Orientador: Manoel Luiz Gonçalves Corrêa / Banca: Maria Augusta Bastos de Mattos / Banca: Arnaldo Franco Júnior / Resumo: Este trabalho estuda o verbo "dizer" como explicitador de atos de fala em notícias de jornal. No meio jornalístico, defende-se comumente que o verbo "dizer" utilizado na classificação de falas de entrevistados na notícia é, em grande medida, neutro, ou seja, não sinaliza - ou sinaliza muito pouco - uma interpretação dessas falas ao classificá-las. A discussão empreendida por este trabalho parte da consideração do verbo "dizer" como constituinte do procedimento de integração do discurso citado no discurso citante. Questionase, pois, a neutralidade do verbo "dizer", mais pela abordagem lingüística da relação entre discurso citado/discurso citante do que pela discussão, já bastante conhecida, da neutralidade da prática jornalística. Para este estudo, foi utilizada a teoria dos atos de fala, de Austin, que defende que o sentido não está apenas nas palavras (no verbo, no caso), mas também nas circunstâncias que envolvem o seu uso. No que se refere às circunstâncias propriamente lingüísticas de integração desse verbo no processo de citação, foram utilizadas as noções de dialogia, de discurso de outrem e de gêneros do discurso (Bakhtin); de heterogeneidade(s) enunciativa(s) (Authier-Revuz) e de comentário (Foucault), por meio das quais procurou-se entender a complexidade enunciativa das formas de citação, que inclui as relações entre: discurso citado/discurso citante; fala do jornalista/fala da fonte (um entrevistado ou uma fonte de natureza institucional) citadas em discurso direto ou indireto, resultando num compósito de vozes; formas de citação/gênero "notícia"; formas clássicas de citação/comentário (este último aparecendo também como forma de citação, já que é um modo de redizer o discurso de outrem, que, além de o reformular, busca legitimar uma interpretação para ele)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work studies the verb "to say" as a specifier of speaking acts in the news of a newspaper. In the journalistic means, it is commonly defended that the verb "to say" used to classifify the lines of interviewed people in the news is, "in a great measure", "neutral", or in other words, it doesnþt signal - or it signals very little - an interpretation of these lines when classifying them. The discussion undertaken by this work starts from the consideration of the verb "to say" as constituent of the integragion procedure of the speech cited in the citing speech. Therefore, it is questioned the "neutrality" of the verb "to say", more from the linguistic approach of the relation between cited/citing speech than from the discussion of the "neutrality" of the journalistic practice, already sufficiently known. For this study, the theory of the acts of speeches, of Austin, has been used and it defends that the meaning is not only in the words (in the verbal form, in this case), but also in the circumstances that involve its use. As for the properly linguistic circumstances of integration of this verb in the citation process, the cognition of "dialogia", of other people speech and of sorts of the speech (Bakhtin); of enunciative heterogeneity(ies) (Authier-Revuz) and of commentary (Foucault) had been used, through which they tried to understand the enunciative complexity of the citation forms, that includes the relations between: cited/citing speech; the jornalist line/the source line (one interviewed or one source of institucional nature) cited in direct or indirect speech, resulting in a "compósitorio" of voices; citation/sort of news forms; classic forms of citation/comentary (this last one also appearing as citation form, since it is a way of retelling the speech of someone else, that searches to legitimize an interpretation for it beyond reformulating it)... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho tem o objetivo geral de articular a descriÃÃo das marcas modais deÃnticas e epistÃmicas à produÃÃo de efeitos de sentidos no gÃnero discursivo webcomentÃrio. A pesquisa parte da escassez de estudos concernentes ao gÃnero webcomentÃrio e principalmente de pesquisas acerca da modalizaÃÃo no continuum virtual de linguagem. O problema central da pesquisa se concentra em investigar qual à o principal tipo de modalidade e quais as marcas de expressÃo modais mais usadas como estratÃgias argumentativo-persuasivas encontradas pelos leitores do webjornal O Povo (www.opovo.br) para produzirem os propÃsitos comunicativos de crÃtica, denÃncia, elogio e sugestÃo. Para tanto, usamos os corpora: um corpus de amostras textuais constituÃdo por 155 webcomentÃrios publicados entre junho e dezembro de 2011 e janeiro a marÃo de 2012, pertencentes a cinco temas especÃficos: PolÃtica, Economia, Cultura, Esportes e ViolÃncia Urbana, e um corpus de ocorrÃncias de expressÃes modalizadoras em seus respectivos contextos, nos webcomentÃrios, totalizando 200 ocorrÃncias. As ocorrÃncias foram analisadas tendo em vista nove categorias: i) tipo de modalidade, ii) propÃsito comunicativo, iii) tema, iv) modos de expressÃo das modalidades deÃntica e epistÃmica, v) valores deÃnticos, vi) tipo de fonte deÃntica, vii) tipo de alvo deÃntico, viii) valor epistÃmico e ix) natureza epistÃmica. