Conservation in New Zealand has begun to focus heavily on the restoration of degraded mainland ecosystems and the reintroduction of native species that have become locally extinct. In many cases the individuals that are selected for reintroduction are harvested from ‘mammal-free’ offshore islands. This thesis examines the effects of isolation from mammalian predators on the predator avoidance behaviours and predator recognition abilities of New Zealand birds using the North Island robin as a model. It also investigates whether any effects of isolation from mammalian predators has a lasting impact on mainland populations founded by individuals from offshore islands. Nest site selection behaviours were compared across three populations that are exposed to different suites of predators and have differing translocation histories; Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm. Point height intercept and point-centred quarter surveys were used to compare habitat availability between the sites and to compare nest sites with the available habitat. Eight nest characteristic variables were also compared across the three sites using a principle component analysis. Benneydale nests were located higher in the trees and were more concealed than nests at the other two sites. Nests on Tiritiri Matangi were supported by large numbers of thin branches and were located toward the periphery of the nest tree. Unfortunately these differences are very difficult to interpret due to a high degree of variation in the habitat types present at the three sites. The anti-predator behaviours initiated in response to a model stoat, model morepork and control were used to test the ability of nesting robins to recognise the threat that each of these treatments might pose to nest success. Behavioural variables were compared between Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm using a response intensity scoring system and a principle component analysis. The results indicated that isolation from mammalian predators on Tiritiri Matangi has suppressed the ability of robins on the island to recognise the predatory threat posed by a stoat. They also suggest that the intense mammal control carried out at Wenderholm may have inhibited the ability of local robins to produce strong anti-predator responses when faced with a stoat.

Conservation in New Zealand has begun to focus heavily on the restoration of degraded mainland ecosystems and the reintroduction of native species that have become locally extinct. In many cases the individuals that are selected for reintroduction are harvested from ‘mammal-free’ offshore islands. This thesis examines the effects of isolation from mammalian predators on the predator avoidance behaviours and predator recognition abilities of New Zealand birds using the North Island robin as a model. It also investigates whether any effects of isolation from mammalian predators has a lasting impact on mainland populations founded by individuals from offshore islands. Nest site selection behaviours were compared across three populations that are exposed to different suites of predators and have differing translocation histories; Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm. Point height intercept and point-centred quarter surveys were used to compare habitat availability between the sites and to compare nest sites with the available habitat. Eight nest characteristic variables were also compared across the three sites using a principle component analysis. Benneydale nests were located higher in the trees and were more concealed than nests at the other two sites. Nests on Tiritiri Matangi were supported by large numbers of thin branches and were located toward the periphery of the nest tree. Unfortunately these differences are very difficult to interpret due to a high degree of variation in the habitat types present at the three sites. The anti-predator behaviours initiated in response to a model stoat, model morepork and control were used to test the ability of nesting robins to recognise the threat that each of these treatments might pose to nest success. Behavioural variables were compared between Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm using a response intensity scoring system and a principle component analysis. The results indicated that isolation from mammalian predators on Tiritiri Matangi has suppressed the ability of robins on the island to recognise the predatory threat posed by a stoat. They also suggest that the intense mammal control carried out at Wenderholm may have inhibited the ability of local robins to produce strong anti-predator responses when faced with a stoat.

Conservation in New Zealand has begun to focus heavily on the restoration of degraded mainland ecosystems and the reintroduction of native species that have become locally extinct. In many cases the individuals that are selected for reintroduction are harvested from ‘mammal-free’ offshore islands. This thesis examines the effects of isolation from mammalian predators on the predator avoidance behaviours and predator recognition abilities of New Zealand birds using the North Island robin as a model. It also investigates whether any effects of isolation from mammalian predators has a lasting impact on mainland populations founded by individuals from offshore islands. Nest site selection behaviours were compared across three populations that are exposed to different suites of predators and have differing translocation histories; Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm. Point height intercept and point-centred quarter surveys were used to compare habitat availability between the sites and to compare nest sites with the available habitat. Eight nest characteristic variables were also compared across the three sites using a principle component analysis. Benneydale nests were located higher in the trees and were more concealed than nests at the other two sites. Nests on Tiritiri Matangi were supported by large numbers of thin branches and were located toward the periphery of the nest tree. Unfortunately these differences are very difficult to interpret due to a high degree of variation in the habitat types present at the three sites. The anti-predator behaviours initiated in response to a model stoat, model morepork and control were used to test the ability of nesting robins to recognise the threat that each of these treatments might pose to nest success. Behavioural variables were compared between Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm using a response intensity scoring system and a principle component analysis. The results indicated that isolation from mammalian predators on Tiritiri Matangi has suppressed the ability of robins on the island to recognise the predatory threat posed by a stoat. They also suggest that the intense mammal control carried out at Wenderholm may have inhibited the ability of local robins to produce strong anti-predator responses when faced with a stoat.

