Denna rapport undersöker grundvattenmagasin på öar i Stockholms skärgård och hur de förväntas påverkas av klimatförändringarna. Främst granskas grundvattnets kvantitet och kvalitet fram till år 2100 utifrån två olika klimatscenarion framtagna av FN:s klimatpanel. Detta kopplas sedan till hur boende på ön kan komma att påverkas av dessa förändringar samt hur de kan hantera de problem som förväntas uppstå. Vidare undersöks kommuners roll samt lösningar de kan bidra med. Ämnet kopplar till det svenska miljömålet ”Grundvatten av god kvalitet” som betonar vikten av kunskap om dagens grundvattenstånd i utsatta områden, till vilka kustnära regioner tillhör.  För att besvara frågorna som ställts i rapporten har bland annat litteraturstudie, fältstudie, intervjuer, modelleringar av månadsvisa grundvattenstånd samt beräkningar av risk för saltvatteninträngning i brunnar tillämpats. Fältstudien gjordes på Aspö, en typisk skärgårdsö i Stockholm, för vilken sedan all modellering och beräkningar utförts på. Aspö fungerar därför i denna rapport som modell för Stockholms skärgårdsöar.  I modelleringar och beräkningar har aspekter som vattenanvändning, geologi, nederbörd, evapotranspiration och växtperiodens längd beaktats. Resultatet från modelleringarna tyder på stora risker för sinande grundvattenmagasin på skärgårdsöar under sommarmånaderna, både i dagsläget och i framtiden. Under sommaren är grundvattenbildningen liten till obefintlig och vattenanvändningen som störst, på grund av den stora mängd sommarboende i skärgården, vilket kan leda till vattenbrist och vattenkvalitetsproblem. På grund av en förlängd växtperiod som hämmar grundvattenbildningen förväntas dessa problem bli värre i framtiden. Vad gäller beräkningarna av saltvatteninträngning är det brunnar i strandnära lägen som löper störst risk. Eftersom en höjning av havsnivån förväntas till följd av ökad medeltemperatur, förväntas risken för saltvatteninträngning öka än mer i framtiden.  Både modelleringarna och beräkningarna tyder på att en sparsam vattenanvändning gör situationen mindre ansträngd. Utöver detta föreslås att kommunen utvidgar kartläggningen av riskområden med hjälp av lagstöd för att ta över delar av ansvaret som idag främst vilar på fastighetsägaren för den enskilda vattentäkten. / This thesis examines groundwater reservoirs of islands in the Stockholm archipelago and  how they will be affected by climate change. Mainly the quality and quantity of reservoirs in the year 2100 are looked at based on two different climate scenarios developed by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). That gets connected to how the inhabitants on the islands will be affected by the changes and how they can deal with the potential problems that arises. Furthermore, the municipalities’ roles will be examined along with the solutions they can contribute with regarding water shortage. The subject of the thesis also connects to the Swedish environmental goal “Good-Quality Groundwater” which puts an emphasis on the importance of knowledge regarding groundwater levels in exposed areas such as coastal regions.  To answer the questions posed in the thesis, methods such as literature review, field study, interviews, modeling of monthly groundwater level and calculations of the risk of saltwater intrusions in wells have been applied. The field study was done on the island Aspö, a typical archipelago island in Stockholm, for which all the modelling and calculations later have been made. Thus, Aspö acts as a model of Stockholm’s archipelago islands in this thesis.  In the modelling and calculations factors like water usage, geology, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and the length of the growing season have been considered. The results of the groundwater modelling indicate a great risk of diminishing groundwater reservoirs on archipelago islands during the summer months, both now and in the future. In the summer the groundwater recharge is little to nonexistent and the water usage at its peak, due to the large quantity of summer occupants in the archipelago, which can lead to a water shortage and problems with the water quality. Because of a prolonged growing season that disturbs the groundwater recharge, these issues are expected to become worse in the future. When it comes to the calculations of the saltwater intrusions in wells, the wells closest to the coasts are at a greater risk. Since an increase in the sea level are to be expected due to a rise in global temperature the risk for saltwater intrusion also increases.  Both the modelling and the calculations indicates that a sparing water usage will make the situation less strained. In addition, it’s suggested that the municipalities should expand their mapping of sensitive areas through legal support to shoulder some of the responsibility that today rests on property owners of the individual water supply.

