Atualmente a visão sistêmica na compreensão dos problemas tem sido uma poderosa ferramenta e esta Dissertação aplicou estes conhecimentos aliados à economia de água, fonte de várias pesquisas atuais devido à preocupação deste bem cada vez mais escasso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a compreensão dos fenômenos hidráulicos em bacias sanitárias, utilizando-se o modelo proposto por Mendes, envolvendo várias áreas da engenharia: perdas de cargas em tubulações, verificações de Normas Brasileiras de produtos e sistemas prediais, aplicações de Quantidade de Movimento, estudos de jatos utilizando-se a teoria de Abramovich e o efeito Splash e as respectivas utilizações destas ferramentas nas análises do desempenho do sistema hidrossanitário. A sugestão da obtenção de informações através do hidrograma de saída da bacia sanitária estudada permitiu, utilizando-se um reservatório de descarga graduado, a variação do nível e, consequentemente, informações hidráulicas relevantes: duração da descarga, volume consumido, a força de arraste induzida pelo escoamento ( ação motriz da remoção dos sólidos) e as máxima e mínima tensões de cisalhamento. A performance do equipamento estudado foi obtida devido a vários fatores, entre eles: o formato tronco-cônico com escoamento helicoidal interno às paredes do equipamento e o sifão trompa que difere dos sistemas atuais por permitir uma menor perda de energia quando do transporte de sólidos. O modelo estudado apresentou resultados que, apesar de permitir melhoramentos, são otimistas quanto ao volume consumido (4 litros), além do fato de evitar o desconforto (dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos) do efeito Splash aos usuários quando do ato de defecar e a remoção (simulada em softwares) dos resíduos no ramal de saída. A principal conclusão deste trabalho é que as melhorias de desempenho em bacias sanitárias necessariamente passam pelo bom uso da Mecânica dos Fluidos e da Hidráulica. / Currently, the systematic approach of problems comprehension has been a powerful tool. This knowledge was used on the present work, as well as information about water saving, subject of a lot of nowadays researches, considering the concern about this natural resource (water), scarcer with each passing day. The purpose of this work was to understand the hydraulic phenomena at sanitary basins, using the model considered by Mendes, relating several engineering areas: load loss on tubings, verifications of Brazilian Norms about building products and systems, applications of motion quantity measuring, jets studies under the Abramovich theory, the \"Splash\" effect and the respective uses of these tools on the performance analysis of the hydro-sanitary system. The suggestion of the information attainment through the exit hydrogram of the studied sanitary basin allowed, by using a graduated water flush reservoir, the level variation and, consequently, relevant hydraulic information: flush duration, volume of water consumed, drag force induced by drainage and the maximum and minimum shear tensions. The performance of the studied equipment was obtained because of several factors, such as: truncated cone format with helical drainage internal to the equipment walls and the siphon tube that differs from the current ones, because it allows a smaller energy loss when transporting the solids. The studied model has presented results that, despiste possible improvements, are optimistic about the volume of water consumed (4 liters), beyond the fact that prevents the discomfort of the \"Splash\" effect on the users (according to the established parameters) and facilitates the residues removal (simulated by softwares) from the exit branch. The main conclusion of this work is that the performance improvements on sanitary basins are essentially related to good use of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics.

Automatisk sparning i datorprogram undersöks från perspektivet hur användare upplever tryggheten till att deras arbete ska finnas kvar när de arbetar med en dator, och hur de reagerar på en ny typ av design. Det finns ett problem som ligger i hur datorer rent tekniskt är uppbyggda, jämfört med hur datoranvändare är vana att objekt fungerar i verkligheten. Nuvarande och gamla dator- program har tittats på för att se hur de har löst funktionerna kring sparning. Som teori för hur sparning förstås av dator- användare används mentala modeller och metaforer. Människans begränsningar hos minne och uppmärksamhet används för att förklara varför sparning bör skötas automatiskt. En serie undersökningar är gjorda som visar att den genomsnittlige dator- användaren idag anser sig lita på datorer till stor del när de arbetar med dem, samtidigt som de har beteenden som antyder att de inte litar på dem. Slutligen gjordes ett test med ett krånglande datorprogram som alltid bevarar användarens arbete. Dess resultat visar att datoranvändare kan lita på transparenta program som sparar i bakgrunden, utan att användaren märker någonting.