La survie des Primates Non Humains (PNHs) est menacée par les activités humaines et les maladies infectieuses. Pour contribuer à leur conservation au Gabon, plusieurs structures dont les sanctuaires et centres de primatologie ont été mises en place. Cependant, si la gestion des risques sanitaires n’est pas prise en compte et les conditions d’accompagnement réglementées, ces structures qui visent la sauvegarde des PNHs pourraient constituer de véritables carrefours d’échanges de parasites entre espèces de PNH, Homme et/ou microfaune. Ainsi, pour mieux comprendre la nature et l’ampleur du problème, notre travail de thèse avait pour but d’évaluer les risques sanitaires et zoonotiques chez des groupes d’hôtes de deux (2) sanctuaires et d’un (1) centre de primatologie au Sud-est du Gabon. En combinant les études épidémiologiques sur le terrain à la fois chez l’Homme et l’animal, le séquençage, les analyses phylogénétiques ainsi que la modélisation statistique, nos travaux se sont attelés à comprendre (i) la circulation d’agents infectieux entre espèces et (ii) les stratégies parasitaires dans ces nouveaux contextes de communautés créés par les activités humaines. Nous nous sommes intéressés à trois (3) modèles parasitaires, à savoir ; un (1) procaryote (Staphylococcus aureus) et deux (2) eucaryotes dont un agent pathogène à transmission vectorielle (Plasmodium spp) et un groupe viral à transmission directe ou indirecte (paramyxovirus). Nos résultats révèlent une grande diversité plasmodiale circulant chez les PNHs (9 espèces) et montrent que la spécificité d’hôtes observée jusqu’à présent en milieu naturel est rompue. Si aucun plasmodium simien n’a été trouvé chez l’Homme, le spectre d’hôtes de P. falciparum s’agrandit avec sa mise en évidence pour la première fois chez le Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx). Nos résultats révèlent également une large diversité génétique de Stahylococcus aureus composée de souches généralistes et spécialistes, la circulation de souches SARM (S. aureus résistant à la méticilline) principalement via les souches généralistes, entre groupes d’hôtes traités et non traités aux antibiotiques et décrivent quinze (15) nouvelles souches. Pour les paramyxovirus, aucune infection n’a été identifiée mais la question du patron de circulation épidémique ou endémique est posée. En conclusion, cette étude montre que dans ces structures (i) les conditions écologiques de franchissement inter-espèces des parasites sont réunies et (ii) que ces dernières permettent le développement d’infections encore jamais observées en milieu naturel. Ces conditions de promiscuité entre espèces favorisent la sélection d’espèces parasitaires à large spectre d’hôtes (i.e., généralistes) mais aussi l’occurrence de souches bactériennes résistantes à la méticilline qui se propagent via la communautarisation des parasites, notamment dans la microfaune interagissant avec les PNHs traités aux antibiotiques ou à partir de l’Homme / The survival of Non-human Primates (NHPs) is threatened by human activities and infectious diseases. To participate in their conservation in Gabon, several facilities among which sanctuaries and the Centre De Primatologie (CDP) of the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) have been created. However, if the management of health risks is not taken into account and the supportive conditions are not regulated, these facilities which aim to preserve NHPs could become real crossroads for the transmission of parasites between NHP species, humans and/or microfauna. Therefore, to better understand the nature and the extent of the problem, our thesis work aimed to evaluate the health and zoonotic risks in groups of hosts from two (2) sanctuaries and one (1) primatology center in the south-east of Gabon. By combining epidemiological studies on the field both in humans and animals, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses as well as statistical modelling, our work aimed to understand (i) the circulation of infectious agents between species and (ii) the parasitic strategies in the new context of these communities