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o tema PolÃtica alcanÃou o maior nÃmero de webcomentÃrios (79,5%) e que a modalidade epistÃmica apresentou maior nÃmero de manifestaÃÃes (55%), entre as quais predominou a asserÃÃo irrealis (60%), seguida da realis (36,4%). Jà em relaÃÃo à modalidade deÃntica (45%), apresentou como valor deÃntico predominante a permissÃo (51,2%), seguido de obrigaÃÃo (46,6%). Nesse sentido, âmodalizarâ significou ârelativizarâ em um gÃnero de natureza democrÃtica e interativa. A pesquisa indica que hà relaÃÃo direta entre os efeitos de sentido pretendidos pelo sujeito enunciador com a escolha das marcas modais e de qual modalidade serà adotada para a construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo. Parece-nos, portanto, que, como sujeitos bakhtinianos, os enunciadores sÃo conscientes de suas escolhas linguÃsticas, mesmo que nÃo as descreva metalinguisticamente no ato da redaÃÃo digital dos webcomentÃrios. / This paper aims to articulate a general description of epistemic and deontic modal marks the production of meaning effects on speech genre webcomentÃrio. The research part of the paucity of studies pertaining to gender and webcomentÃrio mainly research about modalization in virtual continuum of language. The central problem of research focuses on investigating what is the main type of modality and which brands most commonly used modes of expression as argumentative-persuasive strategies found by the readers of The People webnewspaper (www.opovo.br) to produce the communicative purposes of criticism, complaint, compliment or suggestion. For this, we use corpora: a corpus of textual samples consisting of 155 webcomentÃrios published between June and December 2011 and January-March 2012, belonging to five specific topics: Politics, Economics, Culture, Sports and Urban Violence, and a corpus modalizadoras of occurrences of expressions in their respective contexts, in webcomentÃrios, totaling 200 events. The events were analyzed with a view nine categories: i) type of modality, ii) communicative purpose, iii) issue, iv) modes of expression of deontic and epistemic modalities, v) values deÃnticos, vi) font deontic, vii) type of target deontic, viii) epistemic value and ix) epistemic nature. The survey results indicate that the subject policy achieved the highest number of webcomentÃrios (79.5%) and the epistemic modality showed higher number of events (55%), including the assertion irrealis predominated (60%), followed by realis (36.4%). Regarding the deontic modality (45%), presented as the predominant value deontic permission (51.2%), followed by requirement (46.6%). In this sense, "modalizing" meant "relativize" a genre in the democratic and interactive. The research indicates that there is a direct relationship between the effects of meaning intended by the subject enunciator with modal choice of brands and which modality will be adopted for the construction of argumentation. It seems therefore that, as subjects Bakhtin, the enunciators are aware of their linguistic choices, even if they do not describe the act of writing metalinguistically digital webcomentÃrios.

A escalada tarifária, isto é, o emprego de tarifas de importação crescentes conforme o grau de processamento de um produto estimula a importação de produtos primários em detrimento dos processados nos mercados importadores que a exercem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar os ganhos ao Brasil da eliminação da escalada tarifária em produtos do café na UE, e da soja na China e na UE, e comparar com a redução da escalada proposta na Rodada Doha da OMC. Foram simuladas reduções tarifárias e quantificados os impactos comerciais através da modelagem de equilíbrio parcial segundo Laird e Yeats (1986). Pelos resultados, as negociações sob Doha podem reduzir a escalada tarifária incidente sobre os produtos analisados, no entanto, sem a eliminar, o que requereria maiores cortes nas tarifas de importação. Os impactos comerciais, que se mostraram mais expressivos na simulação de eliminação da escalada tarifária do que na de redução sob Doha, indicaram favorecimento das exportações brasileiras de produtos processados, relativamente às de primários. Na UE, o aumento no valor das importações dos produtos brasileiros processados do café e da soja seria 75,4% maior com a eliminação da escalada tarifária do que com a redução conforme Doha. Na China, a possibilidade de eliminação da escalada tarifária também acarretaria em resultados mais expressivos que os obtidos pela redução: 27,4% a mais de farelo, e cerca de 100% e 107% no caso do óleo de soja em bruto e refinado, respectivamente. O objetivo complementar desse trabalho foi verificar os impactos do Diferencial Tributário de Exportação como instrumento para compensar os desestímulos ao processamento doméstico de produtos da soja resultantes da escalada tarifária nos mercados importadores. Assim, foram construídos cenários nacionais de tributação combinados com a aplicação de escalada tarifária nos mercados da UE e da China para verificar os impactos em termos de variação na margem de esmagamento do setor. Pelos resultados, a margem de esmagamento da soja esteve ampliada nos mercados importadores devido às tarifas de importação em: US$ 4,89 por tonelada (ou em 13%) na UE e US$ 14,46 (ou em 37%) na China, em média, em 2007. Na simulação de manutenção da taxação nacional como antes da Lei Kandir, a margem de esmagamento no Brasil poderia ter sido elevada em média em US$ 5,74 (ou 15%) durante o período analisado. Esse aumento teria sido suficiente para contrapor os efeitos da escalada tarifária da UE, mas não da China. O DTE argentino também foi considerado. No período analisado, o aumento da margem interna de esmagamento não se mostrou suficiente para contrabalançar totalmente os efeitos da escalada tarifária da China e da UE. Ainda assim, o aumento de margem proporcionado pôde favorecer o exportador argentino de produtos processados em detrimento do brasileiro na situação corrente. Considerando que, no caso da soja, a Argentina consiste no principal concorrente do Brasil e mantém uma política tributária que favorece a indústria doméstica de processamento em detrimento dos competidores, cabe a defesa do disciplinamento do DTE internacionalmente, além da eliminação da escalada tarifária nos mercados importadores. / Tariff escalation, which is the use of import tariffs that grow according to the processing level of a product, stimulates the imports of primary commodities rather than processed products in importing markets that apply this tool. This papers goal was to measure the gains to Brazil of the elimination of the tariff escalation in coffee products in EU, and soybean products in China and EU. In addition, it aimed to compare these gains to those obtained from the reduction of the tariff escalation, which is being proposed under WTOs Doha Round. Tariff cuts were simulated and trade gains were quantified through Laird e Yeats (1986) modeling of partial equilibrium. The results indicated