The introduced diploma thesis deals with the issue of evalution and reward system in a particular company XY s.r.o. The theoretical part is focused on job evalution, remuneration and benefits. The practical part is aimed at the analysis of the payroll system which is supplemented by my own observations and opinions of employees. The goal is to suggest changes in the evaluation and reward system which will lead to productivity increase while minimizing costs.

High Performance Computing (HPC) has become an indispensable tool for the scientific community to perform simulations on models whose complexity would exceed the limits of a standard computer. An unfortunate trend concerning HPC systems is that their power consumption under high-demanding workloads increases. To counter this trend, hardware vendors have implemented power saving mechanisms in recent years, which has increased the variability in power demands of single nodes. These capabilities provide an opportunity to increase the energy efficiency of HPC applications. To utilize these hardware power saving mechanisms efficiently, their overhead must be analyzed. Furthermore, applications have to be examined for performance and energy efficiency issues, which can give hints for optimizations. This requires an infrastructure that is able to capture both, performance and power consumption information concurrently. The mechanisms that such an infrastructure would inherently support could further be used to implement a tool that is able to do both, measuring and tuning of energy efficiency. This thesis targets all steps in this process by making the following contributions: First, I provide a broad overview on different related fields. I list common performance measurement tools, power measurement infrastructures, hardware power saving capabilities, and tuning tools. Second, I lay out a model that can be used to define and describe energy efficiency tuning on program region scale. This model includes hardware and software dependent parameters. Hardware parameters include the runtime overhead and delay for switching power saving mechanisms as well as a contemplation of their scopes and the possible influence on application performance. Thus, in a third step, I present methods to evaluate common power saving mechanisms and list findings for different x86 processors. Software parameters include their performance and power consumption characteristics as well as the influence of power-saving mechanisms on these. To capture software parameters, an infrastructure for measuring performance and power consumption is necessary. With minor additions, the same infrastructure can later be used to tune software and hardware parameters. Thus, I lay out the structure for such an infrastructure and describe common components that are required for measuring and tuning. Based on that, I implement adequate interfaces that extend the functionality of contemporary performance measurement tools. Furthermore, I use these interfaces to conflate performance and power measurements and further process the gathered information for tuning. I conclude this work by demonstrating that the infrastructure can be used to manipulate power-saving mechanisms of contemporary x86 processors and increase the energy efficiency of HPC applications.

Dans cette thèse, j'utilise différents outils de l'analyse dynamique pour répondre à des questions liés aux comportements à la retraite et/ou aux marches immobiliers. Dans le premier chapitre, qui s'intitule en anglais "Long-Term Care Insurance, Housing Demand, and Decumulation", j'étudie l'influence de l'immobilier sur la demande d'assurance dépendance en comparant un modèle structurel à des données américaines issues du Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Dans le second, qui a pour titre "Disability in Retirement, Home Production, and Informai Insurance Between Spouses" j'étudie comment l'assurance informelle entre conjoints affecte les comportements de desépargne. Le modèle reproduit certains faits stylisés observés dans les données HRS et dans une enquête qui est liée : le Consumption and Activities Mail Survey ou CAMS. Le troisième chapitre, qui s'intitule "Sectoral Productivity, Collateral Constraints, and Housing Markets" est un travail joint avec Hippolyte d' Albis et Eleni Iliopulos. Nous y étudions les implications de l'introduction d'un marché locatif dans un modèle standard de marchés immobiliers avec contraintes de collatéral. / This thesis applies tools from dynamic analysis to answer questions related to retirement behaviours and/or housing markets. In the first chapter entitled "Long-Term Care Insurance, Housing Demand, and Decumulation", I study the influence of housing on the demand for long-term care insurance comparing a structural mode! with US data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). In the second one ("Disability in Retirement, Home Production, and Informai Insurance Between Spouses"), I study how the informai insurance fom a spouse affects dissavings behaviours. The model reproduces some key patterns observed in the HRS and a companion survey the Consumption and Activities Mail Survey (CAMS). The third one entitled "Sectoral Productivity, Collateral Constraints, and Housing Markets" is a joint work with Hippolyte d'Albis and Eleni Iliopulos. We study the influence of introducing a rentai market in an otherwise standard model of the housing market with collateral constraints.

