Four elementary school children were tested on 120 words containing the short e (e.g., ten, pen) and short a (e.g., tan, pan) sounds. Words were tested in the hear-write (H/W) and see-say (S/S) channels. No programmed consequences were scheduled during baseline (BL) tests 1-3. After BL, an error analysis categorized words based on channel error and topography of error. Praise was delivered during tests 4-6 for correct responses. Children's responses were variable within channel and across channels for a majority of words. By the end of the praise phase, there was a decrease in the number of words with errors, for all children in their error word group. Error topographies began to stabilize for some words during praise.

The study compared an experimental group (n=26) who participated in weekly SIS sessions as an adjunct to existing treatment protocols for a period of 6-8 weeks, to a control group (n=14) who matriculated in treatment without the addition of SIS training for a period of 6-8 weeks. Subjects completed a battery of questionnaires at the beginning of the measurement period and at the end of the measurement period. The SASSI-2, The McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD), and the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale were used to measure groups on recovery related variables at Pre-Test and Post-Test. Results demonstrated a consistent pattern of improvement over the time measure. The results of the interaction of group and time demonstrated a pattern of gains which did not reach statistical significance, partially as an artifact of the small sample size. An investigation of effect sizes was conducted to detect the effect of SIS training. The training was found to have a moderate effect size, which was consistent with other research using SIS training. Some areas for possible future research were addressed.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates the construction of masculinity in the Xhosa initiation school (ulwaluko) in the townships of Cape Town, South Africa from a religio-cultural perspective. This ethnographic study utilized interviews with participants, observations of the initiation school, and is also complemented with documents that are written by Xhosa authors Thando Mqolozana, Nelson Mandela, Peter Mtuze, and A.N.N. Ngxamngxa. The documentary by Mayenzeke Baza and a blog post by Xhosa journalist Luzuko Pongoma were also used. The data collection and analysis was done with the Grounded Theory Approach using Atlas.ti version 7. The ontological and epistemological premise is of the constructivist understanding. The conceptual framework is grounded within the African philosophy of Ubuntu and African religio-cultural underpinnings. A new term, ancestral masculinity, was given to depict the type of masculinity described by the findings. It is marked by participating in a ‘manhood’ rites of passage and adhering to its prescribed processes and procedures, according to the ‘living and dead’ ancestors, in order for one to be accepted and recognized as part of the community. The findings show that ancestral masculinity, in its micro context of ‘boyhood’, is a searching route to acceptance. The initiate longs and finds acceptance in the initiation school through enduring pain and fostering a relationship with his guardian and teacher (ikhankatha). Secondly, ancestral masculinity is seen as the yearning to be African in its macro-context. It was demonstrated by admonishing (ukuyala) that helps the initiated to live an exemplary life of honouring (inhlonipho) those who are living and dead. This honouring is portrayed by doing everything possible to be helpful and to accord respect and care to elders. Inhlonipho also challenges individualist accomplishment and materialist flaunting and any ills that negate relational harmony. The study reveals challenges in the ulwaluko institution and construction of masculinity, such as alcohol abuse; carelessness, neglect, and passivity by elders in the process; exclusivity that discriminates against others; and inflexibility toward other constructions of masculinity. However, opportunities are also present within this institution to encourage dialogue and reconciliation, to create flexibility, and to utilize existing values to promote social cohesion amidst the challenges of the contemporary South African context. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volgende tesis ondersoek die konstruksie van manlikheid binne die Xhosa inisiasieskool (ulwaluko) in die plakkerskampe en omligende gebiede van Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika. Hierdie etnografiese studie maak gebruik van onderhoude met vrywillige deelnemers, waarnemings binne die inisiasieskool en word ook verder gekomplimenteer deur dokumente wat geskryf is deur Xhosa outeurs onder andere Thando Mqolozana, Nelson Mandela, Peter Mtuze asook A.N.N. Ngxamngxa. Verder word die dokumentêr deur Mayenzeke Baza sowel as ’n “blogpost” deur Xhosa joernalis Luzuko Pongoma ook gebruik. Die versameling van data sowel as die analise daarvan was gedoen deur die Gefundeerde Teorie benadering en Atlas.ti weergawe 7 was gebruik. Die ontologiese sowel as epistemologiese premisse is van die konstruktivistiese paradigma. Die konsepsuele raamwerk is gegrond in die Afrika filosofie van Ubuntu sowel as Afrika godsdiens en kulturele onderbou. ‘n Nuwe term, voorvaderlike manlikheid, was gegee om die tipe manlikheid uit te beeld wat deur die bevindinge beskryf was. Dit word gekenmerk deur deelname in manlikheid rituele van deurgang asook voldoening aan die voorgeskrewe prosesse en prosedures volgens die “lewende en dooie” voorvaders, om aanvaar en erken te word as deel van die gemeenskap. Die bevindinge dui aan dat voorvaderlike manlikheid in sy mikro-konteks van “seunskap” ’n soekende roete tot aanvaarding is. Die persoon wat die inisiasie moet deurmaak smag na en verkry aanvaarding in die inisiasieskool deur pyn te verduur en om ’n verhouding te kweek met sy voog en leermeester (ikhankatha). Tweedens word hierdie voorvaderlike manlikheid aanskou as die hunkering om ’n Afrikaan te wees in sy makro-konteks. Dit was veral gedemonstreer deur vermaning (ukuyala), wat die geïnisieerde help om ’n voorbeeldige lewe te lei wat die lewendes sowel as die dooies vereer (inhlonipho). Die verering word uitgebeeld deur alles moontlik te doen om behulpsaam te wees en om respek sowel as versorging te verleen aan die bejaardes. Inhlonipho stel ook uitdagings aan die individuele prestasies, materialistiese spoggery asook enige euwels wat teenstrydig is met die relasionele harmonie. Die studie openbaar uitdagings in die ulwaluko instelling en konstruksie van manlikheid onder andere alkohol misbruik, roekeloosheid, nalatigheid asook passiwiteit onder die meer ouer en bejaarde geslag in die proses; uitsluiting wat diskrimineer teen andere, asook onbuigsaamheid teenoor die ander konstruksies van manlikheid. Ondanks die uitdagings is daar ook geleenthede in die instelling wat dialoog en versoening aanmoedig om buigsaamheid te skep sowel as die bestaande waardes aan te wend om sosiale kohesie te bevorder te midde van die uitdagings van die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse konteks.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’analyser une praxis, la mienne, au moyen des techniques de la praxéologie, en tentant ainsi de réaffirmer le bien-fondé de mon travail d’auteure au service de la foi. En effet, la rédaction de Saffia, femme de Smyrne, débutée après une quinzaine d’années de vie professionnelle active en tant qu’écrivaine, me laisse croire que ce roman historique et sa présentation sont des outils adaptés pour transmettre l’Évangile. Ma recherche débute par une présentation générale de l’œuvre de fiction Saffia, femme de Smyrne ainsi que des conférences qui en découlent. Je mettrai ensuite en mots l’observation du discours secondaire, composé des appréciations ou des impressions de lecteurs. Mon interprétation ou mon hypothèse surgiront de ma problématisation par la question praxéologique Pourquoi est-ce que je fais ce que je fais et seront formulées au moyen des cinq fonctions d’élaboration. La partie ayant trait à la transmission de l’Évangile sera évaluée par des lectures en théologie, qui mettent en exergue les études d’auteurs : Jean-Guy Nadeau, Pierre Vadeboncœur, et Norbert Greinacher tandis que celle référant aux sciences humaines sera étudiée au moyen des œuvres de spécialistes Gérard Delteil, Régis Debray, Félix Moser et Antoine Compagnon. Soutenue par ces différentes études, je serai en mesure de mieux définir ce que la fiction en général peut apporter à la transmission de l’Évangile en m’appuyant sur l’étude de la fiction en théologie faite par des auteurs comme Paul Ricœur et Joseph Moingt. Je conclurai par une réflexion sur le mode de transmission de Saffia, femme de Smyrne et, je l’espère, par une explication de la raison pour laquelle je continuerai à utiliser la fiction pour transmettre l’Évangile. Une courte nouvelle me permettra d’appliquer mon étude et ainsi d’ouvrir ma réflexion dans une praxis. / The objective of this dissertation is to analyze a praxis, mine, using praxeology techniques, in an attempt at reaffirming the validity of my work as an author serving faith. As a matter of fact, the writing of Saffia, femme de Smyrne, which started after about fifteen years of an active professional life as a writer, lead me to believe that this historical novel and its presentation are tools adapted for the transmission of the Gospel. My research begins with a general presentation of the work of fiction, Saffia, femme de Smyrne, as well as the ensuing conferences. I then put into words the observation of the secondary discourse composed of readers’ opinions or impressions. My interpretation and/or hypothesis arise from my problematisation defined by the praxeological question Why do I do what I do and through the five development functions. The part relating to the transmission of the Gospel is evaluated through readings in