The preservation of freshwater aquifers is one important task of managing natural resources today. Intrusion of saltwater from the sea into the groundwater might occur in coastal-near areas and can affect the freshwater quality negatively. One such risk area is the Adriatic coast line of Albania, a country predominantly rich in freshwater resources due to the numerous rivers flowing from the mountains in the east towards the sea. The coastal areas are mainly used for agricultural activities were groundwater is an important resource for irrigation purposes. This study was therefore partly conducted in Albania where samples of groundwater and river waters were collected from the river deltas of Drin and Vjosa in order to investigate the origin of the salt and to assess the bioavailable metal concentrations of nickel and zinc. Both on-site tests and off-site tests, in laboratories, were conducted. In the laboratory, the samples were analysed for oxygen and deuterium isotope data. The results were used to assess the origin of the oxygen content as the method of investigating the origin of the salt uses the oxygen isotope as a tracer. Anion and cation concentrations were analysed as well as the concentrations of metals. These were used as input data to Visual Minteq, a model used to calculate the metal speciation of waters, and a Biotic Ligand Model used to calculate the bioavailable concentrations and the HC5 concentrations. The isotope analysis yielded results similar to previous studies conducted in the nearby area indicating that the salt does not have oceanic origin but meteorological. The bioavailable concentrations were in most sample sites lower than the calculated HC5 concentrations indicating that there is a sufficient buffering system present even though there are several mining activities upstream of the sample sites that could have affected the water quality. This study concludes that the origin of salt is of meteoric origin and not from seawater intrusion. The bioavailable concentrations do not pose a threat as the concentrations are under the HC5 concentrations for all sites but one. In order to deepen the understanding and knowledge of the water qualities in these areas, future studies should focus on a continuous measuring period lasting for example over the whole year minimizing any seasonal variations of the sampled data. Other methods such as geophysical measures could also contribute to a wider analysis of the groundwater condition. / Grundvatten är en av de viktigaste naturresurserna vilket innebär att för att säkerställa en långvarig försörjning krävs en god förvaltning av befintliga akvifärer. I kustnära områden kan intrång av saltvatten från havet till grundvattnet påverka sötvattenkvaliteten negativt. Ett sådant riskområde är den Adriatiska kustlinjen i Albanien, ett land som är övervägande rikt på sötvattenresurser tack vare de många floder som rinner från bergen i öst mot havet i väst. Kustområdena används huvudsakligen för jordbruksverksamhet, där grundvatten är en viktig resurs vid bevattning. Denna studie genomfördes därför delvis i Albanien där prov av grundvatten och flodvatten hämtades från Drins och Vjosas floddeltan för att undersöka saltets ursprung och för att bedöma de biotillgängliga metalkoncentrationerna av nickel och zink. Vattenprover togs på ett urval av platser och testades direkt för omgivningsberoende parametrar samt analyserades vidare i laboratorier. I laboratoriet analyserades proverna med avseende på fördelning av syre- och deuteriumisotoper. Resultaten användes för att bedöma syreinnehållets ursprung, eftersom metoden för att undersöka saltets ursprung använder syreisotopen som spårämne. Anjon- och katjonkoncentrationer analyserades såväl som koncentrationerna av metaller. Dessa användes som inmatningsdata till Visual Minteq, en modell som används för att beräkna metallsammansättningen i vatten och en Biotic ligand model som användes för att beräkna de biotillgängliga koncentrationerna samt HC5-koncentrationerna. Isotopanalysen gav resultat som liknar tidigare studier utförda i det närliggande området vilket indikerar att saltet inte har oceaniskt ursprung utan meteorologiskt. De biotillgängliga koncentrationerna av nickel och zink var i de flesta fall lägre än de beräknade HC5-koncentrationerna, vilket indikerar att det finns ett buffertsystem, trots att gruvaktiviteter uppströms provplatserna skulle kunna ha påverkat vattenkvaliteten negativt.   Studien slutsats är att saltet i grundvattnet och flodvattnet är av meteoriskt ursprung och inte ett resultat av saltvatteninträngning från det Adriatiska havet. De biotillgängliga halterna av nickel och zink understiger HC5 halterna i samtliga fall utom ett.   För att fördjupa förståelsen och kunskapen om vattenkvaliteten i dessa områden bör framtida studier fokusera på en kontinuerlig mätperiod som till exempel sträcker sig över hela året vilket skulle minimera eventuella säsongsvariationer av insamlad data. Andra metoder så som geofysiska mätningar kan också bidra till en bredare analys av tillståndet i grundvattnet.