租買選擇對於家戶來說是一件十分重要的家庭決策。當家戶決定購屋時，由於購屋支出是一筆極大的支出，勢必會影響到家戶各方面的支出，如食衣住行育樂等。。另一方面家戶需要多儲蓄以因應未來房屋的支出。 本文根據中國家庭金融調查(CHFS)的資料，將中國的家戶分為三種租買選擇分別為租屋、買屋有貸款、買屋無貸款。首先，我們先估計中國家戶的租買選擇，接著我們利用Heckman二階段模型估計租買選擇對於中國家戶儲蓄的影響。我們發現inverse Mill’s ratio的結果為顯著說明了在估計儲蓄函數是該考慮家戶的租買選擇。另外其他家戶特性的變數也有所變化，這些結果說明了如果不將租買選擇考慮進去 儲蓄行為的估計結果會有偏誤。 / Tenure choice is a very important decision for households. When the household decide to buy a house, it will have a heavily effect on the household’s spending, including food, clothes, transportation, education, and leisure, and so on. On the other hand, household have to save more money to meet housing expenses. Applying a data set from “China Household finance Survey” (CHFS) and separating Chinese households with three types of tenure choice, namely, renters, owner-occupied with loan payment, and owner-occupied without loan payment. First, we estimate the tenure choice of Chinese households. And then we use Heckman two-stage model to estimate how tenure choice affect household saving behavior. We find that the coefficient of inverse Mill’s ratio are significant. And the coefficient of household characters have some different from traditional model. The result show that if we don’t consider the tenure choice of household, the household’s saving behavior we estimate will be biased.

This thesis introduces the tax system of the Czech Republic. The corporate income tax in particular is specified in bigger detail. Its basic structural elements are described with the focus on the transformation of the accountable profit to the tax base. The practical part is divided into chapters, each of which deals with the optimization of the amount of the real tax liability. The content, instruments mentioned and methods for decreasing company tax liability applied suggest this work more likely addresses smaller and medium-sized companies. These companies need what is referred to as tax planning. This thesis analyzes the possibilities of the use of tax-deductible items provided by law, tax abatements; further it specifies cost and revenue conception of tax optimalization or more precisely the amount of the accountable profit or tax base. The aim of the practical part is to identify tax optimization possibilities and to compare on concrete cases what tax saving or other advantages to the taxpayer each method brings.

L’essentiel des travaux de cette thèse porte sur les réseaux de collectes de données sans fil. Nous avons étudié différents problèmes d’optimisation dans ces réseaux qui représentent de vrais challenges pour les industriels du secteur. Le premier problème porte sur l’allocation de capacités sur les liens à coût minimum. Il a été résolu par une approche de programmation linéaire avec génération de colonnes. Notre modèle permet de résoudre des problèmes de grandes tailles. Nous avons ensuite étudié le problème du partage d’infrastructure réseau entre opérateurs virtuels avec comme objectif de maximiser les revenus de l’opérateur de l’infrastructure physique tout en satisfaisant les demandes et les contraintes de qualité de service des opérateurs virtuels clients du réseau. Dans ce contexte, nous avons proposé une formulation robuste du problème en programmation linéaire en nombres entiers mixte. Un autre point de dépenses dans ce type de réseau est la consommation d’énergie. Nous avons proposé une solution robuste, de routage basée sur la consommation d’énergie du réseau. Notre solution a été formulée en utilisant un programme linéaire en nombre entiers mixte. Nous avons aussi proposé des heuristiques afin de trouver assez rapidement des solutions pour de grandes instances. Le dernier travail de cette thèse porte sur les réseaux radio cognitifs et plus précisément sur le problème de partage de bande passante. Nous l’avons formalisé en utilisant un programme linéaire mais avec une autre approche d’optimisation robuste. Nous utilisons la méthode d'optimisation robuste à 2 niveaux pour le résoudre. / The main work of this thesis focuses on the wireless backhaul networks. We studied different optimization problems in such networks that represent real challenges for industrial sector.The first issue addressed focuses on the capacity allocation on the links at minimum cost. It was solved by a linear programming approach with column generation. Our method solves the problems on large size networks. We then studied the problem of network infrastructure sharing between virtual operators. The objective is to maximize the revenue of the operator of the physical infrastructure while satisfying the quality of service constraints of virtual operators customers of the network. In this context, we proposed a robust model using mixed integer linear programming. In the following problem, we proposed a robust energy-aware routing solution for the network operators to reduce their energy consumption. Our solution was formulated using a mixed integer linear program. We also proposed heuristics to find efficient solutions for large networks. The last work of this thesis focuses on cognitive radio networks and more specifi- cally on the problem of bandwidth sharing. We formalized it using a linear program with a different approach to robust optimization. We based our solution on the 2-stage linear robust method.

