 02/2008 of the BNB / ETENE - New Social Technologies (ST) Living with the Semi-Arid.These technologies are intended to promote better coexistence with the semiarid, with the increase of farming systems, income generation and community participation. Technology should be used as an example to reapply in the Brazilian semiarid. We opted for an ex post evaluation, which is held throughout the execution or after completion of the project. Through qualitative and quantitative methodologies, we seek to verify the implementation of TS cistern in three communities of the cities of Santana and Acaraà Morrinhos, CearÃ. The field was developed with the use of questionnaires with representatives of the families, and interviews with the coordinator and community leaders. We observed the dependency of families on the help of government and civil society, low educational levels of most parents, the small amount of land used for cultivation and production of traditional beans, maize and cassava. We present the characterization of Brazilian Semiarid (SAB), the biome, the coexistence of man with that environment, the technologies adapted to their reality, as well as key programs developed by civil society. Farmers traditionally hold their crops during the winter, receiving little or no technical assistance from municipal and state agencies. The social technology implemented by the project requires more time for use to generate satisfactory income families. Water is a precious asset for these communities, however, it is essential that the availability of infrastructure such as better roads, schools and health posts to local development and improved coexistence with the semiarid.

The following thesis aims to account for and describe the variations of perceptions that public librarians have regarding user-friendliness of the classification systems that are used in Swedish public libraries. How user-friendliness and the classification systems are perceived are examined to understand how the librarians might connect these two together.  The thesis is based on the qualitive research methodology of phenomenography which is a method used in order to create an understanding of the variations of perceptions of a phenomenon. The phenomenographic method is applied by using qualitative interviews. For this study eight public librarians in the Stockholm region have been interviewed. The interviews were conducted in a phenomenographic manner and were set out to be a dialogue between the interviewer and the interviewee. All the libraries in the study are currently working in the SAB classification system. The study shows that there are a variation of different perceptions of user-friendliness and the classification systems. One perception that is found is that SAB is not user-friendly because of the lack of logic within the system and it is a common impression that users find the system confusing. A perception also states that SAB is “a dead system”, referring to the fact that SAB no longer is updated. The perception means that in time, SAB will not be a useable system. Another perception contradicts the first one and says that SAB is a system that users usually understand to a certain degree. The users have the capability to operate within the system to find literature they seek but as they submerge deeper into the systems hierarchy most users usually get confused. Another perception is that the connection between user-friendliness and classification systems is not of importance. This perception proclaims that user-friendliness can be achieved by working with signage and shelf placement instead. The study also shows that there is a gap between how the librarians perceive the classification systems and how they imagine their users perceiving them. This is shown in the lack of dialogue between users and librarians. A common perception among the librarians is that they have what they call a “home blindness” concerning the classification systems. This statement is made referring to the fact that librarians work within these systems day by day and easily forgets to reflect on the difficulties that a first-time user might face as they try to understand the systems.

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur judendom och judar klassificeras i tre bibliografiska klassifikationssystem som används på svenska bibliotek. De valda systemen är Dewey Decimal klassifikationssystemet (DDK), Klassifikationssystemet för svenska bibliotek (SAB) och Judiska biblioteks klassifikationssystem (Stockholmssystemet). Hermeneutikens teorier används som teoretisk utgångspunkt i kombination med Hope A. Olsons teori om makten att namnge och Broughton och Lomas modell om klassifikation av religion. Detta används för att analysera resultatet av studien. Det empiriska materialet insamlades genom en kvalitativ textstudie, vilket innebar en närläsning utifrån ett kodningsschema. Resultatet tematiserades i sex kategorier och analyserade utifrån de ovannämnda teorierna. DDK- och SAB-systemet representerar judar som en minoritet och judendom som religion tilldelas lite utrymme i klassifikationssystemen. I Stockholmssystemet är judendom och judar normen och den judiska tideräkningen och namnvarianter premieras, till skillnad från de övriga systemen. DDK-systemet presenterar judendom och judar med mångfald, Stockholmssystemet i lite mindre utsträckning och SAB-systemet utan någon mångfald. / The aim of the study is to describe how Judaism and Jews are classified in the bibliographic classification systems that are used in Swedish libraries. The chosen systems are the Dewey Decimal Classification System (DDC), Classification System for Swedish Libraries (SAB) and the Jewish Library’s Classification system (The Stockholm System). Hermeneutics is the theoretical basis in combination with Hope A. Olson’s theory of the power to name and Broughton and Lomas model of the classification of religion. This is used to analyze the results of the study. The empirical material was gathered using a qualitative text study, which entailed a close reading with a coding schedule. The result was thematized into six categories and analyzed with the aforementioned theories. The DDC and SAB systems represent Jews as a minority and Judaism as a religion is given little space in the classification systems. Judaism and Jews are the norm in the Stockholm system and Jewish chronology and name variants are promoted. The DDC system presents Judaism and Jews with diversity, the Stockholm system less so and the SAB system contains no diversity.