that Doha negotiations could reduce the tariff escalation currently applied over coffee and soybean chains in the selected markets. However, they are not enough to eliminate them, which would require larger tariff cuts. The increase in EU imports of coffee and soybean processed products from Brazil due to tariff escalation elimination could be 75.4% higher than considering only its reduction under Doha. In China, the tariff escalation elimination would also imply in larger volume of imports than those obtained from the tariff reduction under Doha: 27.4% more of meal, and nearly 100% and 107% of soybean oil, crude and refined, respectively. This paper additional goal was to identify the impacts of the Differential Exports Taxes DTE as a tool to counterbalance the negative impacts over soybean exporting countries of the tariff escalation applied by importing markets. To achieve this goal, national scenarios of export taxes were built up and added to the tariff escalation in the EU and China in order to obtain the impacts in terms of variation of the sectors processing margin. According to the results, due to the import tariffs, the processing margin in the importing markets has been expanded as follows: in US$ 4.89 per tonne (or 13%) in the EU and in US$ 14.46 (or 37%) in China, along of 2007 in average. Simulating the national taxation such as before Kandir law, the soybeans processing margin in Brasil could have been raised by US$ 5.74 (or 15%) in average along of the analyzed period. That expansion would have been enough to compensate the effects of the tariff escalation of the EU, but not the one applied by China. The DTE for soybeans in Argentina was also considered. For the analyzed period, the increase in the internal processing margin was not enough to totally offset China and EU tariff escalation effects. Nevertheless, the raise in the domestic processing margin contributed to benefit the exporters of processed products in Argentina in detriment of the Brazilians in the current situation. Considering that, in the soybean case, Argentina is Brazils main competitor and the country keeps a national taxation structure that favors the domestic processing industry in prejudice of Brazilian industry, it is important to consider the defense of DTE stricter rules internationally, besides the elimination of the tariff escalation in the importing markets.

Calls to protect Black women have garnered national attention, drawing attention to the axes of racialized and gendered violence that are central to this dissertation project: the intersecting mis/recognition of Black women’s vulnerability and affect within and outside of their own racial communities constrains their possibilities to seek repair and justice for harm. Baltimore community members used social media platforms to call attention to gendered violence, joining movements like Kimberlé Crenshaw’s #SayHerName and Tarana Burke’s #MeToo Movement to address the erasure of violent experiences of Black women and girls; yet the mis/recognition of their affective experiences persists through the societal focus on Black male vulnerability. Through careful ethnographic study with Baltimorean anti-gendered violence activists, Black gendered violence survivors, and Black community healers, this dissertation analyzes how these women and non-binary people mobilize emotions to construct memorial spaces, community-based movements, and their own lives in the midst of pervasive state and interpersonal violence. I investigate the affective and political processes of Black urban place-making, self-making, and memorialization to answer: How do Black women define their own subjectivity at the intersections of antiblack and gendered violence? How does their political mobilization of emotions such as fear and grief transform gendered and racialized understandings of affect? To answer these questions, I use a Black feminist care practice to examine the themes of haunting, violence, home, and care and to conceptualize new analytic tools for writing about violence against Black women. The first chapter of my dissertation undertakes a Black feminist reading of ethnographic interview data, Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), and Gayl Jones’s Corregidora (1975), examining themes of reproduction, violence, and slavery’s afterlife that ripple from the novels’ pages to my and my interlocutors’ lives. I locate the haunting inside and outside of the Black female body, and I discuss the particular way that Black trans life illuminates that haunting. In my second chapter, I explore the (im)possibility of gendered Black affect through a Black feminist mapping of the myriad practices Black people use to create home as a transitory, affective, symbolic, and metamorphic place. This chapter employs autoethnography and interlocutor photographs of emotional sites as analytical and methodological tools to answer its driving questions. The third chapter discusses Black gendered memorialization practices for victims of state-sanctioned and interpersonal violence. I develop my conceptualization of imagined (after)life and self power using ethnographic and archival data, using the aftermath of Korryn Gaines’s and Breonna Taylor’s state-sanctioned murders as primary texts. The fourth and final chapter of my dissertation focuses on Black anti-gendered violence activism and its challenges and failures in Baltimore. By examining the lived experiences of Black activist-organizers, I highlight the complexities inherent in the pursuit of Black liberation. Using a Black feminist abolitionist framework, I analyze photographs, art, and poetry from local artist-activists to illustrate how (after)lives of interpersonal violence survivors can be made radical. My analysis of the affective experiences of Black women and nonbinary people in Baltimore and the gendered politics of grievability in Black anti-violence movements ultimately demonstrates how these movements re-entrench white supremacist patriarchal norms that undermine the pursuit of Black liberation. Thus, we must turn to Black feminist abolitionist praxis to achieve liberation for all Black people.