Saltwater intrusion, which can be facilitated by natural conditions, human activities and climate change, is a big threat to mankind from social-economic, environmental and ecological perspective. Agriculture, the largest consumer of water, is identified as both contributor and most vulnerable sector to saltwater intrusion, especially in coastal low-lying areas, with the increasing demands and competition of water owing to economic bloom, population growth and climate fluctuations. Sustainable water resource management is urgently needed owing to its essential in solving this issue. Hence this study is to deliver the understanding of linkage between saltwater ingress and agriculture and seek appropriate water resource management strategies in coastal low-lying areas to address saltwater intrusion and reduce its impacts on agriculture.   This study conducts a comparative case study between Texel, the Netherlands and Shouguang, China to specify the linkages between saltwater intrusion and agriculture with local features. The reasons, impacts and associated mitigations and/or adaptations of the issue, together with the legislation of each region have been investigated and compared.   The results show that for combating the saltwater intrusion and reducing the losses from agriculture, both study areas have adapted specific approaches. Among them similar approaches, despite different legislations and policies, such as developing alternative water resource (treated wastewater and rainwater) and saline agriculture are implemented by both of the regions. Through the comparison, each can learn the lessons from the other. The integrated water legislation together with its effective implementation, the strong involvements of different stakeholders and ecological approach to post-treat effluent of Texel can no doubt inspire Shouguang. While the highlights of counteract measures taken by Shouguang such separating rainwater from wastewater during collection and treatment, water diversion and development of special market to achieve high profit for saline products can obviously inspire Texel as well.   The analysis and comparison between these two case studies can reflect the general problems regarding to water management on saltwater intrusion and agriculture in all the regions that suffer from this problem. Hence, it is concluded that 1) integrated water legislation and management (with climate change considered and integrated as well) are the foundations, while water conservation should be core idea that always kept in mind; 2) strong involvements of different stakeholders and necessary supervision systems can guarantee the effectiveness of implementation; 3) all actions should be based on both technical knowledge and local-cultural knowledge; 4) self-sufficient approaches should be promoted at micro level to reduce the dependency on external water intrusion; 5) economic means should be carefully combined with environmental and ecological ways as well to achieve the goal of development of sustainability; 6) monitoring systems are of great significance.