created by human activities. We focused on three (3) parasitic models, namely: one (1) prokaryote (Staphylococcus aureus) and two (2) eukaryotes among which one pathogenic agent with vectorial transmission (Plasmodium spp) and a viral group with direct or indirect transmission (paramyxovirus). Our results highlight a great plasmodial diversity circulating in NHPs (9 species) and show that the specificity of hosts observed up until now in their natural habitat is broken. No simian plasmodium was found in humans, however the specter of hosts of P. falciparum grows with the new addition of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Our results also reveal a large genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus composed of general and specialized strains, the circulation of SARM strains (S. aureus resistant to methicillin) mainly via the general strains, between groups of treated and non-treated hosts to antibiotics. Fifteen (15) new strains are described. Regarding paramyxoviruses, no infection was identified but we raise the question of epidemic or endemic circulation models. To conclude, this study shows that in these facilities (i) the ecological conditions required for inter-species crossing of parasites are gathered and (ii) these conditions allow the development of infections previously never observed in the natural environment. These conditions of promiscuity between species favor the selection of parasitic species with a large specter of hosts (i.e., generalists) but also the occurrence of bacterial strains resistant to methicillin which spread via the communitarisation of parasites, especially in microfauna interacting with NHPs treated with antibiotics or humans

The largest Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) aggregation at a natural warm-water refuge occurs in Kings Bay, Crystal River, FL. Over the last 32 years, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Florida have created a network of manatee protection areas within Kings Bay including a year-round refuge designation and seven Federal manatee sanctuaries during the winter manatee season (November 15 – March 31). Aerial survey data collected between 1983 and 2012 was used to examine the seasonal change in manatee distribution within Kings Bay in order to assess the effectiveness of current sanctuary sizes and locations. Regression analysis indicated a significant change in manatee abundance among the winter seasons (p < 0.05). The average winter manatee counts increased by 4.81 animals per year over the 30 year period. In contrast, no significant changes in average or peak manatee abundance was detected among the summer seasons (p = 0.71 and p = 0.45 respectively). The average manatee counts increased by only 0.109 animals per year over the summer periods. Spatially explicit models using Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis revealed a strong correlation between high manatee density and artesian springs during the winter seasons. Highest abundances were identified at three locations: King’s Spring, Three Sisters Springs, and Magnolia Springs. These three locations coincide well with pre-existing sanctuary designations, but additional coverage is needed to support the overflow of manatees outside of sanctuary boundaries. Manatees continued to use Kings Bay in the summer seasons but in lower numbers and densities. Because density patterns were not uniform across summer periods, a heavier reliance on boat speed regulation is recommended to provide adequate protection to the endangered Florida manatee. Within a habitat type, the Magnolia Springs, South Banana Island, and Three Sisters Springs sanctuaries exhibited a significant influence on manatee density, suggesting differences in quality among sanctuaries. Years coinciding with extreme cold weather events also had a significant influence on manatee density. Using GIS to investigate seasonal shifts in manatees can be very informative regarding many issues including habitat selection and may improve the design and management of protected areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 