The PhD thesis deals with the issue of remuneration of executive bodies' members and other executives of joint stock companies in the Czech Republic and on the international level. This issue is a key area of corporate governance and constitutes an ever current and debated topic. The main research intent of this thesis is an analysis of the development and current shape of regulation in the area of executive remuneration and a related assessment of the regulation` influence on the practice in this area in joint stock companies in the Czech Republic and internationally. Attention is focused on both private and public (listed) companies. The thesis presents the results of the doctrinal and normative research led within the framework of the specific research questions set by the author within the defined research intent. The thesis focuses in detail especially on the question of effectiveness of the post-crisis regulation of remuneration on the global scale, on the interpretation of the regulation of remuneration of executive bodies' members in joint stock companies in the Czech Business Corporations Act and on the proper future shape of Czech rules of corporate governance for listed joint stock companies.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2017-11-23T13:46:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLEITON ANTONIO DA SILVA MALTA.pdf: 1814270 bytes, checksum: 5217cb7e85d74469bd4963fceb0719b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2017-11-23T13:46:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CLEITON ANTONIO DA SILVA MALTA.pdf: 1814270 bytes, checksum: 5217cb7e85d74469bd4963fceb0719b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Cristina Ropero (ana@espm.br) on 2017-12-01T11:21:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CLEITON ANTONIO DA SILVA MALTA.pdf: 1814270 bytes, checksum: 5217cb7e85d74469bd4963fceb0719b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T11:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLEITON ANTONIO DA SILVA MALTA.pdf: 1814270 bytes, checksum: 5217cb7e85d74469bd4963fceb0719b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / Consumers are driven by decisions that transcend the materiality of the products and services they consume. In a superficial analysis, there is a risk of translating consumer behavior only through its standard response or stated opinions, which may at first not fully reveal the complexity and fullness of its actual behavior. The purpose of this study is to identify the convergences or divergences between the "say" of the consumers, as opposed to their actual behavior in fueling in practice. In addition, it was possible to understand in depth the factors considered, according to the consumers, to the choice of fuel stations and in establishing the correlation of the say-do, it is possible to interpret about the facts perspective, the real relevance of the factors initially declared. Based on these considerations and given the complexity of the theme, a mixed approach was used for the project research, characterized as a sequential exploratory project, which is based on the Qualitative and quantitative methodology research. The data were obtained by in-depth interviews, structured questionnaires and an application (app) developed for the purposes of this study. The results of the study showed a mismatch between the say-do consumers' on the choice of gas stations brands. The inputs and discussions may serve as a basis for future research in different categories and may instigate the reflection about the needs for new tools applied to marketing that allow to evaluate the intention and behavior of the consumer beyond declared discourse. / Os consumidores são movidos por decisões, que transcendem a materialidade dos produtos e serviços que consomem. Analisando superficialmente, há um risco de traduzirmos o comportamento do consumidor apenas através da sua resposta – padrão ou opiniões declaradas, que podem em um primeiro instante não revelar completamente a complexidade e plenitude do seu comportamento real. Este estudo apresenta como objetivo, identificar as convergências ou divergências entre o dizer dos consumidores de postos de combustíveis, em contraponto com o seu comportamento real no ato de abastecer na prática, o seu fazer. Além disso, entendeu-se em maior profundidade os fatores considerados, segundo o dizer dos consumidores, para a escolha de postos de combustíveis, e ao estabelecer a correlação do dizer-fazer, pode-se interpretar á luz dos fatos a real relevância dos fatores inicialmente declarados. Partindo dessas considerações e atribuído a complexidade do tema, para a pesquisa do projeto, foi utilizada uma abordagem mista, caracterizada como um projeto exploratório sequencial, que se baseia na metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa. Foram empregados para obtenção dos dados, entrevistas em profundidade, questionários estruturados e aplicativo desenvolvido para fins deste trabalho. Os resultados do estudo mostraram uma não correspondência entre o dizer-fazer do consumidor, para a escolha de marcas para abastecimento em postos de combustíveis. Os insumos e discussões poderão servir como base para futuras pesquisas, em diferentes categorias, e poderão instigar a reflexão sobre a necessidade de novas ferramentas aplicadas ao marketing, que permitam considerar com a finalidade de avaliar a intenção e comportamento do consumidor, não somente as declarações ou o dizer dos indivíduos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Ceneviva Macchione.pdf: 574461 bytes, checksum: baab3de17acd1d0c877ec805b1b1e4c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The expression correspondence between verbal and nonverbal behavior has been used to refer to the accuracy with which the individual reports what he did. Several studies have been conducted in this area, observing precisely the discriminative stimulus that should control the verbal response to later compare it with the verbal report. The present research aimed to investigate whether the manipulation of contingencies can affect the correspondence between doing and saying in a natural situation involving academic tasks; whether there is a relationship between the correction of the task made by the