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Molecules in strong laser fieldsAwasthi, Manohar 21 January 2010 (has links)
Eine Methode zur Lösung der zeitabhängigen Schrödingergleichung (engl. time-dependent Schrödinger equation, TDSE) wurde entwickelt, welche das Verhalten der Elektronenbewegung in Molekülen beschreibt, die ultrakurzen, intensiven Laserpulsen ausgesetzt werden. Die zeitabhängigen elektronischen Wellenfunktionen werden durch eine Superposition von feldfreien Eigenzuständen beschrieben, welche auf zwei Weisen berechnet werden. Im ersten Ansatz , welcher auf Zweielektronen-Systeme wie H$_2$ anwendbar ist, werden die voll korrelierten feldfreien Eigenzustände in voller Dimensionalität in einem Konfigurations-Wechselwirkungs Verfahren (engl. configuration interaction, CI) bestimmt, wobei die Einelektron-Basisfunktionen mit B-Splines beschrieben werden. Im zweiten Verfahren, welches sogar auf größere Moleküle anwendbar ist, werden die feldfreien Eigenzustände in der Näherung eines aktiven Elektrons (engl. single active electron, SAE) mit Verwendung der Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) bestimmt. Im Allgemeinen kann die Methode zum Auffinden der zeitabhängigen Lösung in zwei Schritte, dem Auffinden der feldfreien Eigenzustände und einer Zeitpropagation in Abhängigkeit der Laserpuls-Parameter, unterteilt werden. Die Gültigkeit der SAE Näherung ist überprüft und die Ergebnisse für grund und erste angeregte zustand der Wasserstoff-Molekül werden vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse für einige größere Moleküle innerhalb der SAE Angleichung werden ebenfalls gezeigt. / A method for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) describing the electronic motion of the molecules exposed to very short intense laser pulses has been developed. The time-dependent electronic wavefunction is expanded in terms of a superposition of field-free eigenstates. The field-free eigenstates are calculated in two ways. In the first approach, which is applicable to two electron systems like hydrogen molecule, fully correlated field-free eigenstates are obtained in complete dimensionality using configuration-interaction calculation where the one-electron basis functions are built from B-splines. In the second approach, which is even applicable to larger molecules, the field-free eigenstates are calculated within the single-active-electron (SAE) approximation using density functional theory. In general, the method can be divided into two parts, in the first part the field-free eigenstates are calculated and then in the second part a time propagation for the laser pulse parameters is performed. Using these methods the validity of SAE approximation is tested and the results for the ground and first excited state of hydrogen molecule are presented. The results for some larger molecules within the SAE approximation are also shown.
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Ionization of molecular hydrogen in ultrashort intense laser pulsesVanne, Yulian V. 30 March 2010 (has links)
Ein neuer numerischer ab initio Ansatz wurde entwickelt und zur Lösung der zeitabhängigen Schrödingergleichung für zweiatomig Moleküle mit zwei Elektronen (z.B. molekularer Wasserstoff), welche einem intensiven kurzen Laserpuls ausgesetzt sind, angewandt. Die Methode basiert auf der Näherung fester Kernabstände und der nicht-relativistischen Dipolnäherung und beabsichtigt die genaue Beschreibung der beiden korrelierten Elektronen in voller Dimensionalität. Die Methode ist anwendbar für eine große Bandbreite von Laserpulsparamtern und ist in der Lage, Einfachionisationsprozesse sowohl mit wenigen als auch mit vielen Photonen zu beschreiben, sogar im nicht-störungstheoretischen Bereich. Ein entscheidender Vorteil der Methode ist ihre Fähigkeit, die Reaktion von Molekülen mit beliebiger Orientierung der molekularen Achse im Bezug auf das linear polarisierte Laserfeld in starken Feldern zu beschreiben. Dementsprechend berichtet diese Arbeit von der ersten erfolgreichen orientierungsabhängigen Analyse der Multiphotonenionisation von H2, welche mit Hilfe einer numerischen Behandlung in voller Dimensionalität durchgeführt wurde. Neben der Erforschung des Bereichs weniger Photonen wurde eine ausführliche numerische Untersuchung der Ionisation durch ultrakurze frequenzverdoppelte Titan:Saphir-Laserpulse (400 nm) präsentiert. Mit Hilfe einer Serie von Rechnungen für verschiedene Kernabstände wurden die totalen Ionisationsausbeuten für H2 und D2 in ihren Vibrationsgrundzuständen sowohl für parallele als auch für senkrechte Ausrichtung erhalten. Eine weitere Serie von Rechnungen für 800nm Laserpulse wurde benutzt, um ein weitverbreitetes einfaches Interferenzmodel zu falsifizieren. Neben der Diskussion der numerischen ab initio Methode werden in dieser Arbeit verschiedene Aspekte im Bezug auf die Anwendung der Starkfeldnäherung für die Erforschung der Reaktion eines atomaren oder molekularen Systems auf ein intensives Laserfeld betrachtet. / A