theology which highlight the studies of authors such as Jean-Guy Nadeau, Pierre Vadeboncœur, and Norbert Greinacher, while that referring to the social sciences is studied using works of specialists such as Gérard Delteil, Régis Debray, Félix Moser and Antoine Compagnon. Supported by these different studies, I am in a better position to define what fiction can bring to the transmission of the Gospel based on studies of fiction in theology by authors such as Paul Ricœur and Joseph Moingt. I conclude with a reflection on the transmission method of Saffia, femme de Smyrne and, I hope, with an explanation, namely, of why I continue using fiction to transmit the Gospel. A short story makes it possible for me to apply my study and, thereby, to open my reflection in a praxis.

L’auteur retranscrit vingt-cinq années de vie vécues parmi la communauté dite « des gens du voyage ». Il a fait le choix de s’attacher à présenter la construction sociale dans la communauté. Cette organisation permet de maintenir la cohésion dans les groupes. L’intitulé de la thèse est parfaitement démontré dans le texte riche de moments forts, de descriptions précises, au terme de l’exercice universitaire, le paradigme, « quand dire c’est être » est avéré. Etranger à cette culture, l’anthropologue choisit la réflexivité comme outil d’analyse, il en ressort une vision exacerbée de ce qui fait la culture Manouche. En trois parties, l’auteur développe, sous la forme de son initiation dans la communauté, les étapes de la construction sociale de l’individu pour qu’il devienne conforme aux valeurs Manouches. L’accès à la parole n’est pas inné, mais acquis au fur et à mesure de la croissance naturelle de l’individu dans la communauté. Ce dernier apprend les qualités de la parole, il s’exerce à « bien parler », à « tenir sa bouche », à « parler de sa hauteur ». Personne dans toute la communauté Manouche n’a le monopole de la parole, lorsqu’un individu parle, il engage sa personne, son rang, sa renommée, mais ne peut pas parler au nom des autres, sans que cela ne soit considérer comme un excès de pouvoir. La communauté règle ses relations par l’usage d’un concept endogène appelé « i era », ce qui se traduit en français, comme « le respect ». Cette notion sociale régit tous les rapports entre les différents rangs sociaux, dans les relations sexuées, dans les comportements des uns envers les autres, des groupes envers d’autres groupes, c’est une notion partagée par l’ensemble des Manouches. Les Manouches construisent un espace de vie, qui va de la sphère la plus petite celle du foyer, la caravane, vers la sphère de la place, l’ensemble de caravanes juxtaposées, intégrée dans la sphère large du Monde, l’ensemble des individus qui vivent comme eux, ceux qui leur ressemblent. Au-delà de ce territoire il n’y a rien que la société englobante ou majoritaire dont les Manouches tirent leurs subsistances en y établissant des relations économiques. Pour construire la frontière entre ce qui est leur Monde et le reste des individus, les Manouches construisent dans le discours l’altérité. Celui qui n’est pas Manouche est, comme l’a choisi l’auteur, qualifié de « yalo », le « cru ». Au terme de ce travail universitaire, l’auteur ouvre pour l’anthropologie sociale des thèmes de recherche pour la science dans les notions d’identité, de pluralité des identités, de construction de territoires, l’espace Manouche, les sphères de vie, la construction de l’échange, l’usage de la langue Manouche. Un document scientifique sanctionné par la mention très honorable. / The author describes twenty five years of life within the community known as « gypsy travellers ». He has endeavoured to show the social construction within the community. This organisation maintains cohesion among its various groups. The thesis’ title is perfectly demonstrated with a text that offers a wealth of memorable moments and accurate descriptions; at the end of this academic exercise, the 'when saying is being' paradigm is clearly defined. He remains uninvolved with this culture, the anthropologist chooses reflexivity as an analysis tool, showing an exacerbated vision of the Manouche culture. With this three-part work, the author develops, in the form of his initiation within the community, the different steps of the individual’s social construction, as he becomes true to the Manouche values. Access to speech is not innate, it is gradually acquired by the individual according to his natural growth within the community. The latter learns speech qualities, he tries hard to 'speak properly', to 'think carefully before speaking', to 'speak in accordance with his social ranking'. Nobody within the Manouche community has the monopoly of speech, and when someone talks, he engages his own rank and his reputation, but cannot speak on behalf of others. It would otherwise be considered as an excess of power. The community adjusts its own inner relationships with the help of an endogenous concept called 'i era', i.e. 