Esta tese tem o objetivo de analisar o município de São José dos Campos sob a perspectiva de um novo espaço da produção industrial. Na cidade, os processos de inovação tecnológica cumprem a lógica produtiva estabelecida em meados do século XX, quando o conhecimento científico foi com mais intensidade incorporado aos processos de produção. Porém, foi em meio à Segunda Guerra Mundial que, a exemplo de outros países, o governo brasileiro inicia um projeto de criação de uma base científica e tecnológica com vistas no desenvolvimento da indústria bélica e de setores correlatos, escolhendo o município para concretizá-lo. Nesta tese, o município é reconhecido como o centro da tecnologia aeroespacial brasileira, cujo núcleo composto pelo Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), pelo Comando-Geral de Tecnologia Aeroespacial (CTA), pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) e pela Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A (Embraer) reproduz características semelhantes aos principais centros de inovação tecnológica do mundo. Por meio dessas instituições, o município estabelece interações com diversas localidades do País e com outros países do continente americano, da Ásia, da Europa e da África. Neste contexto de interações, verificase a demanda pelos cursos de pós-graduação oferecidos pelo ITA e pelo INPE por parte de profissionais provenientes de outras regiões do País e de outros países para o aperfeiçoamento em áreas correspondentes à Engenharia Aeronáutica ou às Ciências Espaciais, bem como o desenvolvimento de projetos, por essas instituições, em parceria com instituições estrangeiras. É ainda por meio do ITA e do INPE que é preparada grande parte da mão-de-obra qualificada que atende o setor, numa evidente demonstração de sinergia entre essas instituições e empresas locais. A quantificação de empresas do setor aeroespacial mostra que o município abriga o maior número de empresas produtoras dos insumos utilizados no processo de fabricação de aeronaves em todo o País. Quando considerados os indicadores de ciência, tecnologia e inovação tecnológica, verifica-se que o município, representado pelo ITA e pelo INPE, está entre os de maior produção científica do estado de São Paulo, e que, apesar do reduzido número de depósitos de registro de patentes, o setor vem apresentando esforços neste sentido, demonstrando um aumento da capacidade de transformar os avanços científicos em inovações para o setor. / The aim of this thesis is to analyse the city of São José dos Campos as a new space for industrial production. In this city, the technological processes follow the productive logic established in the middle of the 20th century, when scientific knowledge was intensely incorporated to production processes. However, it was during the Second World War that, as in many other countries, the Brazilian government initiated a project to create a scientific and technological base with the intention to develop national arms industries and other similar sectors and elected the city of São José dos Campos wherein to materialise it. In this thesis, the city is assumed as the Brazilian aerospace centre, whose core, formed by the Institute of Aeronautical Technology (ITA), by the General Command of Aerospace Technology (CTA), by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and by the Brazilian Aeronautics Company S.A. (Embraer), has similar characteristics to the ones seen in the main centres of technological innovation in the world. Through these institutions, the municipality established the exchange of knowledge with several other regions in the country with other countries in the American continent, Europe, Asia and Africa. In this context of exchange, it is noticed that there is demand by national and international professionals for postgraduate courses offered by ITA and INPE in areas related to Aeronautic Engineering or Spatial Sciences, as well as the development of projects between these and international institutions. It is also through ITA and INPE that the specialised work force in the sector is trained, showing that there is a synergy between them and local companies. The calculation of the number of companies in the aerospace sector has shown that the municipality of São José dos Campos has the largest input in the production process of airplanes in the whole country. When scientific and technological data are analysed, it is verified that the municipality, represented by ITA and INPE, is among the regions with the largest amount of scientific production in the State of São Paulo, and that, despite the reduced number of deposited patents, the sector has invested in this area and has shown an increase in the capacity to transform scientific development in innovations for the sector.