Idag pågår det utredningar för upprättandet av en nationalpark och ett biosfärområde i Nämdöskärgården varav Östanvik och Sand antas tillhöra de områden som kan få en ökad exploatering i samband med detta. Det innebär ett ökat grundvattenuttag och en ökad belastning på grundvattenakvifererna. Projektet omfattar en inventering av Östanvik och Sands grundvattentillgångar. Inventeringen har inneburit undersökningar av tillrinningsområden till akviferer, akviferens storlek, maximal boendegrad, grundvattenuttag och risk för saltvatteninträngning. Resultatet visade att grundvattentillgången för Östanvik var tillräcklig för befintlig bebyggelse samt för viss framtida exploatering. Däremot visade resultatet att grundvattentillgången i Sand var begränsad och bedöms inte kunna belastas mer utan att vidta åtgärder som bättre lokalisering av brunnar och/eller avsaltningsanläggningar. Risken för saltvatteninträngning var hög för strandnära brunnar och något lägre för brunnar belägna längre bort från strandlinjen (>100 m). / A future establishment of a national park is planned in the Nämdö archipelago and an entrance to the park could possibly be established somewhere on Nämdö. At the same time, a biosphere reserve is planned for Nämdö and its surroundings, which could lead to an increased development in the area. With an increased development in the archipelago the strain on the already fragile groundwater assets intensifies. The aim of this project was to examine the groundwater situation in Östanvik and Sand, which is located on Nämdö, in order to evaluate how an increase of the groundwater outtake would affect the aquifers and the future groundwater assets. Using field studies, groundwater budget calculations, geotechnical investigations and calculations of the risk for salt water intrusion, an estimate of the local groundwater supply was done. The groundwater capacity in Sand was limited and considering the grade of development in the area further development would most likely impact the groundwater quality. In order to extract more groundwater, new wells would have to be established further away from the developed area and the shore. The groundwater capacity in Östanvik was adequate for the current grade of settlements and tourism, but also for a future increase of both these. In order to protect the existing wells in the area, new wells should be located away from the shore and in areas with good groundwater supply.  The results showed that Östanvik both had bigger aquifers and a currently smaller outtake than Sand and therefore is better suited for an expanded groundwater outtake. The risk for saltwater intrusion in both areas was shown to be relatively high with an increasing risk closer to the shoreline (<100m). In addition to other approaches, this risk can be reduced by a more constrained and scattered outtake in areas further away from the shore, but also by using desalinated seawater.

Denna kandidatuppsats är ämnad att ligga som grund för framtida osteologisk dokumentation ochanalys av de skeletala kvarlevorna från skeppet Mars, och är utförd i samarbete med projektet SkeppetMars (1564).Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och problematisera möjligheterna att analyseradigitalt dokumenterade skeletala kvarlevor i en marin miljö. För att utvärdera möjligheterna ochbegränsningarna med att utföra en digital osteologisk analys utfördes en mindre studie av det digitaltdokumenterade material som hittills insamlats från skeppet Mars. Analysen visade att en osteologiskanalys kan utföras på digitalt dokumenterade skeletala kvarlevor men att det finns begränsningar medatt utföra en analys av ett två dimensionellt källmaterial. Syftet med denna uppsats är även attdiskutera och lyfta fram hur skeletala kvarlevor påverkas under längre tid i marina sediment* samtbräckt/salt vatten. Syftet med denna uppsats är även att diskutera hur en hypotetisk inhämtning och konservering av de skeletala kvarlevorna från skeppet Mars bör utföras. / This bachelor's thesis is intended to lay the ground for future osteological documentation and analysisof the skeletal remains from the naval ship Mars, and is conducted with the project Skeppet Mars(1564). The main purpose of this thesis is to examine and problematise the possibility to analysedigitally documented skeletal remains in a marine context. In order to evaluate the possibilities andlimitations of performing an osteological analysis, a small analysis was conducted on the digitallydocumented skeletal remains collected from the naval ship Mars so far. The analysis showed that anosteological analysis can be performed on digitally documented skeletal remains, there are, however,limitations of performing an analysis on a two dimensional documentation. The secondary purpose ofthis thesis is to discuss and highlight how skeletal remains are affected by marine sediment* andbrackish/saltwater over a long period of time. An additional goal for this thesis is to discuss how ahypothetical retrieval and conservation of the skeletal remains of the naval ship Mars shouldpreferably be performed.