'respect'. This social notion governs the relationships among various social ranks, including sexed gender relationships and behaviours between different people and groups towards other groups. This represents a notion that is shared by all Manouche. The Manouche community organizes its own living environment, from the smallest sphere (the home, the caravan) to the square sphere, i.e. the ensemble of juxtaposed caravans integrated within the world’s widest sphere - that which encompasses all the people that live and look like them. Beyond this intellectually spatial territory, there is nothing but the inclusive and majority society from which the Manouche make a living while building economic relationships. So as to establish a border between their world and the rest of human beings, the Manouche develop in otherness discourse. A non-Manouche is, as stated by the author, a 'yalo', meaning a 'raw'. At the end of this academic work, the author opens up for social anthropology a few potential scientific research topics, including identity notions, plurality of identities, building of territories, Manouche space, life spheres, setting up of exchanges, the use of Manouche language. This work was awarded first class honours.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli de Sousa Amaral.pdf: 756402 bytes, checksum: 669f9d4035c44c24984ff0d6949bacb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-17 / The present study had the purpose to verify if a report request from a therapist s verbal report classes on ongoing clinical counseling could affect his performance on future therapeutic sessions, as suggested in literature. Therefore, a procedure from an early study was replied apart from changes on the response classes investigated. One psychology therapist and one client participated in this study and 11 counseling sessions were recorded on video. The therapist s verbal responses were categorized according to the Multidimensional System For Coding Behaviors In Therapist-Client Interaction and measured by occurrences. The therapist s verbal responses were requested after the fourth and eighth sessions concerning previous sessions and categorized as analysis reflexion request and recommendation. The results confirm the replied study suggesting that reports request can modify the therapist behavior in future sessions. It was identified a low correspondence between observed and reported verbal responses differently from previous study. The research line seems relevant for providing knowledge regarding the verbal processes that interfere on therapists behavior when submitted to supervision sessions and probably the clients behavior in counseling sessions / O presente de estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a solicitação de relatos sobre classes de respostas verbais de um terapeuta em atendimento clínico pode afetar seu desempenho em sessões terapêuticas posteriores, como sugerido na literatura. Para tanto, foi replicado o procedimento de um estudo anterior alterando-se as classes de respostas investigadas. Participaram deste estudo um terapeuta e um cliente e foram registradas em vídeo 11 sessões de atendimento. As respostas verbais do terapeuta foram categorizadas segundo o Sistema Multidimensional de Categorização de Comportamentos na Interação Terapêutica e mensuradas por ocorrência. Respostas verbais do terapeuta foram solicitadas, após a quarta e a oitava sessões, referentes a classes de respostas verbais observadas em sessões anteriores e categorizadas como solicitação de reflexão de análise e recomendação. Os resultados corroboraram o estudo replicado sugerindo que a solicitação de relatos pode alterar o comportamento do terapeuta em sessões futuras. Observou-se uma baixa correspondência entre as respostas verbais observadas nas sessões e as relatadas pelo terapeuta, diferentemente do estudo replicado. Esta parece ser uma linha de pesquisa relevante, por produzir conhecimento sobre os processos verbais que interferem no responder de terapeutas quando submetidos a sessões de supervisão, e possivelmente de clientes em sessões terapêuticas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-12-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scadelai_ef_me_sjrp.pdf: 1349775 bytes, checksum: 74d3942519e4b14b380a919832db41ad (MD5) / Este trabalho estuda o verbo dizer como explicitador de atos de fala em notícias de jornal. No meio jornalístico, defende-se comumente que o verbo dizer utilizado na classificação de falas de entrevistados na notícia é, em grande medida, neutro, ou seja, não sinaliza - ou sinaliza muito pouco - uma interpretação dessas falas ao classificá-las. A discussão empreendida por este trabalho parte da consideração do verbo dizer como constituinte do procedimento de integração do discurso citado no discurso citante. Questionase, pois, a neutralidade do verbo dizer, mais pela abordagem lingüística da relação entre discurso citado/discurso citante do que pela discussão, já bastante conhecida, da neutralidade da prática jornalística. Para este estudo, foi utilizada