novel ab initio numerical approach is developed and applied that solves the time-dependent Schrödinger equation describing two-electron diatomic molecules (e.g. molecular hydrogen) exposed to an intense ultrashort laser pulse. The method is based on the fixed-nuclei and the non-relativistic dipole approximations and aims to accurately describe both correlated electrons in full dimensionality. The method is applicable for a wide range of the laser pulse parameters and is able to describe both few-photon and many-photon single ionization processes, also in a non-perturbative regime. A key advantage of the method is its ability to treat the strong-field response of the molecules with arbitrary orientation of the molecular axis with respect to the linear-polarized laser field. Thus, this work reports on the first successful orientation-dependent analysis of the multiphoton ionization of H2 performed by means of a full-dimensional numerical treatment. Besides the investigation of few-photon regime, an extensive numerical study of the ionization by ultrashort frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser pulses (400 nm) is presented. Performing a series of calculations for different internuclear separations, the total ionization yields of H2 and D2 in their ground vibrational states are obtained for both parallel and perpendicular orientations. A series of calculations for 800nm laser pulses are used to test a popular simple interference model. Besides the discussion of the ab initio numerical method, this work considers different aspects related to the application of the strong-field approximation (SFA) for investigation of a strong-field response of an atomic and molecular system. Thus, a deep analysis of the gauge problem of SFA is performed and the quasistatic limit of the velocity-gauge SFA ionization rates is derived. The applications of the length gauge SFA are examined and a recently proposed generalized Keldysh theory is criticized.
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Hybrid parallel algorithms for solving nonlinear Schrödinger equation / Hibridni paralelni algoritmi za rešavanje nelinearne Šredingerove jednačineLončar Vladimir 17 October 2017 (has links)
<p>Numerical methods and algorithms for solving of partial differential equations, especially parallel algorithms, are an important research topic, given the very broad applicability range in all areas of science. Rapid advances of computer technology open up new possibilities for development of faster algorithms and numerical simulations of higher resolution. This is achieved through paralleliza-tion at different levels that practically all current computers support.</p><p>In this thesis we develop parallel algorithms for solving one kind of partial differential equations known as nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with a convolution integral kernel. Equations of this type arise in many fields of physics such as nonlinear optics, plasma physics and physics of ultracold atoms, as well as economics and quantitative finance. We focus on a special type of NLSE, the dipolar Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE), which characterizes the behavior of ultracold atoms in the state of Bose-Einstein condensation.</p><p>We present novel parallel algorithms for numerically solving GPE for a wide range of modern parallel computing platforms, from shared memory systems and dedicated hardware accelerators in the form of graphics processing units (GPUs), to heterogeneous computer clusters. For shared memory systems, we provide an algorithm and implementation targeting multi-core processors us-ing OpenMP. We also extend the algorithm to GPUs using CUDA toolkit and combine the OpenMP and CUDA approaches into a hybrid, heterogeneous al-gorithm that is capable of utilizing all available resources on a single computer. Given the inherent memory limitation a single computer has, we develop a distributed memory algorithm based on Message Passing Interface (MPI) and previous shared memory approaches. To maximize the performance of hybrid implementations, we optimize the parameters governing the distribution of data and workload using a genetic algorithm. Visualization of the increased volume of output data, enabled by the efficiency of newly developed algorithms, represents a challenge in itself. To address this, we integrate the implementations with the state-of-the-art visualization tool (VisIt), and use it to study two use-cases which demonstrate how the developed programs can be applied to simulate real-world systems.