This diploma thesis tries to generally characterize selected forms of financing while purchasing tangible fixed assets by an entity. These forms are a bank credit, financial and operational leasing. This paper mainly focuses on accounting and taxation factors which are linked with the individual forms. Theoretical resources of given topic are applied to a model case which compares financial flows of bank credit and financial leasing. The thesis also includes current research of relevant segment of subjects which is focused on practical application of selected forms of financing within the individual sections of the Czech economy.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-08-09T18:45:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Moraes Gomes.pdf: 3240990 bytes, checksum: 17659c72fed5b3faf44d712b20b24e39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T18:45:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Moraes Gomes.pdf: 3240990 bytes, checksum: 17659c72fed5b3faf44d712b20b24e39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-23 / The aim of this research is to study the potential association between the reduction in electricity consumption in Line 2 – Green of the São Paulo Subway and the change of the Train Control System from the "fixed block" type to the "moving block" type. This study is necessary because the transport sector is one of the biggest consumers of energy and the energy is one of the highest costs of the metro system, so that any reduction must be studied and understood. Most of the previous studies published on energy efficiency at subways and trains are simulation studies, there is a few literature based on empirical data. The statistical approach was chosen because there is no installed equipment to directly measure this influence, since there are only measures of consumption at the entrances of the System and there is no individual measurement of each train. Part of the data used was obtained via official communication channels of the company, another part was obtained directly from the operational reports and other data was extracted from the capture of the communications between the trains and centralized control system. Several variables that can influence the consumption of the line and also the train speed profiles in the periods just before and after the System change have been verified. The study of the relationships among these variables was done and the multivariate regression analysis was performed. The results of the regression generated an equation model with significance for the variables: type of system, proportion of useof the fleets used and the number of trips made. In the regression process, the stepwise method was used and some variables were withdrawn when verifying that they had multicollinearity. The data extracted from the communication protocol were not used in the regression, but they did allow verifying an evidence of improvement in the speed profiles and also a reduction in the number of stops that the train made in the route, indicating a smaller interference between the train movements with the new system. The calculated savings obtained by the new system was around 2.8%, rising to about 7.8% on average when the new fleet was included, which only uses the "moving block" system. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo estudar a potencial associação da ocorrência de queda no consumo de energia elétrica na Linha 2-Verde do Metrô de São Paulo com a troca do Sistema de Controle dos Trens do tipo “bloco fixo” para o tipo “bloco móvel”. Este estudo se mostra necessário, pois o setor de transporte é um dos maiores consumidores de energia e a energia é um dos maiores custos do sistema metroviário, de forma que qualquer redução deve ser estudada e compreendida. A maioria dos estudos anteriores publicados sobre eficiência energética em metrôs e trens são estudos de simulação, havendo pouca literatura baseada em dados empíricos. A abordagem estatística foi escolhida porque não há equipamentos instalados para se medir diretamente essa influência, pois apenas há medida de consumo somente na entrada de energia do Sistema, e não medição individual de cada trem. Parte dos dados utilizados foi obtida via canais oficias de comunicação da companhia, outra parte foi obtida diretamente dos relatórios operacionais e outros dados foram extraídos da captura das comunicações entre os trens e sistema de controle centralizado. Foram verificadas diversas variáveis que podem influir no consumo da linha e também os perfis de velocidades dos trens nos períodos imediatamente anteriores e posteriores a troca do Sistema. Foi realizado o estudo das relações entre essas variáveis e feita análise por regressão multivariada. Os resultados da regressão geraram um modelo de equação com significância para as variáveis: tipo de sistema, proporção de uso uma das frotas e a quantidade de viagens realizadas. No processo de regressão foi usado o método stepwise e algumas variáveis foram retiradas ao verificar que apresentavam multicolinearidade. Os dados extraídos do protocolo de comunicação não foram usados na regressão, mas por meio deles foi possível verificar indícios de melhoria nos perfis de velocidade e também uma redução na quantidade de paradas que o trem realizava no percurso, indicando uma menor interferência entre as movimentações dos trens com o novo sistema. A economia calculada obtida pelo novo sistema ficou em torno de 2,8%, subindo para cerca de 7,8% em média ao se incluir a nova frota, a qual só utiliza o sistema de "bloco móvel".