La côte ouest irlandaise située dans les comtés de Clare et Galway est depuis récemment affectée par une augmentation de la fréquence des inondations et une montée du niveau marin. L'impact de ces changements climatiques se fait particulièrement ressentir au niveau des aquifères karstiques côtiers de ces régions, tel que le bassin karstique de Bell Harbour (~50 km²) sélectionné dans le cadre de ce projet: le positionnement d'un biseau salé dans cet aquifère est clairement dû à l'interaction entre sa recharge liée aux événements pluvieux et la forte influence de la marée. Des données (niveaux d'eau et conductivités spécifiques) ont été collectées à l'aide de sondes, à deux sources côtières, six forages, trois lacs et au milieu de la baie durant des périodes prolongées. Trois types d'environnement hydrodynamiques (conduits, fissures et matrices) ont été définis pour chacun des six forages en comparant deux méthodes qui se sont avérées cohérentes entre-elles. Les variations des conductivités spécifiques combinées à la chimie des eaux des six forages et de lacs ont permis d'évaluer l'étendue du biseau salé dans l'aquifère en fonction de la recharge de l'aquifère et des cycles de marée haute/basse et vives eaux/basses eaux: l'étendue du biseau salé dépend des propriétés hydrodynamiques de l'aquifère mais aussi de l'influence relative de la recharge et de la marée sur les niveaux piézométriques, induisant chacun des comportements opposés. Ainsi, la compétition entre la recharge et la marée contrôle l'intrusion d'eau de mer dans l'aquifère, ce qui explique les changements spatio-temporels du biseau salé dans l'aquifère. Les fortes amplitudes de marée semblent être le moteur des brèves intrusions salines dans l'aquifère proche de la rive alors que la position du niveau piézométrique semble influencer l'intensité de cette augmentation de la salinité. La recharge karstique de la région est suffisamment importante tout au long de l'année pour que le biseau salé ne s'étende pas plus loin qu'un kilomètre de la rive. La diminution des précipitations durant l'été (~10 %) ainsi que l'augmentation du niveau marin prévues pour les prochaines décennies, contribueront certainement à une intrusion plus importante du biseau salé dans l'aquifère. / Low-lying coastal areas in the west of Ireland, such as the Galway and Clare coasts, have seen recent increases in flooding frequencies coupled with overall increases in sea level. The impacts of these changes are most strongly felt in coastal karst catchments and this study focuses on one such area, the Bell Harbour catchment (~50 km²), where there is a clear interaction between rainfall inputs and tidal influences, to create a terrestrial salt water wedge. Data (specific conductivity and water levels) have been collected at two coastal springs, six boreholes, three lakes, and from discrete locations in the middle of the bay, using dedicated loggers over extended periods. Two approaches that provided consistent results were used to explain the different hydrodynamic behaviours identified in the boreholes (conduits, fissures and matrix flows). Specific conductivity variations and water chemistry measured inland allowed for assessment of the spatial extent of the saltwater wedge into the aquifer as a function of both karst recharge and tidal movements at high/low and neap/spring tidal cycles. The extent of the saltwater wedge depends on the intrinsic properties of the aquifer but also on the relative influence of the recharge and the tide on groundwater levels, which induce opposite behaviours. This dynamic between recharge and the tide thus controls the seawater inputs, hence explaining temporal and spatial changes in the saltwater wedge in this coastal karst aquifer. Strong tidal amplitudes seems to be the motor of sudden saltwater intrusion observed in the aquifer near the shore while the relative elevation of the groundwater appears to influence the intensity of the salinity increase. The magnitude of annual recharge in the area is high enough to limit saltwater intrusion to no more than about one kilometre inland from the shore. Given the anticipated decreases in summer precipitation (~10 percent), coupled with anticipated sea level rises, the extent of the saltwater wedge into the aquifer is likely to increase in coming decades.