</p> / <p>Numerički metodi i algoritmi za rešavanje parcijalnih diferencijalnih jednačina, naročito paralelni algoritmi, predstavljaju izuzetno značajnu oblast istraživanja, uzimajući u obzir veoma široku primenljivost u svim oblastima nauke. Veliki napredak informacione tehnologije otvara nove mogućnosti za razvoj bržih al-goritama i numeričkih simulacija visoke rezolucije. Ovo se ostvaruje kroz para-lelizaciju na različitim nivoima koju poseduju praktično svi moderni računari. U ovoj tezi razvijeni su paralelni algoritmi za rešavanje jedne vrste parcijalnih diferencijalnih jednačina poznate kao nelinearna Šredingerova jednačina sa inte-gralnim konvolucionim kernelom. Jednačine ovog tipa se javljaju u raznim oblas-tima fizike poput nelinearne optike, fizike plazme i fizike ultrahladnih atoma, kao i u ekonomiji i kvantitativnim finansijama. Teza se bavi posebnim oblikom nelinearne Šredingerove jednačine, Gros-Pitaevski jednačinom sa dipol-dipol in-terakcionim članom, koja karakteriše ponašanje ultrahladnih atoma u stanju Boze-Ajnštajn kondenzacije.<br />U tezi su predstavljeni novi paralelni algoritmi za numeričko rešavanje Gros-Pitaevski jednačine za širok spektar modernih računarskih platformi, od sis-tema sa deljenom memorijom i specijalizovanih hardverskih akceleratora u ob-liku grafičkih procesora, do heterogenih računarskih klastera. Za sisteme sa deljenom memorijom, razvijen je algoritam i implementacija namenjena više-jezgarnim centralnim procesorima korišćenjem OpenMP tehnologije. Ovaj al-goritam je proširen tako da radi i u okruženju grafičkih procesora korišćenjem CUDA alata, a takođe je razvijen i predstavljen hibridni, heterogeni algoritam koji kombinuje OpenMP i CUDA pristupe i koji je u stanju da iskoristi sve raspoložive resurse jednog računara.<br />Imajući u vidu inherentna ograničenja raspoložive memorije koju pojedinačan računar poseduje, razvijen je i algoritam za sisteme sa distribuiranom memorijom zasnovan na Message Passing Interface tehnologiji i prethodnim algoritmima za sisteme sa deljenom memorijom. Da bi se maksimalizovale performanse razvijenih hibridnih implementacija, parametri koji određuju raspodelu podataka i računskog opterećenja su optimizovani korišćenjem genetskog algoritma. Poseban izazov je vizualizacija povećane količine izlaznih podataka, koji nastaju kao rezultat efikasnosti novorazvijenih algoritama. Ovo je u tezi rešeno kroz inte-graciju implementacija sa najsavremenijim alatom za vizualizaciju (VisIt), što je omogućilo proučavanje dva primera koji pokazuju kako razvijeni programi mogu da se iskoriste za simulacije realnih sistema.</p>
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A equação de Black-Scholes com ação impulsiva / The Black-Scholes equation with impulse actionBonotto, Everaldo de Mello 13 June 2008 (has links)
Impulsos são perturbações abruptas que ocorrem em curto espaço de tempo e podem ser consideradas instantâneas. E os mercados financeiros estão sujeitos a choques bruscos como mudanças de governos, quebra de empresas, entre outros. Assim, é natural considerarmos a ação de tais eventos na precificação de ativos financeiros. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é obtermos uma formulação para a equação diferencial parcial de Black-Scholes com ação impulsiva de modo que os impulsos representem estes choques. Utilizaremos a teoria de integração não-absoluta em espaço de funções para obtenção desta formulação / Impulses describe the evolution of systems where the continuous development of a process is interrupted by abrupt changes of state. Financial markets are subject to extreme events or shocks as government changes, companies colapse, etc. Thus it seems natural to consider the action of these events in the valuation of derivative securities. The aim of this work is to obtain a formulation for the Black-Scholes equation with impulse action where the impulses can represent these shocks. We use the non-absolute integration theory in functional spaces to obtain such formulation
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Dinâmica da equação de Schrödinger com potencial delta de Dirac em espaço com peso / Dynamics of Schrödinger equation with Dirac delta potential in weighted spaceVieira, Ânderson da Silva 17 July 2014 (has links)
Nesse trabalho, estudamos a equação de Schrödinger não-linear com uma função potencial delta atrativa. As soluções para essa equação tem uma componente localizada e uma dispersiva. Além de estudar o comportamento das soluções dessa equação em espaços de Sobolev clássicos, mostramos algumas propriedades do grupo unitário em espaços Lp, L2 com peso, Sobolev com peso e assim obtemos alguns resultados de boa colocação local e global das soluções. O ponto central desta tese é mostrarmos a existência de uma variedade invariante centro que irá consistir de órbitas periódicas no tempo. / In this work, we study the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with an attractive delta function potential.The solutions to this equation have a localized and a dispersive component. In addition to studying the behavior of solutions of this equation in classical Sobolev space, we show some properties for the unitary group in Lp, weighted L2 and Sobolev spaces and so we get some results of local and global well-posedness of solutions. The central theme this thesis is to show the existence of a center invariant manifold, which will consist of time-periodic orbits.