child and his or her history of success or error; and if the fact that the reporting behavior of the children occurs in a group affects the correspondence. To meet this objective, the children did exercises in the classroom given by the teacher and then, in another room, did the correction with the experimenter, who wrote the correct answers on the board where each child had to correct (mark right or wrong) their own exercise. After this correction, the child reported to the experimenter if he or she made the exercises correctly or not. Depending on the phase of the study, the child received tokens exchangeable for adhesives. In the Individual Baseline and Group Baseline phases, no contingency was planned for the reports; in the Group Reinforcement of the Correspondence and Individual Reinforcement of Correspondence, all correspondent reports were reinforced. Besides those, there was a Non-contingent Reinforcement session, in which the children won all the tokens and exchanged for the stickers before they started the report. During Individual Baseline sessions, it was observed that, in general, the number of correspondent reports was much greater than the non-correspondent reports, despite the significant number of the latter. Comparing this result to the group sessions, it can be observed that the number of error reports diminished substantially, increasing the number of non-correspondent reports of being right. For most participants, it was not possible to reverse the number of non-correspondent reports in the Reinforcement of Correspondence phases. The data from this research indicate that, in general, the different arrangements of reinforcement contingencies presented by the researcher were less effective in controlling the report than the contingencies involved in the groups in which the reports were made. Only a few participants seem to have been less affected by the presence of colleagues and more by the contingencies arranged by the experimenter. Moreover, when the participants were exposed to different experimental conditions, they had not only their report about academic tasks affected but also the corrections made by them / A expressão correspondência entre comportamento verbal e não verbal tem sido utilizada para se referir à acurácia com que o indivíduo relata o que fez. Diversos estudos nessa área têm sido realizados, observando-se precisamente o estímulo discriminativo que deveria controlar a resposta verbal para, posteriormente, compará-lo com o relato verbal. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar se a manipulação de contingências pode afetar a correspondência fazer-dizer em uma situação natural, envolvendo tarefas acadêmicas; se há relação entre a correção da tarefa, feita pela criança, e seu relato de acerto ou de erro; e se o fato de o comportamento de relatar das crianças ocorrer em grupo afeta a correspondência. Para atender a tal objetivo, as crianças realizavam exercícios em sala de aula, passados pela professora, e, em seguida, numa outra sala, faziam a correção dos mesmos com a experimentadora esta escrevia na lousa as respostas corretas e cada criança corrigia (marcava certo ou errado) seu próprio exercício. Terminada a correção, a criança relatava à experimentadora se havia acertado ou errado cada um dos exercícios. Dependendo da fase do estudo, a criança recebia fichas trocáveis por adesivos, segundo diferentes critérios. Foram realizadas fases de Linha de Base Individual e de Linha de Base em Grupo, em que nenhuma contingência foi planejada para os relatos; fases de Reforçamento da Correspondência em Grupo e de Reforçamento da Correspondência Individual, em que todos os relatos emitidos de forma correspondente foram reforçados; e uma sessão de Reforçamento Não Contingente, na qual as crianças ganharam todas as fichas e as trocaram por adesivos antes de iniciar o relato. Durante as sessões de linha de base individual, foi possível observar que, de maneira geral, o número de relatos correspondentes foi muito maior que o de relatos não correspondentes, apesar do número expressivo destes últimos. Se comparado esse resultado ao das sessões de grupo, observa-se que o número de relatos de erro diminui substancialmente, aumentando o número de relatos de acerto não correspondentes. Para grande parte dos participantes, não foi possível reverter o número de relatos não correspondentes nas fases de Reforçamento da Correspondência. Os dados obtidos neste estudo apontam que, de modo geral, os diferentes arranjos de contingências de reforçamento dispostos pela experimentadora foram menos efetivos no controle do comportamento de relatar das crianças do que as contingências dispostas pelos grupos em que os relatos foram feitos. Apenas alguns poucos participantes parecem ter sido menos afetados pela presença dos colegas e mais pelas contingências programadas pela experimentadora. Além disso, quando os participantes foram expostos a diferentes condições experimentais tiveram não só o seu relato sobre tarefas acadêmicas afetado, como também as correções feitas por eles mesmos

This dissertation comprises four chapters, which mainly deal with female's participation in household decision-making, a very important aspect of female's bargaining power within the household and closely linked to female's empowerment. The first three chapters, which all deal with female's participation in household decision-making, are two sides of the same coin, in that while the first one delves into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, the second and third chapters deal with its beneficial consequences. The fourth chapter is linked with Chapter 1. As a matter of fact, the data used in Chapter 1 has been collected in Rural Burundi, in the framework of the FNRS/FRFC-funded project “Microfinance Services, Intra-household Behavior and Welfare in Developing Countries: A Longitudinal and Experimental Approach”, which funded my PhD scholarship. In 2012, the project funded data collection in Rural Burundi. In respect to the experimental component of the project, these are baseline data. The 2012 household survey targeted a sample of rural households that have been interviewed in 1998 and 2007. This is where the longitudinal design of the project comes into play. Independently from