a teoria dos atos de fala, de Austin, que defende que o sentido não está apenas nas palavras (no verbo, no caso), mas também nas circunstâncias que envolvem o seu uso. No que se refere às circunstâncias propriamente lingüísticas de integração desse verbo no processo de citação, foram utilizadas as noções de dialogia, de discurso de outrem e de gêneros do discurso (Bakhtin); de heterogeneidade(s) enunciativa(s) (Authier-Revuz) e de comentário (Foucault), por meio das quais procurou-se entender a complexidade enunciativa das formas de citação, que inclui as relações entre: discurso citado/discurso citante; fala do jornalista/fala da fonte (um entrevistado ou uma fonte de natureza institucional) citadas em discurso direto ou indireto, resultando num compósito de vozes; formas de citação/gênero notícia; formas clássicas de citação/comentário (este último aparecendo também como forma de citação, já que é um modo de redizer o discurso de outrem, que, além de o reformular, busca legitimar uma interpretação para ele)... / This work studies the verb to say as a specifier of speaking acts in the news of a newspaper. In the journalistic means, it is commonly defended that the verb to say used to classifify the lines of interviewed people in the news is, in a great measure, neutral, or in other words, it doesnþt signal - or it signals very little - an interpretation of these lines when classifying them. The discussion undertaken by this work starts from the consideration of the verb to say as constituent of the integragion procedure of the speech cited in the citing speech. Therefore, it is questioned the neutrality of the verb to say, more from the linguistic approach of the relation between cited/citing speech than from the discussion of the neutrality of the journalistic practice, already sufficiently known. For this study, the theory of the acts of speeches, of Austin, has been used and it defends that the meaning is not only in the words (in the verbal form, in this case), but also in the circumstances that involve its use. As for the properly linguistic circumstances of integration of this verb in the citation process, the cognition of dialogia, of other people speech and of sorts of the speech (Bakhtin); of enunciative heterogeneity(ies) (Authier-Revuz) and of commentary (Foucault) had been used, through which they tried to understand the enunciative complexity of the citation forms, that includes the relations between: cited/citing speech; the jornalist line/the source line (one interviewed or one source of institucional nature) cited in direct or indirect speech, resulting in a compósitorio of voices; citation/sort of news forms; classic forms of citation/comentary (this last one also appearing as citation form, since it is a way of retelling the speech of someone else, that searches to legitimize an interpretation for it beyond reformulating it)... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

A escalada tarifária, isto é, o emprego de tarifas de importação crescentes conforme o grau de processamento de um produto estimula a importação de produtos primários em detrimento dos processados nos mercados importadores que a exercem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar os ganhos ao Brasil da eliminação da escalada tarifária em produtos do café na UE, e da soja na China e na UE, e comparar com a redução da escalada proposta na Rodada Doha da OMC. Foram simuladas reduções tarifárias e quantificados os impactos comerciais através da modelagem de equilíbrio parcial segundo Laird e Yeats (1986). Pelos resultados, as negociações sob Doha podem reduzir a escalada tarifária incidente sobre os produtos analisados, no entanto, sem a eliminar, o que requereria maiores cortes nas tarifas de importação. Os impactos comerciais, que se mostraram mais expressivos na simulação de eliminação da escalada tarifária do que na de redução sob Doha, indicaram favorecimento das exportações brasileiras de produtos processados, relativamente às de primários. Na UE, o aumento no valor das importações dos produtos brasileiros processados do café e da soja seria 75,4% maior com a eliminação da escalada tarifária do que com a redução conforme Doha. Na China, a possibilidade de eliminação da escalada tarifária também acarretaria em resultados mais expressivos que os obtidos pela redução: 27,4% a mais de farelo, e cerca de 100% e 107% no caso do óleo de soja em bruto e refinado, respectivamente. O objetivo complementar desse trabalho foi verificar os impactos do Diferencial Tributário de Exportação como instrumento para compensar os desestímulos ao processamento doméstico de produtos da soja resultantes da escalada tarifária nos mercados importadores. Assim, foram construídos cenários nacionais de tributação combinados com a aplicação de escalada tarifária nos mercados da UE e da China para verificar os impactos em termos de variação na margem de esmagamento do setor. Pelos resultados, a margem de esmagamento da soja esteve ampliada nos mercados importadores devido às tarifas