antonio_inacio_pereira.pdf: 4178423 bytes, checksum: 5498b642726b625a4c2ce5d1de339350 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-08 / This abstract aims at describing the structure of the pilgrimages taking place to the sanctuary of São Severino do Ramos situated in the city of Paudalho in the diocese of Nazaré in Pernambuco, Brazil, and trying to understand their characteristics. It parts from the four districts that compose the diocese and accentuates the reasons and strategies used by the transportation contractors who perform these constant pilgrimages to the Santuário do Engenho Ramos. Pilgrimage being a universally known religious practice, the Santuário de São Severino answers to the necessity the pilgrims feel to go to certain hierophanic places in order to deepen their experience of the Holy. In the Northeast of Brazil, this sanctuary has considerable importance because of the thousands of devotees who visit it (yearly) and identify it as a place capable of conceding the blessings most necessary to human life through the mediation of São Severino. To reach the aim we have set ourselves, there were realized twenty semi-structured interviews with the transportation coordinators of the pilgrimage five in each of the four sectors of the diocese of Nazaré. To get more information about the phenomena of the pilgrimages in the vicinity of the old Engenho Ramos, we also interviewed another nineteen people who know facts about the relationship between the pilgrimages and the sanctuary of São Severino. From a theoretical point of view, this research sought dialogue with the contributions of Carlos Alberto Steil, Annette Dumoulin, Mircea Eliade and Aldo Natale Terrin, among others. This essay is divided into three chapters: the first one introduces the genesis of the sanctuary in question; the second brings out the result of the interviews realized in the four sectors of the diocese; and the third analyses some of the characteristics that are common to pilgrimages. The essay aims at being not only a contribution in the field of Religious Sciences, but also a compass that wants to give direction to the pastoral initiatives of the diocese of Nazaré where popular religiosity is concerned. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever a estruturação das romarias da Diocese de Nazaré ao Santuário de São Severino do Ramos, situado na cidade de Paudalho PE, tentando compreender as suas características, a partir dos quatro setores pastorais que compõem a Diocese de Nazaré, salientando as motivações e as estratégias utilizadas pelos fretantes que realizam as constantes romarias ao Santuário do Engenho Ramos. Sendo a romaria uma prática religiosa universalmente conhecida, o Santuário de São Severino corresponde a esta necessidade dos devotos em busca de aprofundarem suas experiências com o sagrado. No Nordeste do Brasil este santuário alcança uma importância considerável pelos muitos devotos que o visitam, identificando-o como um espaço capaz de conceder às benesses mais necessárias à vida humana por intermédio de São Severino. Para se alcançar o objetivo desta pesquisa foram realizadas vinte entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os fretantes de romarias, sendo cinco em cada um dos setores da Diocese. No intuito de obter maior conhecimento do fenômeno das romarias nas dependências de um antigo engenho foram entrevistadas, ainda outras 19 pessoas, conhecedoras de fatos relativos à relação romeiro- santuário de São Severino do Ramos. Do ponto de vista teórico essa pesquisa buscou dialogar com as contribuições de Carlos Alberto Steil, Annette Dumoulin, Mircea Eliade e Aldo Natale Terrin, entre outros. Este estudo está distribuído em três capítulos: o primeiro apresenta a gênese do santuário, o segundo o resultado das entrevistas nos setores diocesanos e o terceiro à luz dos teóricos supracitados descreve as características comuns às romarias. O trabalho ousa ser mais uma contribuição na área de Ciência da Religião, como também uma bússola que dê um norte às iniciativas pastorais da Diocese de Nazaré em relação à religiosidade popular.