Introduction. As a practicing musician a stylistic form of terminology is often used, which is commonly based off of genre-specific conventions and norms. As the common users of music libraries often are practicing musicians, genre is identified as a subject/element of great importance in order to fully describe music and scores. With this point of view, the thesis aim to investigate how librarians and users make use of classification systems and classification codes. Method and theory. The primary empirical material of this thesis consists of qualitative interviews with librarians from a number of libraries, which all work with scores. The interviews were conducted with a pre-prepared questionnaire containing questions regarding how the librarians work, use and perceive the used classification systems in relation to the scores the libraries catalog and classify. The collected interview material was then compared to an analysis of the classification systems which are used by the libraries – Dewey Decimal Classification, Library of Congress Classification and the Swedish classification system ”SAB”. The main theoretical focus is genre theory, which is applied as a point of view for the analysis of both the interviews and the classification systems themselves. Analysis. The collected interview material was analyzed with a thematic sectioning. This sectioning was determined in conjunction with both certain key points from the previous research which was presented in the thesis and with the interviews themselves. The classification systems were then analyzed in relation to the presented theoretical material, with the essential theoretic perspective being genre theory. Each and one of the interviewed librarians expressed pros and cons of the classification systems they used. Some of these pros and cons were identified as recurring between the interviews. Such as the classification systems not being able to fully describe newer scores containing modern music. Results. With these analyses the thesis four main questions were then answered and presented. The librarians did see a function for the classification systems in their work, even though they were aware of the issues and problematic sides with the classification system they used. The interviewees saw the classification systems being used by the user to a lesser extent. Through the analysis of the classification, it was revealed that they do not offer genre classification to a sufficient degree, which in turn affects how useful the systems are for the music library users. Thus, the analyzed classification systems cannot describe scores in a fully fledged way. Conclusions. Even though the results show that the classification systems can’t be used to completely describe or fully grasp scores, the interviewed librarians did see them as useful in their practice. Several of the interviewees gave examples of problems within each of the classification systems, but they still saw them as useful. For the users (musicians) who are active in the genre of western art music the systems work adequately, but for users active in other genres the systems are not as useful. To evaluate whether the classification systems are relevant enough to keep using, it is necessary to both see to the opinions of the librarians currently using them, how and if the music library users use them and to what extent and how much of the cataloging is dedicated to classification. From the interviews, it is concluded that the libraries dedicate about 10-20 percent of their cataloging to classification. In relation to this and how the librarians see the classification systems as useful to a certain degree, it is concluded that the classification systems do have a purpose as an underlying structure and categorizing structure. This thesis has however come to illuminate some of the problems in the classification systems which pertain to genre and genres importance in describing music and scores. Even though the classification systems foremost strive to describe medium (instrumentation) and do this in an acceptable way, this must be seen in relation to how important genre is in order to fully describe a score and its importance for the users. Likewise, genre and genre categorization is an unavoidable part of music and sometimes even an integrated part of the elements medium and character. Thus, it is concluded that it is of utter importance to take into account the impact on and meaning for music that genre has when researching how scores are to be classified. This is a twy years master's thesis in Library and information science.