de importação em: US$ 4,89 por tonelada (ou em 13%) na UE e US$ 14,46 (ou em 37%) na China, em média, em 2007. Na simulação de manutenção da taxação nacional como antes da Lei Kandir, a margem de esmagamento no Brasil poderia ter sido elevada em média em US$ 5,74 (ou 15%) durante o período analisado. Esse aumento teria sido suficiente para contrapor os efeitos da escalada tarifária da UE, mas não da China. O DTE argentino também foi considerado. No período analisado, o aumento da margem interna de esmagamento não se mostrou suficiente para contrabalançar totalmente os efeitos da escalada tarifária da China e da UE. Ainda assim, o aumento de margem proporcionado pôde favorecer o exportador argentino de produtos processados em detrimento do brasileiro na situação corrente. Considerando que, no caso da soja, a Argentina consiste no principal concorrente do Brasil e mantém uma política tributária que favorece a indústria doméstica de processamento em detrimento dos competidores, cabe a defesa do disciplinamento do DTE internacionalmente, além da eliminação da escalada tarifária nos mercados importadores. / Tariff escalation, which is the use of import tariffs that grow according to the processing level of a product, stimulates the imports of primary commodities rather than processed products in importing markets that apply this tool. This papers goal was to measure the gains to Brazil of the elimination of the tariff escalation in coffee products in EU, and soybean products in China and EU. In addition, it aimed to compare these gains to those obtained from the reduction of the tariff escalation, which is being proposed under WTOs Doha Round. Tariff cuts were simulated and trade gains were quantified through Laird e Yeats (1986) modeling of partial equilibrium. The results indicated that Doha negotiations could reduce the tariff escalation currently applied over coffee and soybean chains in the selected markets. However, they are not enough to eliminate them, which would require larger tariff cuts. The increase in EU imports of coffee and soybean processed products from Brazil due to tariff escalation elimination could be 75.4% higher than considering only its reduction under Doha. In China, the tariff escalation elimination would also imply in larger volume of imports than those obtained from the tariff reduction under Doha: 27.4% more of meal, and nearly 100% and 107% of soybean oil, crude and refined, respectively. This paper additional goal was to identify the impacts of the Differential Exports Taxes DTE as a tool to counterbalance the negative impacts over soybean exporting countries of the tariff escalation applied by importing markets. To achieve this goal, national scenarios of export taxes were built up and added to the tariff escalation in the EU and China in order to obtain the impacts in terms of variation of the sectors processing margin. According to the results, due to the import tariffs, the processing margin in the importing markets has been expanded as follows: in US$ 4.89 per tonne (or 13%) in the EU and in US$ 14.46 (or 37%) in China, along of 2007 in average. Simulating the national taxation such as before Kandir law, the soybeans processing margin in Brasil could have been raised by US$ 5.74 (or 15%) in average along of the analyzed period. That expansion would have been enough to compensate the effects of the tariff escalation of the EU, but not the one applied by China. The DTE for soybeans in Argentina was also considered. For the analyzed period, the increase in the internal processing margin was not enough to totally offset China and EU tariff escalation effects. Nevertheless, the raise in the domestic processing margin contributed to benefit the exporters of processed products in Argentina in detriment of the Brazilians in the current situation. Considering that, in the soybean case, Argentina is Brazils main competitor and the country keeps a national taxation structure that favors the domestic processing industry in prejudice of Brazilian industry, it is important to consider the defense of DTE stricter rules internationally, besides the elimination of the tariff escalation in the importing markets.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’analyser une praxis, la mienne, au moyen des techniques de la praxéologie, en tentant ainsi de réaffirmer le bien-fondé de mon travail d’auteure au service de la foi. En effet, la rédaction de Saffia, femme de Smyrne, débutée après une quinzaine d’années de vie professionnelle active en tant qu’écrivaine, me laisse croire que ce roman historique et sa présentation sont des outils adaptés pour transmettre l’Évangile. Ma recherche débute par une présentation générale de l’œuvre de fiction Saffia, femme de Smyrne ainsi que des conférences qui en découlent. Je mettrai ensuite en mots l’observation du discours secondaire, composé des appréciations ou des impressions de lecteurs. Mon interprétation ou mon hypothèse surgiront de ma problématisation par la question praxéologique Pourquoi