Cette thèse traite des statues d’animaux dédiées dans les sanctuaires de Grèce continentale, des îles égéennes et de la côte d’Asie Mineure des périodes archaïque à hellénistique. Les statues, les bases de statues et les éventuelles informations épigraphiques découvertes dans des sanctuaires grecs sont rassemblées dans un catalogue archéologique. Les statues d’animaux mentionnées par les auteurs anciens dans leurs descriptions de sanctuaires font l’objet d’un second catalogue littéraire. Une première partie introductive définit le vocabulaire de l’offrande et présente le thème de l’animal dans l’Antiquité. La deuxième partie consiste en une étude contextuelle divisée en plusieurs chapitres, chacun dédié à une catégorie animale figurant au nombre des anathemata statuaires du catalogue archéologique ou littéraire. Chaque catégorie d’animaux a été analysée de manière systématique : l’étude s’intéresse d’abord aux caractéristiques des animaux vivants, leur existence à l’état sauvage ou domestique, leurs utilisations et fonctions au sein de la société et les interactions entre les humains et les animaux. La place des animaux de chaque catégorie dans la littérature ancienne et la mythologie est aussi étudiée, et les diverses représentations d’animaux dans les sanctuaires et dans d’autres contextes sont prises en compte. Les entrées des catalogues archéologique et littéraire ainsi que matériel épigraphique sont présentés de manière typologique à la fin de chaque chapitre de l’analyse contextuelle. Une introduction aux sanctuaires où ont été offertes des statues animales accompagne la présentation des anathemata, et les offrandes sont classées par sanctuaire et par ordre chronologique. Chaque chapitre se clôt sur des interprétations sur le sens des offrandes de statues d’animaux de la catégorie traitée. Le dernier chapitre de l’analyse contextuelle présente brièvement les animaux qui sont souvent représentés dans les sanctuaires mais pas sous forme de statues individuelles – leur absence peut en effet aider à comprendre la présence des animaux représentés. Une partie sur la sculpture suit l’analyse contextuelle et s’intéresse à l’esthétique des statues animales, aux matériaux utilisés, aux prix des anathemata statuaires, aux conditions pratiques de réalisation et d’acheminement, au coût du transport, ainsi qu’à l’identité et la spécialité des artistes qui les exécutaient. Enfin, dans une quatrième et dernière partie, les données observées dans les deux catalogues sont présentées et analysées de manière systématique afin d’en extraire des informations sur le sens des offrandes de statues animalières. Les liens entre les sanctuaires abritant des statues animales, les liens entre les offrandes animalières et les divinités honorées, les implications géographiques et les évolutions diachroniques sont analysés dans cette partie. La place physique des statues animales dans les sanctuaires et le choix des animaux représentés sont aussi étudiés. Les auteurs d’offrandes publiques et privées connus grâce aux inscriptions et sources écrites sont également présentés et comparés ; grâce à ces informations, les offrandes sont étudiées au-delà de leur portée religieuse. Les motivations politiques des offrandes publiques et les implications sociales des offrandes privées, qui varient selon la fortune, le genre et le statut des offrants, permettent de mieux comprendre les raisons implicites qui se cachent derrière les offrandes de statues animalières dans les sanctuaires grecs. / This dissertation focuses on the freestanding statues of animals set as offerings, or anathemata, in Greek sanctuaries of the mainland, the Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods. The surviving statues found in sanctuaries corresponding to the geographical and chronological frames are gathered in a catalogue, and so were the statue bases on which animal statues stood and the epigraphic material linked with freestanding animal dedications. A second catalogue lists the animal statues recorded by ancient travelers in their visits of Greek sanctuaries. A contextual study on each of the animal categories recorded as freestanding anathemata in archaeological or written sources is a