the experimental research, the longitudinal nature of the data, that is to say three waves of data (1998, 2007 and 2012), had the advantage of allowing panel analysis of interesting and relevant issues in development, including for example the long-term welfare effects of shocks at either individual or household levels.In Chapter 1, entitled “The Power of The Family: kinship and Intra-household Decision-making in Rural Burundi” and co-authored with Bram De Rock and Philip Verwimp, we delve into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, by laying a particular emphasis on the role of female's kinship. We show that in rural Burundi the characteristics of the female's kinship are highly correlated with her decision-making power. First, a female whose own immediate family is at least as rich as her husband's counterpart enjoys a greater say over children- and asset-related decision-making. Second, the size, relative wealth and proximity of the extended family also matter. Third, kinship characteristics prove to be more important than (standard) individual and household characteristics. Finally, we also show that the female's say over asset-related decision-making is positively associated with males' education, more than with female's education per se. All these correlation patterns can inform policies aiming at empowering women or targeting children through women's empowerment.In Chapter 2, entitled “The Returns of I Do: Multifaceted Female Decision-making and Agricultural Yields in Tanzania?”, I use the third round of the Tanzanian National Panel Survey to investigate the effect of multifaceted female's empowerment in agriculture on agricultural yields. The classic approach in the empirical literature on gender gap in agriculture includes the gender of the plot's owner/manager as the covariate of interest and interprets the associated coefficient estimate as the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Unlike this classic approach in the analysis of productivity differentials, my approach lays emphasis on the overlapping and interaction effects of manifold aspects of female's empowerment in agriculture, including female plot's ownership, female plot's management and female output's control. I find significant productivity gaps, which the classic empirical approach does not bring out in the same context. As compared to plots (solely) owned, managed and controlled by male, (i) plots merely owned by female and (ii) those owned & managed (but not controlled) by female are less productive, but those owned, managed & controlled by female are not. Furthermore, the latter are the more productive among plots at least owned by female. All these productivity gaps are predominantly explained by the structural effect, that is differences in productivity returns to observable production factors. Our findings are robust along a number of dimensions and suggest that female's management and control rights are of prime importance. Therefore, female plot's owners should be entitled the rights to manage their plot and, subsequently and most importantly, the rights to control the (agricultural) output of their work, for their productivity to be enhanced and the gender gap in agriculture to be closed. In Chapter 3, entitled “Say On Income and Children's Outcomes: Evidence from Nigeria”, I delve into the effect of female bargaining power on child education and labor outcomes in Nigeria. Female bargaining power is proxied by “female say on labor income”, rather than by her income per se. This is motivated by the fact the female labor force participation might be low in some contexts, while control over income is by all means what matters the most. The empirical methodology accounts for a number of empirical issues, including endogeneity and sample selection issues of female say on labor income, the multi-equation and mixed process features of the child outcomes, as well as the fact that hours of work are left-censored. My findings are consistent with the overall idea that female say on income leads to better child outcomes, rather than female income earning per se. Nevertheless, the type of income under female control, child gender and child outcome matter. Chapter 4, entitled “Violence Exposure and Welfare Over Time: Evidence From The Burundi Civil War” and co-authored with Marion Mercier and Philip Verwimp, investigates the relationship between exposure to conflict and poverty dynamics over time. We use a three-wave panel data from Burundi, which tracked individuals and reported local-level violence exposure in 1998, 2007 and 2012. Firstly, the data reveal that headcount poverty has not changed since 1998 while we observe multiple transitions into and out of poverty. Moreover, households exposed to the war exhibit a lower level of welfare than non-exposed households, with the difference between the two groups predicted to remain significant at least until 2017, i.e. twelve years after the conflict termination. The correlation between violence exposure and deprivation over time is confirmed in a household-level panel setting. Secondly, our empirical investigation shows how violence exposure over different time spans interacts with households' subsequent welfare. Our analysis of the determinants of households' likelihood to switch poverty status (i.e. to fall into poverty or escape poverty) combined with quintile regressions suggest that, (i) exposure during the first phase of the conflict has affected the entire distribution, and (ii) exposure during the second phase of the conflict has mostly affected the upper tail of the distribution: initially non-poor households have a higher propensity to fall into poverty while initially poor households see their propensity to pull through only slightly decrease with recent exposure to violence. Although not directly testable with the data at hand, these results are consistent with the changing nature of violence in the course of the Burundi civil war, from relatively more labor-destructive to relatively more capital-destructive. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Trois types de mariage (africain, civil, chrétien), trois célébrations (en famille, à la mairie, à l’Église), trois officiants différents (anciens des familles de futurs mariés, officier de l’État civil, prêtre), trois consentements (en famille, à la mairie, à l’Église), trois droits (coutumier, civil, canonique), deux registres (à la mairie, à l’Église), trois types de dépenses financières (en famille, à la mairie, à l’Église), trois enquêtes prénuptiales (en famille, à la mairie, à l’Église) pour une même personne baptisée catholique africaine pour être reconnue comme mariée par l’Église catholique. Cela semble trop demander pour une action réputée libre par excellence. La personne baptisée est exclue, temporairement ou définitivement, de l’accès aux autres sacrements ou de certains services paroissiaux, dès l’instant où elle célèbre le mariage africain, considéré comme un péché public et comme du concubinage, depuis le début de l’évangélisation de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Seule la célébration du mariage chrétien lui permet de se réconcilier avec Dieu et avec l’Église. Préoccupé par cette situation, l’épiscopat africain appela, au Synode de 1994, à des recherches approfondies, pouvant permettre d’éviter la superposition des trois types de mariage et émit le vœu d’en avoir qu’un. Jusqu’aujourd’hui, les solutions initiées n’y ont jamais remédié. Basées sur les conditions de fond et de forme, les célébrations du mariage religieux au Québec et du mariage africain en République démocratique du Congo produisent des effets civils. Notre étude s’en est inspirée pour proposer une compréhension du mariage fondée sur la théologie baptismale qui incorpore la personne à l’Église, la régénère en enfant de Dieu et la configure au Christ, par un caractère indélébile. Par ce caractère juridique baptismal, la célébration du mariage africain produirait des effets religieux, ce qui ne rendrait plus nécessaire la célébration du mariage dit « chrétien » pour des baptisés catholiques africains. Pour une mise en œuvre réussie de cette perspective, nous considérons indispensable la contribution du pouvoir civil. / Three types of marriage (African, civil, Christian), three celebrations (in family, at the town hall, the Church), three different officiants (old of the families of future grooms, registrar, priest), three consents (in family, at the town hall, the Church), three rights (usual, civil, canonical), two registers (with the town hall, the Church), three types of financial expenditure (in family, with the town hall, the Church), three premarital investigations (in family, at the town hall, the Church) for the same African catholic person baptized to be recognized as married by Catholic church. That seems too much to require for an action considered free par excellence. The baptized person is excluded, temporarily or definitively, of the access to the other sacraments or certain parochial services, as of the moment when it celebrates the African marriage, considered a public sin and as cohabitation, since the beginning of the evangelization of sub-Saharan Africa. Only the celebration of the Christian marriage enables him to be reconciled with God and the Church. Worried by this situation, the African episcopate called, with the Synod of 1994, with deepened research, being able to allow to avoid the superposition of the three types of marriage and expressed the wish to have some that one. Until today, the initiated solutions never cured it. Based on the basic conditions and of form, the celebrations of the church wedding in Quebec and the African marriage in democratic Republic of Congo produce civil effects. Our study was inspired some to propose a comprehension of the marriage based on the baptismal theology which incorporates the person in the Church, regenerates it as a child of God and configures it with Christ, by an indelible character. By this baptismal character legal, the celebration of the African marriage would produce religious effects, which would not make necessary the celebration of the marriage says “Christian” for baptized catholic African. For an implementation successful of this prospect, we consider essential the contribution of the civil capacity.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T11:12:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1437906 bytes, checksum: eda3008d89c5938770d382037e2f6809 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T11:12:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1437906 bytes, checksum: eda3008d89c5938770d382037e2f6809 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This thesis analyzes often verbally functioning based expressions ou seja (that is) and quer dizer (that is to say) which introduce appositive constructions, present in op-eds in weekly periodicals belonging to Brazilian journalistic realm (VEJA, ISTOÉ, ÉPOCA) in 2012. Despite the fact that the labels attributed to such grammatical forms in current literature are varied, they are at first denominated conectores (connectors) in this thesis (GONÇALVES et al., 2007), as they connect the two units which compose the appositive construction – base and appositive units. They are later referred to as marcadores (markers) (MARTELOTTA; VOTRE; CEZÁRIO, 1996) as they sign reformulations carried out by text speaker/author. In order to carry out the research, interdisciplinary theoretical reference was Functional Linguistics, whose investigations are grounded in conceptual fundamentals of apposition and appositive constructions description in journalistic texts, allied to Textual Linguistics, which, through semantic relations study, helps to make a discursive connectors/markers’ profile. In this investigation, our main objective is to describe appositive constructions behavior spearheaded by the previously mentioned expressions, with reference to: a) generalizations about linguistic embodiment forms, marked by various punctuation marks, which permit their identification as desgarradas (dislocated) forms (DECAT, 2011); b) the different syntactic functions driven by the semantic relation of correferência do ponto de vista do locutor (co-reference from the speaker’s point of view) and performed by unit A base element (base or matrix); c) units weight relation (symmetry and asymmetry); d) expressions’ textual and discursive functions represented by unit B (appositive); and e) paraphrases types (WENZEL,1985) introduced by