est-ce que je fais ce que je fais et seront formulées au moyen des cinq fonctions d’élaboration. La partie ayant trait à la transmission de l’Évangile sera évaluée par des lectures en théologie, qui mettent en exergue les études d’auteurs : Jean-Guy Nadeau, Pierre Vadeboncœur, et Norbert Greinacher tandis que celle référant aux sciences humaines sera étudiée au moyen des œuvres de spécialistes Gérard Delteil, Régis Debray, Félix Moser et Antoine Compagnon. Soutenue par ces différentes études, je serai en mesure de mieux définir ce que la fiction en général peut apporter à la transmission de l’Évangile en m’appuyant sur l’étude de la fiction en théologie faite par des auteurs comme Paul Ricœur et Joseph Moingt. Je conclurai par une réflexion sur le mode de transmission de Saffia, femme de Smyrne et, je l’espère, par une explication de la raison pour laquelle je continuerai à utiliser la fiction pour transmettre l’Évangile. Une courte nouvelle me permettra d’appliquer mon étude et ainsi d’ouvrir ma réflexion dans une praxis. / The objective of this dissertation is to analyze a praxis, mine, using praxeology techniques, in an attempt at reaffirming the validity of my work as an author serving faith. As a matter of fact, the writing of Saffia, femme de Smyrne, which started after about fifteen years of an active professional life as a writer, lead me to believe that this historical novel and its presentation are tools adapted for the transmission of the Gospel. My research begins with a general presentation of the work of fiction, Saffia, femme de Smyrne, as well as the ensuing conferences. I then put into words the observation of the secondary discourse composed of readers’ opinions or impressions. My interpretation and/or hypothesis arise from my problematisation defined by the praxeological question Why do I do what I do and through the five development functions. The part relating to the transmission of the Gospel is evaluated through readings in theology which highlight the studies of authors such as Jean-Guy Nadeau, Pierre Vadeboncœur, and Norbert Greinacher, while that referring to the social sciences is studied using works of specialists such as Gérard Delteil, Régis Debray, Félix Moser and Antoine Compagnon. Supported by these different studies, I am in a better position to define what fiction can bring to the transmission of the Gospel based on studies of fiction in theology by authors such as Paul Ricœur and Joseph Moingt. I conclude with a reflection on the transmission method of Saffia, femme de Smyrne and, I hope, with an explanation, namely, of why I continue using fiction to transmit the Gospel. A short story makes it possible for me to apply my study and, thereby, to open my reflection in a praxis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4567.pdf: 1896315 bytes, checksum: 549385fb0478b0c3c528741ff199781e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-29 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The present proposal is based on the assumption that verbal responding is an operant behavior established and maintained by reinforcement contingencies. Study 1 evaluated the effects of three different correspondence training methods on the maintenance of eleven children s accurate self-report. Doing consisted of reading aloud a written word presented on a computer s screen. Saying consisted of reporting on the accuracy of the textual response after the computer s automated feedback. Following report accuracy evaluation, participants were assigned to different correspondence training methods. Five children were exposed to Training A (continuous reinforcement), three to Training B (continuous and intermittent reinforcement plus instructions), and the remaining were exposed to Training C (continuous and intermittent reinforcement only). After training criteria was met, participants were re-exposed to report accuracy evaluation sessions. Follow-up sessions were then conducted 30 and 60 days later. All training methods were effective in maintaining accurate self-reports for eight participants. Low accuracy during initial sessions (report accuracy evaluation) seemed to predict low maintenance over time. Study 2 investigated the role of the audience (computer, experimenter, and peer) on children s self-report accuracy. Participants were six children who exhibited high do-say correspondence during report accuracy evaluation sessions. The Audience Test evaluated the frequency of accurate reports as a function of different audiences. Only the correct and accurate reports were followed by points. The amount of points required to obtain the high preferred item, however, was higher than the amount received during the session. At the end of each session, participants reported how many points they obtained. Self-report accuracy was evaluated in three conditions: while engaging in the task, while reporting to the audiences, and while choosing the item. Five out of six participants self-report accuracy decreased in at least one of the three