necessary step to understanding why these animals were chosen to be represented in statues offered to the gods. Each animal category was systematically analyzed.Their characteristics as live animals, their existence in the wild or in a domestic context, their use and function in society, the existing interactions between humans and animals are addressed. The place of animals in ancient Greek literature and mythology is also studied, and so are their artistic representations, within sanctuaries and in other contexts. The catalogue entries and typology corresponding to the surviving and literarily recorded freestanding anathemata of each animal category are presented at the end of each chapter of the contextual analysis, and so are their inscriptions and dedications, when known. A presentation of the receiving sanctuaries accompanies the presentation of the anathemata, which are classified by chronology and sanctuaries. Interpretations on the meaning of the offerings of animals per category comes at the end of each of the chapters of the contextual analysis. The last chapter of the contextual study gives an overview of the animals which are often represented in sanctuaries but absent from the present catalogues – as their absence might help understand the significance of the animals that are represented. Observations on ancient sculpture follow the treatment of each animal per category and focus on the aesthetics of animal statues, the materials used, the price of the anathemata, the practicalities and cost of their transport, and the identity and specialties of the artists who made them. Lastly, data drawn from the catalogues are presented and analyzed in a systematic manner in order to extract information about the significance of the offering of freestanding animal statues at sanctuaries. The links between the sanctuaries where animals were offered, the links between the dedication of animals and the receiving deities, the geographical implication and the diachronic evolution of the anathemata are analyzed. The physical place of the animal statues within the sanctuaries and the choice of animals are also studied. The public and private dedicators known through inscriptions and written sources are also presented and compared. Beyond the religious gesture, the political motives of public dedications are discussed. The wealth, gender and status of private dedicators enables the understanding of social implications connected to the dedication of animal statues. / Αυτή η διατριβή εστιάζει στα ανεξάρτητα αγάλματα ζώων που παρουσιάζονται ως προσφορές ή αναθήματα σε ελληνικά ιερά της ηπειρωτικής Ελλάδας, των νησιών του Αιγαίου και των παραλίων της Μικράς Ασίας από την Αρχαϊκή μέχρι την Ελληνιστική περίοδο. Τα εναπομείναντα αγάλματα που εντοπίστηκαν στα ιερά που βρίσκονται στο γεωγραφικό και χρονολογικό πλαίσιο που αναφέρθηκε, οι βάσεις πάνω στις οποίες στηρίζονταν αγάλματα ζώων καθώς επίσης και το επιγραφικό υλικό που σχετίζεται με αφιερώσεις ζωικών αγαλμάτων, συγκεντρώθηκαν σε έναν κατάλογο. Ένας δεύτερος κατάλογος απαριθμεί τα ζωικά αγάλματα που καταγράφονται από τους αρχαίους περιηγητές στις επισκέψεις τους στα ελληνικά ιερά. Για να γίνει κατανοητός ο λόγος για τον οποίο τα ζώα αυτά επιλέχθηκαν να αναπαρασταθούν σε αγάλματα και να αφιερωθούν στους θεούς, θα πρέπει να πραγματοποιηθεί μια έρευνα για το πλαίσιο μέσα στο οποίο εντάσσεται κάθε κατηγορία ζώου που αποτελεί ανεξάρτητο ανάθημα, είτε σε αρχαιολογικές, είτε σε γραπτές πηγές. Έτσι, κάθε κατηγορία ζώων έχει συστηματικά ερευνηθεί και αναλυθεί: τα χαρακτηριστικά τους ως έμψυχα όντα, η ύπαρξή τους στην άγρια φύση ή ως κατοικίδια, η θέση και η αξία τους στην κοινωνία, η αλληλεπίδρασή τους με τον άνθρωπο. Η θέση των ζώων όπως εμφανίζεται στην αρχαία ελληνική γραμματεία και μυθολογία, καθώς και οι καλλιτεχνικές τους αναπαραστάσεις στα ιερά και σε αλλού, τίθενται επίσης υπό ανάλυση. Οι καταχωρίσεις στον κατάλογο και η τυπολογία που αντιστοιχεί στα διασωθέντα και καταγεγραμμένα στις πηγές ελεύθερα αναθήματα κάθε κατηγορίας ζώων, παρουσιάζονται στο τέλος κάθε κεφαλαίου της ανάλυσης, όπως επίσης και οι επιγραφές ή αφιερώσεις, όταν αυτές είναι γνωστές. Μια παρουσίαση των ιερών συνοδεύει την παρουσίαση των αναθημάτων, τα