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Molecules exposed to Intense, Ultrashort Laser FieldsFörster, Johann Jakob 07 May 2018 (has links)
Das Ionisierungsverhalten kleiner Moleküle (insbesondere H2 und NH3) in intensiven, ultrakurzen Laserfeldern wird theoretisch untersucht. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf dem Einfluss der Kerndynamik. Zunächst wird das Ionisierungsverhalten des H2-Moleküls bei eingefrorener Kernschwingung untersucht. Bereits im Rahmen dieser Näherung kann im Mehrphotonenregime ein zuvor beobachteter Zusammenbruch der Näherung im Gleichgewichtsabstand festgehaltener Kerne erklärt werden. Weiterhin wird der Übergang vom Mehrphotonen zum quasistatischen Ionisierungsregime für 800-nm-Laserfelder untersucht. Eine neuartige Methode zur Beschreibung der korrelierten Schwingungs- und Elektronendynamik des H2-Moleküls (7D) wird entwickelt. Mit dieser Methode wird schließlich der Einfluss der Kernbewegung während des Laserfeldes auf das Ionisierungsverhalten untersucht. Es wird ein sichtbarer Einfluss auf den zuvor diskutierten Zusammenbruch der Näherung festgehaltener Kerne beobachtet. Dies gilt ebenfalls für einen vor kurzem experimentell beobachteten Isotopeneffekt in der Ionisierung der Moleküle H2 vs. D2 untersucht. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird das Ionisierungsverhalten des NH3-Moleküls untersucht. Die Möglichkeit, die Kerngeometrieabhängigkeit zur Erzeugung und Messung von Schwingungswellenpaketen im neutralen NH3-Molekül mittels Lochfraß auszunutzen, wird untersucht. Das erwartete Schwingungsverhalten und die dafür optimalen Laserparameter werden aufgezeigt. Zusätzlich wird die Möglichkeit des Filmens eines tunnelnden Kernwellenpakets im Doppelmuldenpotential entlang der Schwingungskoordinate untersucht. In der Tat sollte die Verwendung extrem kurzer Laserfelder das Drehen eines Echtzeit-Filmes dieses quantenmechanischen Tunnelprozesses ermöglichen. Abschließend werden die Winkelabhängigkeit der Ionisierungswahrscheinlichkeit von NH3 (ähnelt Orbitalgeometrie) sowie elliptisch polarisierte Laserfelder untersucht. / The ionization behavior of small molecules (especially H2 and NH3) exposed to intense, ultrashort laser fields is investigated theoretically. The focus lies on the influence of nuclear dynamics on this ionization behavior. The ionization behavior of the H2 molecule is first examined within the frozen-nuclei approximation. A previously reported pronounced breakdown of the fixed-nuclei approximation can be explained already within this level of approximation. Furthermore, the transition from the multiphoton to the quasistatic ionization regime is studied for 800 nm laser pulses. A novel approach for the correlated description of the electronic-vibrational motion of the H2 molecule (7D) is developed. The influence of vibrational dynamics during the laser field on the ionization behavior is investigated using this method. A pronounced difference on the previously discussed breakdown of the fixed-nuclei approximation is observed. The vibrational dynamics also lead to a notable change for a recently experimentally observed isotope effect in the ionization of the molecular isotopes H2 vs. D2. The ionization behavior of the NH3 molecule is studied in the second part of this thesis. The possibility to exploit the geometry dependence of the ionization yield in order to create and measure vibrational wave packets in the neutral NH3 molecule via Lochfraß is explored. The expected vibrational dynamics and the optimal laser parameters to observe this effect are demonstrated. Furthermore, the possibility to shoot a "movie" of a tunneling wave packet in the double-well potential along the vibrational coordinate is investigated. Indeed, extremely short laser fields should allow creating a real-time movie of the quantum-mechanical tunneling process. Finally, the orientation dependence of the ionization yield of the NH3 molecule (reflecting the orbital shape) and elliptically polarized laser fields are studied.