conditions as a function of the different audience s presence. After correspondence training was conducted, previous do-say correspondence levels were recovered. Audience seemed to be a relevant controlling variable on children s self-report accuracy since the presence of different audiences controlled different patterns of correspondence. Study 3 investigated the effects of errors on six children s self-report accuracy as a function of the nature of the task (academic and nonacademic), and verified generalization of a do-say correspondence training across tasks. Doing consisted of reading aloud written words, playing a computer game, announcing the result of mathematical operations, and naming different auditory or visual stimuli related to music. During baseline, the frequency of corresponding reports was evaluated as a function of the different tasks presented. Correspondence training was conducted, initially, only to the task in which participants exhibited the lowest levels of accuracy. After training criteria was met, generalized dosay correspondence of untrained tasks was then tested. Academic tasks produced the lowest levels of correspondence during baseline sessions. Four out of six children exhibited generalized say-do correspondence after the first correspondence training employed and the remaining, after a second training was conducted. Results indicated do-say correspondence as a generalized operant behavior. / O presente estudo apóia-se na suposição de que o responder verbal é um comportamento operante estabelecido e mantido por contingências de reforçamento. O Estudo 1 avaliou os efeitos de três diferentes treinos de correspondência na manutenção de relatos acurados de onze crianças. Fazer consistiu em ler em voz alta uma palavra apresentada na tela do computador. Dizer consistiu em relatar sobre a acurácia da resposta textual após o feedback do computador. Após a Avaliação da Correspondência do Relato (ACR), os participantes foram distribuídos entre os tipos de treino. Cinco foram expostos ao Treino A (reforçamento contínuo), três ao Treino B (reforçamento contínuo e intermitente com instruções) e os restantes foram expostos ao Treino C (apenas reforçamento contínuo e intermitente). Depois de atingido o critério de treino, os participantes foram novamente expostos a sessões de ACR. Sessões de follow up foram conduzidas 30 e 60 dias após o término do experimento. Todos os tipos de treino foram eficazes em manter relatos correspondentes para oito participantes. Baixos níveis de acurácia durante as sessões iniciais (ACR) pareceram predizer baixos níveis de manutenção ao longo do tempo. O Estudo 2 investigou o papel da audiência (computador, experimentador e colega) sobre a acurácia do relato de crianças. Os participantes foram seis crianças que apresentaram altos níveis de correspondência fazer-dizer durante as sessões de ACR. O teste de audiência avaliou a frequência de relatos acurados em função das diferentes audiências. Apenas os relatos correspondentes de acerto receberam pontos nesta fase. O total de pontos requerido para obter os itens de maior preferência era, entretanto, maior que o total recebido durante a sessão. Ao final de cada sessão, os participantes relatavam quantos pontos obtiveram. A acurácia do relato foi avaliada em três condições: durante a execução da tarefa, durante o relato para a audiência e durante a escolha do brinde. A acurácia do relato de cinco dos seis participantes diminuiu, em pelo menos uma das três condições, em função da presença das diferentes audiências. Depois que o treino de correspondência foi conduzido, os níveis prévios de correspondência fazer-dizer foram restabelecidos. A audiência pareceu ser variável relevante no controle da acurácia do relato de crianças dado que a presença de diferentes audiências controlou diferentes padrões de correspondência. O Estudo 3 investigou os efeitos do erro na acurácia do relato de seis crianças em função da natureza da tarefa (acadêmica ou não acadêmica) e verificou a generalização do treino de correspondência fazer-dizer entre tarefas. Fazer consistiu em ler palavras escritas, jogar um jogo computadorizado, enunciar o resultado de operações matemáticas e nomear diferentes estímulos visuais ou aditivos relacionados à música. Durante a linha de base, a frequência de relatos correspondentes foi avaliada em função das diferentes tarefas. O treino de correspondência foi conduzido, inicialmente, apenas para a tarefa na qual os participantes apresentaram os menores níveis de acurácia. Depois de atingido o critério do treino, a generalização da correspondência para as tarefas não treinadas foi testada. As tarefas acadêmicas produziram os menores níveis de correspondência durante as sessões de linha de base. Quatro dos seis participantes exibiram generalização da correspondência após um primeiro treino de correspondência e os participantes restantes, após o segundo treino. Os resultados parecem indicar a correspondência fazer-dizer como comportamento operante generalizado.