οποία έχουν κατηγοριοποιηθεί ανά χρονολογία και ιερό. Οι ερμηνείες για τη σημασία των προσφορών ζώων ανά κατηγορία εκτίθενται στο τέλος κάθε κεφαλιού της ανάλυσης. Το τελευταίο κεφάλαιο της αναλυτικής μελέτης παρέχει μια επισκόπηση των ζώων που συνήθως εκπροσωπούνται σε ιερά, αλλά εκλείπουν από τους καταλόγους -κι αυτό διότι η μνεία τους θα μπορούσε να βοηθήσει στην κατανόηση της σημασίας των ζώων που εκπροσωπούνται. Ακολουθούν παρατηρήσεις σχετικά με την αρχαία γλυπτική, που επικεντρώνονται στην αισθητική των ζωικών αγαλμάτων, τα υλικά που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, την τιμή των αναθημάτων, τα πρακτικά ζητήματα και το κόστος της μεταφοράς τους, καθώς και στην ταυτότητα και τις ιδιαιτερότητες των καλλιτεχνών που τα δημιούργησαν. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται δεδομένα από καταλόγους, τα οποία αναλύονται συστηματικά με σκοπό να προκύψουν πληροφορίες σχετικά με τη σημασία των προσφορών των ανεξάρτητων ζωικών αγαλμάτων σε ιερά. Ακόμα, αναλύονται οι δεσμοί μεταξύ των ιερών όπου τα ζώα προσφέρονταν, οι δεσμοί μεταξύ προσφερόμενων ζώων και θεοτήτων που τα δέχονταν, η γεωγραφική εφαρμογή τους και η διαχρονική εξέλιξη των αναθημάτων. Μελετώνται επίσης φυσικός χώρος των ζωικών αγαλμάτων μέσα στα ιερά και η επιλογή είδους ζώου. Οι δημόσιοι και ιδιώτες αφιέρωτες γνωστοί από επιγραφές ή γραπτές πηγές επίσης παρουσιάζονται και συγκρίνονται. Συ ζητώνται -πέραν της αφιέρωσης ως λατρευτικής πράξης- τα πολιτικά κίνητρα των αφιερώσεων. Ο πλούτος, το γένος, το φύλο και η κοινωνική θέση των ιδιωτών αφιερωτών συσχετίζεται με την κατανόηση των κοινωνικών εφαρμογών που συνδέονται με τις αφιερώσεις ζωικών αγαλμάτων.

Sogar eine vegetarische Ernährung führt durch den Konsum von Milchprodukten zum Schlachten der nicht mehr produktiven oder ausselektierten Milchkühe sowie der männlichen Nachkommen. Eine Rinderhaltung ohne Schlachtung (ROS) wäre (für Lakto-Vegetarier) hier ein Ausweg. Es wurden narrative und semi-strukturierte Interviews mit Tierhaltern der 5 hier dargestellten Fallbeispiele mit qualitativen Methoden der interpretativen Sozialforschung (Grounded Theory, Biographieforschung und sequentielle Feinanalyse) erhoben und untersucht. Die 5 Fallbeispiele wurden anhand biographischer Entwicklungen, ihrer Ethik und ihrem Tierhaltungssystem sowie anhand ihrer Konventionen verglichen. Der Fallvergleich ergab 5 Grundsätze des Care-Systems einer ROS: 1. Universal, 2. Bedingungslos, 3. Das ganze Leben betreffend - „a lifetime of Care“, 4. Familisierend, 5. Präventiv. Das Agrar-System der Fallbeispiele wurde in drei Betriebsstile differenziert: Reine Sanctuaries (Lebens-/Gnadenhof), Landwirtschaftliche Sanctuaries und Vegetarische Rinderhaltung/Milcherzeugung. Das Care- und das Agrar-System ergeben zusammen ein Agrar-Care-System. Kernelemente des Agrar-Systems der 4 hier untersuchten europäischen Betriebe sind u.a. ein hohes durchschnittliches Abgangsalter der Kühe von 12,5 Jahren und der Ochsen von 10 Jahren, stabile Herden, insg. vielfältige Dungnutzung, eine weitgehend muttergebundene Kälberaufzucht und partielle Ochsenanspannung. Bei dem dritten Fallbeispiel beträgt die Dauer der Laktationen durchschnittlich 2,8 Jahre und es werden dabei 9.055 kg pro Laktation ermolken. Bei Kühen mit sehr langen Laktationen sinken vom ca. 4.-6. Jahr die Leistungen nicht mehr und sind persistent. Die Milchkühe sind für 3,4 Jahre (als Mittel der beiden melkenden Betriebe) „in Rente". Der kostendeckende Milcherlös liegt bei ca. 2,95 bis 3,05 EUR pro kg Milch. Eine gemolkene Kuh trägt dabei die Kosten von 0,63 Kühen „in Rente" sowie von 1,48 Ochsen. Milch und Dung wären hier Beiprodukte des Tierlebens. / Even a vegetarian nutrition, through consumption of milk products, leads to the slaughtering of dairy cows that are no longer productive or have been sorted out, and of their male offspring. A cattle husbandry without slaughtering (here ‘CWS’) could be a solution (for lacto-vegetarians). Narrative and semi-structured interviews with the heads of animal husbandry in a total of five cases have been carried out and reviewed using qualitative methods of interpretive social research (Grounded Theory, biography research and detailed sequential