such connectors/markers. In order to achieve this purpose, we have taken as an object for analysis SN constructions (nominal syntagma) as well as the clause form (in the sentence) starting with a pragmatic and discursive approach. In corpus texts, the appositive constructions are used as argument and referencing strategy carriers. This is a descriptive and interpretative research, which leads to data qualitative and quantitative analysis, bearing in mind expressions’ syntactic, semantic and discursive profile. Final results confirm the hypothesis of discursive connectors/markers ou seja and quer dizer productivity in media written texts, introducing dislocated constructions which are highly functional in paraphrase’s contexts of use stablishing apposition. / En esta tesis se analiza el funcionamiento de las expresiones de base verbal, o sea, es decir, introductoras de las construcciones apositivas presentes en artículos de opinión en revistas semanales de ámbito periodístico (VEJA, ISTOÉ, ÉPOCA) de 2012. Aunque en la literatura actual, han sido cambiadas las rotulaciones asignadas a estas formas gramaticales, se les llama en esta tesis, al comienzo, conectores (GONÇALVES et al., 2007) para hacer la conexión entre las dos unidades que componen la construcción de aposición - unidad base y la unidad aposición; siendo después denominadas marcadores (MARTELOTTA; VOTRE; CEZÁRIO, 1996), por señalizar reformulaciones realizadas por el hablante/ autor del texto. Para la investigación, tomamos como base teórica, de carácter interdisciplinario, la Lingüística Funcional, que constituye la base de las investigaciones sobre los fundamentos conceptuales de la aposición y de la descripción de construcciones apositivas en estos textos, junto con Linguística Textual que, a través del estudio de las relaciones semánticas, ayuda en la caracterización de los conectores / marcadores del discurso. En este estudio, objetivamos describir esencialmente el comportamiento de las construcciones apositivas encabezadas por las expresiones citadas en relación con: a) las generalizaciones acerca de las formas de materialización lingüística, señaladas por varios signos de puntuación, que permiten identificarlas como desgarradas (DECAT, 2011); b) las diferentes funciones sintácticas, impulsadas por la relación semántica de correferencia bajo punto de vista del hablante y realizadas por el elemento base de la unidad (base o matriz); c) al cociente de peso (simetría y asimetría) de las unidades; d) las funciones textuales-discursivas representadas por la unidad B (aposición) de dichas construcciones; y e) los tipos de paráfrasis (WENZEL, 1985) introducidas por estos conectores / marcadores. Para lograr este propósito, tomemos como objeto de análisis construcciones en forma de SN (sintagma nominal) y también en la forma clausular (oracional), a partir de un enfoque que consideramos pragmático-discursivo. En los textos que conforman el corpus, las construcciones apositivas se utilizan como portadoras de las estrategias de argumentos y de remisión. La investigación es de carácter descriptivo e interpretativo, lo que llevó al análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los datos recogidos, teniendo en cuenta el perfil sintáctico, semántico y discursivo de esas construcciones. Los resultados finales confirman la hipótesis de la productividad de los conectores/marcadores del discurso, o sea, es decir, en textos escritos en los medios de comunicación, introductores de construcciones desgarradas, siendo altamente funcionales en los contextos de uso de las paráfrasis que forman la aposición. / Esta tese analisa o funcionamento das expressões de base verbal ou seja e quer dizer, introdutoras de construções apositivas, presentes em textos opinativos de periódicos semanais da esfera jornalística (VEJA, ISTOÉ, ÉPOCA) do ano de 2012. Apesar de, na literatura corrente, serem variadas as rotulações atribuídas a essas formas gramaticais, elas são denominadas nesta tese, a princípio, de conectores (GONÇALVES et al., 2007), por fazerem a conexão entre as duas unidades que compõem a construção apositiva – unidade base e unidade apositiva; sendo depois referidas como marcadores (MARTELOTTA; VOTRE; CEZÁRIO, 1996), por sinalizarem reformulações realizadas pelo autor do texto. Para a realização da pesquisa, tomamos como referencial teórico, de caráter interdisciplinar, a Linguística Funcional, que alicerça as investigações em torno dos fundamentos conceituais da aposição e da descrição de construções apositivas nesses textos, aliada à Linguística Textual, que, através do estudo das relações semânticas, auxilia na caracterização dos conectores/marcadores discursivos. Nesta investigação, objetivamos, essencialmente, descrever o comportamento das construções apositivas encabeçadas pelas expressões citadas no que concerne: a) a generalizações sobre as formas de materialização linguística, assinaladas por diversos sinais de pontuação, os quais permitem identificá-las como desgarradas (DECAT, 2011); b) às diferentes funções sintáticas, impulsionadas pela relação semântica de correferência do ponto de vista do locutor e desempenhadas pelo elemento base da unidade A (base ou matriz); c) à relação de peso (simetria e assimetria) das unidades; d) às funções textual-discursivas representadas pela unidade B (apositiva) das referidas construções; e e) aos tipos de paráfrases (WENZEL, 1985) introduzidas por esses conectores/marcadores. Para atingir esse propósito, tomamos como objeto de análise construções sob a forma de SN (sintagma nominal) e também sob a forma clausular (oracional), a partir de uma abordagem que consideramos pragmático-discursiva. Nos textos que constituem o corpus, as construções apositivas são usadas como portadoras de estratégias de argumentação e referenciação. A pesquisa tem caráter descritivo-interpretativo, o que levou à análise quanti-qualitativa dos dados colhidos, tendo em mente o perfil sintático, semântico e discursivo das referidas construções. Os resultados finais confirmam a hipótese da produtividade dos conectores/marcadores discursivos ou seja e quer dizer em textos escritos da mídia, introdutores de construções desgarradas, sendo estes altamente funcionais nos contextos de uso das paráfrases que dão forma à aposição.