På grund av ökad brist och ökad efterfrågan efter vatten på Gotland undersöks möjligheten att genom pumpning av salt grundvatten, lokalt sänka gränsen mellan salt och sött grundvatten som ligger under ön samt öka grundvattenbildningen. Med saltvattengränsen längre ner i marken skulle djupare brunnar kunna borras och större uttag skulle kunna ske vid upprättande av en grundvattentäkt. För att undersöka konceptet skapades en grundvattenmodell över delar av Sudret, ett område på södra delen av ön Gotland. För att kunna simulera förhållanden med pumpning i ett grundvattensystem där blandning sker mellan salt och sött grundvatten av olika densitet, utvecklades modellen i grundvattenmodelleringsprogrammet GMS i kombination med modulerna MODFLOW, MT3DMS samt SEAWAT. Tillsammans med modulerna kunde modellen hantera densitetsskillnader, förändring av saltkoncentrationer och påverkan av pumpar. Som grund vid utvecklingen av modellen användes en geologisk tredimensionell modell framtagen av SGU. Då inga platsspecifika undersökningar vad gäller grundvattennivåer och flödes/spridningsparametrar fanns att tillgå valdes modellparametrar utifrån litteraturvärden och tidigare undersökningar från liknande förhållanden. Först skapades en modell utan pumpning för att simulera fram ett stabilt läge för saltvattengränsen och en stabil tjocklek på språngskiktet. Modellens parametrar anpassades till dess att grundvattennivån låg nära markytan och språngskiktet låg runt övergången från kalksten till sandsten. När en relativt stabil saltvattengräns simulerats fram utvecklades modellen vidare med pumpning från det salta grundvattnet.  Resultaten från arbetet visar att det med pumpning går att sänka saltvattengränsen och att en ökning av grundvattenbildningen sker motsvarande 55 % av den bortpumpade volymen saltvatten. På grund av avsaknad av lokala materialparametrar bör resultaten inte ses som mer än en indikation på att konceptet fungerar.  Vidare föreslås att lokala geohydrologiska undersökningar genomförs för att i framtiden kunna skapa en modell som bygger på lokalt uppmätta flödes- och spridningsparametrar vilket skulle generera mer pålitliga resultat. I en framtida modell bör även pumpning från den söta delen av grundvattnet adderas till modellen för att se hur utvinnande av färskvatten skulle påverka språngskiktets utbredning  samt ge svar på hur stora uttag som skulle vara möjliga. / Because of an increased shortage and an increased demand of fresh water on Gotland, the possibility to pump saline groundwater and thereby locally lower the saltwater interface and increase recharge was investigated. With the saltwater interface further down in the bedrock, deeper wells could be drilled and extraction of more fresh water would therefore be possible. To examine the concept, a groundwater model was created to simulate the idea on a region of the peninsula Sudret on the southern part of the island of Gotland, Sweden. To be able to simulate the idea of pumping groundwater in an aquifer with a mix of saline and fresh groundwater of variable density, a model was built using the groundwater modelling program GMS in combination with the modules/program codes MODFLOW, MT3DMS and SEAWAT. With these modules, the model can handle the complex situation with extraction by pumping from groundwater of variable density and changes of salt concentration over time. A three dimensional geological model over the area produced by SGU was used as a foundation for building the model. Since no site specific surveys considering groundwater levels and flow/dispersion parameters have been previously undertaken in the study area, the parameters of the model were chosen according to literature and findings from similar projects conducted in the past. First, a model was developed to simulate a stable saltwater interface without pumps. Parameters were changed until a groundwater level close to the surface of the model was given and the saltwater interface ended up around the transition between limestone and sandstone. When the model generated desirable results, it was further developed to include the extraction of saltwater by pumping.  Results from the project showed that the concept of lowering the saltwater interface by pumping works, with an increased recharge corresponding to 55 % of the extracted saltwater volume. Because of a lack of site specific parameters, the results should not be seen as more than an indication that the concept works.  Furthermore, geohydrological measures should be made to provide local parameters regarding flow and dispersion for more reliable future models. To gain a greater understanding of how well the concept would work in reality, further development should be undertaken to include fresh groundwater extraction to assess how that would affect the position of the saltwater interface.