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Semi-classical approximations of Quantum Mechanical problemsKarlsson, Ulf January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Estimation et contrôle non-linéaire : application à quelques systèmes quantiques et classiquesMirrahimi, Mazyar 27 January 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Ce manuscrit se décompose en deux parties principales, associées à deux types d'applications assez différentes. Dans la première partie qui comprend les deux premiers chapitres, je m'intéresse à des systèmes issus de problèmes de contrôle et d'estimation en physique quantique; dans la deuxième partie (troisième chapitre du manuscrit), j'étudie la propagation d'ondes électriques le long des fils classiques dans un réseau de lignes de transmission et je considère certains problèmes d'estimation de paramètres. Dans le premier chapitre nous étudions le problème de la planification de trajectoires pour des systèmes quantiques fermés modélisés par des équations de Schrödinger bilinéaire. Nous démontrons alors des résultats de la stabilisation approchée pour le cas d'une boite quantique infinie ainsi que pour le cas d'un potentiel décroissant. Dans les deux cas, le manque de pré-compacité des trajectoires dans des espaces fonctionnels appropriés nous oblige à proposer des méthodes de Lyapunov qui évitent des phénomènes de perte de masse à l'infini. Dans le deuxième chapitre nous étudions le problème de stabilisation de systèmes quantiques en observation. Cette observation nécessite l'ouverture du système à son environnement. Les modèles pertinents pour l'évolution de ce type de systèmes sont des modèles stochastiques basés sur des trajectoires de Monte-Carlo quantiques. Nous étudions alors certains problèmes de stabilisation qui parviennent de vraies expériences physiques. Enfin, dans le chapitre 3 nous considérons le problème d'estimation de paramètres pour un réseau de fils de câblage électrique. Dans ce but, nous étudions deux approches : l'approche temporelle et l'approche fréquentielle. Dans l'approche temporelle, nous considérons le réseau le plus simple qui consiste d'une seule ligne de transmission et nous proposons un algorithme d'identification pour l'équation d'onde associé qui est basé sur l'application des observateurs asymptotiques. Dans l'approche fréquentielle, nous considérons un réseau plus compliqué de la forme étoile. Nous proposons alors des résultats d'identifiabilité basés sur des techniques de l'inverse scattering.
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Semi-classical approximations of Quantum Mechanical problemsKarlsson, Ulf January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Schrödinger equation Monte Carlo-3D for simulation of nanoscale MOSFETsLiu, Keng-ming 18 September 2012 (has links)
A new quantum transport simulator -- Schrödinger Equation Monte Carlo in Three Dimensions (SEMC-3D) -- has been developed for simulating the carrier transport in nanoscale 3D MOSFET geometries. SEMC-3D self-consistently solves: (1) the 1D quantum transport equations derived from the SEMC method with open boundary conditions and rigorous treatment of various scattering processes including phonon and surface roughness scattering, (2) the 2D Schrödinger equations of the device cross sections with close boundary conditions to obtain the spatially varying subband structure along the conduction channel, and (3) the 3D Poisson equation of the whole device. Therefore, SEMC-3D can provide a physically accurate and electrostatically selfconsistent approach to the quantum transport in the subbands of 3D nanoscale MOSFETs. SEMC-3D has been used to simulate Si nanowire (NW) nMOSFETs to both demonstrate the capabilities of SEMC-3D, itself, and to provide new insight into transport phenomena in nanoscale MOSFETs, particularly with regards to interplay among scattering, quantum confinement and transport, and strain. / text
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