analysis). In a case comparison, the five cases have been compared to each other in terms of their biographical developments, their ethics and their animal husbandry systems and also in terms of their conventions. The following five principles for a care system in CWS were derived: Universality, Unconditionality, A lifetime of care, Familialisation and Prevention. The agri-system of the case studies has been differentiated into three styles of farming: Pure sanctuary, agricultural sanctuary and vegetarian cattle husbandry. The combination of the agri- and care-system becomes the agri-care-system. Core elements of the agricultural system of CWS and of the 4 European farms are: a high average dying age which is 12.5 years for cows and 10 years for oxen, novel dung products, mostly rearing calves with the dam and on some farms the use of oxen for traction. In regard to the third case study, the average duration of lactation is 2.8 years, generating about 9,055 kg milk per lactation cycle. The dairy cows "retire" for a period of 3.4 years as a mean of the two milking case studies. In cows with very long lactation cycles, the milk yield, instead of decreasing from the 4th to the 6th year, rather seems to be constant during this period. The cost-covering milk revenue would be about 2,95 up to 3,05 EUR per kg. Each milked cow carries the cost of ca. 0,63 "retired" cows and 1,48 oxen. Milk and dung are the by-product of the animal life.

A partir d'un mémoire du master sur l'étude du mobilier issu du sanctuaire de Beire-le-Châtel « Le Pâtis du Letto » ainsi que de nouvelles études comme celle du matériel provenant du fanum de Lux « Le Bois Giraud », l'ambition de cette thèse est d'appréhender la population qui le long de la voie Lyon - Trèves en pays lingon à l'époque romaine et fréquentent ses lieux de culte. Le mobilier retrouvé dans les sanctuaires a été confronté à celui issu des fouilles d’établissements ruraux, permettant de distinguer fréquentation locale et voyageurs de passage. Enfin, l’étude permet de mettre en avant le rôle des agglomérations – chef-lieu de cité et agglomérations secondaires – et des axes de communication dans la genèse des lieux de culte lingons, mais aussi la place tenue par les établissements ruraux de moyen et fort statut dans mise en place du paysage religieux. / From a memory of a master on the study of the material from the sanctuary of Beire-le-Châtel "The Pâtis the Letto" as well as new studies such as material from the fanum Lux "Le Bois Giraud", the objective of this thesis is to understand the people who live along the Roman road Lyon - Trier on the civitates of the Lingoni et go on these places of worship. The material found in these sanctuaries was confronted with one of the rural settlements to distinguish local attendance and passing travelers. Finally, the study allows to emphasize the role of settlements - administrative center of the city and secondary towns - and communication routes in the genesis of Lingones’ places of worship but also the place held by the rural settlements of medium and high status in the implementation of the religious landscape.

This dissertation on "Archaeology and the Israelite Cult" covers a period of ca. I 000 years, dating from the time of the Hebrew patriarchs ca.l950 B.C.E. to the end of the monarchy which is given as ca. 950 B.C.E. The archaeological findings are related to five significant and major excavation sites in Palestine which have been found to embrace the time span under consideration and point in many ways to the practice of the Israelite or Canaanite cult. These five sites are:- a) The Bull Site b) Kuntillet Ajrud c) The Fortress- Sanctuary at Arad d) Shechem e) Megiddo The writings of the Israelite cult are scant and commence mainly with the patriarchs. The time of Abraham and his recognition of a monolatrous god. The beginning of the complex Y ahwistic cult introduced by Moses in the Sinai Desert, following Israelite escape from Egypt. The Israelite cultic practices, which are now considered to be syncrestic, are discussed where they relate to biblical texts and archaeological findings of confirmation. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Studies)