Bactérias quitinolíticas são autóctones do ecossistema marinho e tem um importante papel no processo de degradação de quitina. Relativamente pouco é conhecido sobre a diversidade e potencial enzimático de bactérias quitinolíticas isoladas de ambientes tropicais costeiros. Amostras de água do mar e de plâncton foram coletadas no Canal de São Sebastião, Baixada Santista e Ubatuba. As bactérias quitinolíticas foram enumeradas e isoladas em meio mínimo contendo quitina coloidal e caracterizadas através de métodos fenotípicos e genotípicos. As maiores contagens de bactérias quitinolíticas foram observadas em amostras de água do mar e plâncton coletadas na Baixada Santista. A diversidade de bactérias quitinolíticas e o potencial de produção de quitinases foram influenciados pelo nível de contaminação fecal presente no ecossistema marinho. Uma maior diversidade foi encontrada em ambiente com médio e baixo impacto antropogênico, mas bactérias quitinolíticas isoladas de ambiente com alta atividade antropogênica mostraram os maiores valores de produção de quitinases. / Chitinolytic bacteria are autochthonous in marine ecosystems and have an important role in chitin degradation process. A very little is know about the diversity and enzymatic potential of chitinolytic bacteria isolated from coastal tropical environments. Seawater and plankton samples were collected at Canal de São Sebastião, Baixada Santista and Ubatuba. Chitinolytic bacteria were counted and isolated in minimal media containing colloidal chitin and characterized using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Highest counts of chitinolytic bacteria were observed in seawater and plankton samples collected at Baixada Santista. The diversity of chitinolytic bacteria and the potential of chitinases production were influenced by the level of fecal contamination present in the marine ecosystem. Highest diversity was found in environment with medium and low anthropogenic impact, but chitinolytic bacteria isolated from environment with high anthropogenic influences showed highest chitinases production.

O arsênio é um importante contaminante estudado em toxicologia, pois pode estar presente em alimentos e no meio ambiente. Seus efeitos nocivos para humanos depende da forma química, onde os arsenicais trivalentes apresentam maior toxicidade e as formas inorgânicas são melhor absorvidas pelo organismo. Seus efeitos tóxicos podem envolver os sistemas respiratórios, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, nervoso e hematopoiético. O arsênio pode ser encontrado em alguns gêneros alimentícios em concentrações menores que 1 mg/Kg. Em frutos do mar, tais como peixes pode conter teores que vão desde 1 a mais de 100 mg/Kg e em outros alimentos à base de peixe podem chegar à algumas miligramas por quilo, predominantemente na forma orgânica. A quantidade de arsênio ingerido pelo homem está diretamente influenciada pelo consumo de alimentos marinhos incluídos na dieta. Este trabalho tem por objetivo comparar duas técnicas: a colorimétrica, com o método do dietilditiocarbamato de prata e por absorção atômica com gerador de hidratos (HGAAS) e com isso avaliar a presença de arsênio em amostras de cação comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo. O método colorimétrico do dietilditiocarbamato de prata, baseia-se na transformação das diversas formas orgânica ou inorgânica de arsênio presentes nos alimentos, em pentóxido de arsênio e sua redução final à arsina, através do meio ácido e da presença de hidrogênio nascente liberado na reação do ácido com zinco metálico. No segundo método as amostras são mineralizadas e quantificadas no Absorção Atômica com gerador de hidretos(HGAAS).O método do dietilditiocarbamato de prata apresentou limite de detecção e quantificação de 0,05 e 0,1 µg/mL, respectivamente. A linearidade obtida com massas de 5 a 20 µg apresentou um coeficiente de determinação de 0,9970. Por este método foram analisadas 18 amostras de cação com níveis entre 0,17 à 3,79 mg/Kg. Com a técnica por HGAAS foi analisado MRC de ostra e foi obtido recuperação em torno de 94%. Foi encontrado limite de detecção de 0,93 µg/L e limite de quantificação de 1,49 µg/L. Foram analisadas 9 amostras por ambas as técnicas e 89% delas continham teores de arsênio total acima de 1 mg/Kg, que é o limite