Introdução: A osteoporose (OP) é doença caracterizada pela fragilidade do osso e, consequentemente, pelo incremento do risco de fraturas. É considerada problema de saúde pública na maioria dos países. Evidências epidemiológicas apontam associação entre variáveis sociodemográficas, variáveis de estilo de vida (como a ingestão de alimentos e de bebidas alcoólicas e hábito de fumar), e indicadores antropométricos (como índice de massa corporal -IMC-) e risco de OP e fraturas osteoporóticas. Objetivo: Estimar a incidência de OP e a prevalência de fraturas referidas, em idosos domiciliados no Município de São Paulo e verificar associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida, e IMC. Método: analisaram-se dados do Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento) 2000 - 2006, o qual é estudo epidemiológico, longitudinal, de base domiciliar, cuja amostra inicial foi composta por 2143 idosos (&#8805;60 anos), de ambos os sexos, residentes habituais de domicílios urbanos no Município de São Paulo, e selecionados por amostragem probabilística, sendo que 829 idosos (39%) constituíram a amostra de estudo, em 2000, para análise da incidência de OP referida, em 2006, e 1072 idosos (50%) foi a amostra de estudo para análise de prevalência de fraturas após 60 anos referidas, em 2006. Investigou-se a associação entre variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, grupo etário, vida no campo por 5 anos ou mais durante a infância ou adolescência, escolaridade e etnia), de estilo de vida (ingestão referida de leite e produtos lácteos, ovos e leguminosas, carnes, peixes e aves, frutas e verduras, frequência de ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas, e hábito de fumar); e variável antropométrica (IMC), com relação à referência de OP e fraturas após 60 anos, em 2006. Para verificar associação entre as variáveis categóricas e o desfecho, utilizou-se o teste de Rao & Scott (p<0,05) e a análise de regressão logística univariada (IC95%).O programa Stata, versão 10.1 foi usado para realizar os cálculos estatísticos. Resultados: Houve 114 casos novos de OP referida em 2006, sendo que o coeficiente de incidência (CI) de OP referida foi estimado em 13,93/1000 pessoas-ano (IC95%=11,60 16,87). O CI de OP referida em mulheres foi 22,95/1000 pessoas-ano (IC95%: 19,08 27,87), e 3,34/1000 pessoas-ano (IC95%: 1,85 6,73), em homens.A prevalência de fraturas após os 60 anos referidas foi 17,16%. Sexo feminino (OR= 7,69; p=0,000) e ingestão referida de bebidas alcoólicas < 4 vezes/semana (OR= 2,26; p=0,019), foram fatores de risco para referência de OP. Sexo feminino (OR=2,38;p=0,000), idade avançada (&#8805;75 anos)(OR=1,72; p=0,012), ingestão referida de bebidas alcoólicas < 4 vezes/semana (OR=2,45; p=0,016), referência de OP em 2000 (OR=1,75; p=0,048), e referência de OP em 2006 (OR=2,29; p=0,000), foram fatores de risco para referência de fraturas após 60 anos. Conclusões: sexo feminino, idade avançada foram fatores de risco para OP e fraturas após os 60 anos. Dentre as variáveis modificáveis, a ingestão de bebida alcoólica com frequência &#8805; 4 vezes/semana, esteve negativamente associado à referência de OP e fraturas após 60 anos. / Introduction: Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease characterized by bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. It is considered a public health problem worldwide. Epidemiological studies have found association between sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometrical variables and increased risk of OP and osteoporotic fractures. Objetive: To estimate incidence of self-reported OP, in 2006, and prevalence of fractures after the age of 60 year-old, on a sample of elderly individuals from the Município de São Paulo, and verify association between selected variables and outcome. Method: based on data from the SABE Study (health, well-being and aging) 2000 - 2006, which is an epidemiological prospective study of a probabilistic household sample of elderly population ((&#8805; 66 y), of both sexes, from São Paulo City, Brazil. Association between sociodemographic (sex, age, life in rural area for 5 year or more during childhood or adolescence, schooling, and race) lifestyle (reported food intake (milk and dairy products, eggs and legumes, meat, fish and poultry, fruit and vegetables), reported alcoholic beverages intake) and smoking habit; and anthropometrics\' variables, such as body mass index (BMI) and self-reported OP and fractures after the age of 60 year-old, in 2006. Rao & Scott Test was used to verify association between the categorical variables and outcome (p<0,05) as well as simple logistic regression (CI95%). Stata software, version 10.1, was used for statistical calculation. Results: There were 114 new cases of self-reported OP in 2006, and an incidence rate of 13,93/1000 persons-year (IC95%=11,60 - 16,87). In women the incidence rate was 22,95/1000 persons-year (CI95%: 19,08 - 27,87), and in men it was 3,34/1000 persons-year (IC95%: 1,85 - 6,73). Prevalence of self reported fractures after de age of 60 y was estimated in 17,16%. Female sex (OR= 7,69; p=0,000) and frequency of reported alcoholic beverages intake < 4 times/week (OR= 2,26; p=0,019), were risk factors for self-reported OP. Female sex (OR=2,38;p=0,000), advanced age (&#8805;75 y) (OR=1,72; p=0,012), frequency of reported alcoholic beverages intake < 4 times/week (OR=2,45; p=0,016), self-reported OP in 2000 (OR=1,75; p=0,048), and self-reported OP in 2006 (OR=2,29; p=0,000), were risk factors for reporting fractures after the age of 60 years-old Conclusions: female sex, advanced age, were risk factors for reported OP and fractures after 60 y. Among modifiable variables, intake of alcoholic beverages as often as > 4 times/week was negatively associated with reported OP and fractures after the age of 60 y.