admitido pela legislação brasileira. / Arsenic is an important pollutant studied in toxicology, due to the fact that it can be present in food and in the environment. Its toxicity for humans depends on its chemical structure where trivalent arsenicals show higher toxicity and inorganic forms are better absorbed by the organism. Its toxicant effects can involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, nervous and blood systems. The arsenic can be found in some foods in smaller concentrations than 1 mg/Kg. Fish and crustaceous may contain 1 to 100 mg/Kg, in some cases, marine fishes may show amounts of As up to milligrams per killogram, predominantly in the organic form. The amount of arsenic ingested by man is directly influenced by the consumption of marine food included in the diet. This present work compare two techniques: the colorir11etric, with the method of the silver dietylditiocarbamate and the atomic absorption with hydride generator (HGAAS) aiming the evaluation of total arsenic present in samples of fish marketed in the city of São Paulo. The method using silver dietylditiocarbamate, is based on the transformation of all organic or inorganic forms of arsenic present in edible parts of fish, in arsenic pentoxide and its final reduction to arsine. In the second method the samples are mineralized and quantified by atomic absorption with hydride generator. The first method showed limit of detection and quantification of 0,05 and 0,1 µg/mL, respectively. Linearity obtained with masses of 5 to 20 µg showed a coefficient of determination of 0,9970. By this method 18 fish samples ware analyzed showing levels of 0,17 to 3,79 mg/Kg. By HGAAS method oyster certified reference material was analyzed and it was obtained a recovery of 94%, limit of detection of 0,93 µg/L and limit of quantification of 1,49 µg/L. Nine samples were analyzed by both techniques and 89% of them have As content higher than 1 mg/Kg, which is the limit admitted by the Brazilian legislation.

Environmental perturbations are ubiquitous features of ecosystems and shape ecological structure and function. Climate change will alter the intensity and frequency of disturbances and expose ecosystems to novel combinations of useful inputs (subsidies) and harmful inputs (stressors). Coastal wetlands are particularly vulnerable to changing environmental conditions and are increasingly exposed to effects of interacting subsidies and stressors. In particular, the Florida Coastal Everglades, which has experienced accelerated change due to a history of water management practices, is vulnerable to new disturbances associated with climate change. The low-lying Florida Everglades faces multiple disturbances from storm surge, nutrient enrichment, and sea-level rise which will influence its responses to future environmental perturbations. Microbial communities are often used to characterize environmental change because of their high surface area to volume ratio, permeable membrane, and quick turnover rates. Therefore, assessing how microbial function changes can provide insights into how subsidies and stressors interact to alter biogeochemical cycles. I tested how nutrient enrichment can alter ecosystem responses to stress and found that it did not promote recovery in mangrove plants. I examined how long-term exposure to salinity and phosphorus (the limiting nutrient in the Everglades) affected microbial enzyme activity and found that salinity alone acts as a suppressor of enzyme activity but phosphorus addition can mitigate salinity stress in sawgrass soil. I tested how pulses of salinity can affect the microbially-mediated breakdown of organic material and found that the microbial community was functionally redundant and unaffected by saltwater pulses; however, microbial activity was consistently lower in the brackish marsh compared to the freshwater marsh. I investigated how gradients of salinity and phosphorus affected freshwater and brackish soils and determined previous exposure to saltwater intrusion dominates affects microbial function and soil composition. Across these experiments, I found that environmental perturbations alter the microbial-mediated processing of nutrients and carbon, and legacies of previous disturbances influence the microbial response to new disturbance regimes.