A presente pesquisa propõe-se a investigar de maneira interdisciplinar, a produção do conhecimento científico por meio da criação de texturas sonoras, como interfaces conceituais hipermidiáticas autônomas, capazes de promover a experiência estética com conceitos acadêmicos. Começaremos abordando a ampliação da escuta proposta por Schaeffer, Schafer, Nancy, Oliveros, dentre outros. Em seguida, a partir das proposições e interlocuções oferecidas por Sérgio Bairon acerca das texturas sonoras, localizaremos suas origens na hipermídia, bem como as características e o modo de ser herdados desta, que fazem delas ambientes hipermidiáticos. Chamaremos outros autores ao diálogo, entre eles, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Lucia Santaella, Edgar Morin, Michel de Certeau, Gilbert Durand, Lorenzo Vilches, Massimo Di Felice e Pierre Levy, que contribuirão nos proporcionando um entendimento mais amplo, sobre os contextos sociais, culturais e tecnológicos que tornam produções hipermidiáticas, a exemplo das texturas sonoras, uma alternativa promissora e viável para a renovação metodológica nas práticas científicas, que, ainda hoje, têm, quase que exclusivamente na escrita, a única forma confiável de representação da verdade e do real. Estes autores também nos ajudarão a compreender as capacidades e as formas de pensamento necessárias ao pesquisador, no contexto de produções hipermidiáticas. Identificaremos as interfaces da escrita sonora e, ao final, analisaremos texturas sonoras produzidas para três disciplinas ao longo do curso, oferecidas por diferentes programas de pós-graduação da Universidade de São Paulo. / The present research proposes to investigate in an interdisciplinary way, the production of scientific knowledge through the creation of sound textures, as autonomous hypermiditic conceptual interfaces, able to promote aesthetic experience with academic concepts. We will start by approaching the amplification of the listening proposed by Schaeffer, Schafer, Nancy, Oliveros, among others. Then, from the propositions and interlocutions offered by Sérgio Bairon on sound textures, we will locate its origins in hypermedia, as well as the characteristics and the way of being inherited from this, which make them hypermediatic environments. We will call other authors to the dialogue, among them Hans-Georg Gadamer, Lucia Santaella, Edgar Morin, Michel de Certeau, Gilbert Durand, Lorenzo Vilches, Massimo Di Felice and Pierre Levy, who will contribute by providing us with a broader understanding of the social, cultural and technological contexts that make hypermedia productions, such as sound textures, a promising and viable alternative for methodological renewal in scientific practices, which, even today, have exclusively in writing, the only form of representation of truth and reality. These authors will also help us to understand the capacities and the forms of thought necessary to the researcher, in the context of hypermidiatic productions. We will identify the interfaces of writing of sound and, at the end, we will analyze sound textures produced for three disciplines throughout the course offered by different post-graduate programs of the University of São Paulo

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This thesis intends to present the knowledge obtained from research concerning the process that leads to the interdiction attributed to a health "technique" called autohemotherapy (AHT). Here it is intended to demonstrate the political dimension of the action (taken, jointly, by political and biomedical entities) to make health practitioners "forbidden" to practice AHT. The interdiction of the AHT is treated here as an event permeated by three dimensions of social life, namely, economic, scientific and political. The central focus is concentrated on the latter two. The thesis I present here is that the change in the scientific parameters of medicine was influenced by the discovery of penicillin. I develop this thesis from some hypotheses, namely: 1) "Medical-scientific" agents (or biomedical ones, figured in the Federal Medical Council) are carrying out a political action in suggesting the "ban" to the AHT â based on alleged lack of scientificity â since no research is used, Required by them, attesting to any risk of using the therapy; 2) The interdictive act is the result of an "institutional thought"; 3) The prohibition of AHT is based on the change in the criteria of scientificity and the reduction of "medical authority" in the production of health knowledge for pharmacological knowledge. / Esta tese intenciona apresentar os conhecimentos alcanÃados a partir de pesquisa referente ao processo que leva à interdiÃÃo imputada a uma âtÃcnicaâ de saÃde denominada auto-hemoterapia (AHT). Aqui se pretende demonstrar a dimensÃo polÃtica da aÃÃo (tomada, em conjunto, por entes polÃticos e biomÃdicos) de tornar âinterditaâ a profissionais de saÃde a prÃtica da AHT. A interdiÃÃo à AHT à aqui tratada como um acontecimento perpassado por trÃs dimensÃes da vida social, a saber: a econÃmica, a cientÃfica e a polÃtica. O enfoque central à concentrado nas duas Ãltimas. A tese que apresento aqui, à a de que a mudanÃa nos parÃmetros de cientificidade na medicina foi influenciada pela descoberta da penicilina. Desenvolvo esta tese a partir de algumas hipÃteses, a saber: 1) Os agentes âmÃdicos-cientistasâ (ou biomÃdicos, figurados no Conselho Federal de Medicina) estÃo realizando uma aÃÃo polÃtica ao sugerirem a âinterdiÃÃoâ à AHT â baseados em alegada falta de cientificidade â, pois nÃo sÃo usadas pesquisas, nos moldes exigidos por eles, que atestem qualquer risco de utilizaÃÃo da terapia; 2) O ato interditivo à resultado de um âpensamento institucionalâ; 3) A interdiÃÃo à AHT se baseia na mudanÃa nos critÃrios de cientificidade e na diminuiÃÃo da âautoridade mÃdicaâ na produÃÃo de conhecimentos em saÃde para os saberes farmacolÃgicos

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-06-23T19:45:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Vera Nilce Campos Mendes.doc: 1780224 bytes, checksum: bed85c65c67e8e6db70af66550f4168e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-29T17:55:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Vera Nilce Campos Mendes.doc: 1780224 bytes, checksum: bed85c65c67e8e6db70af66550f4168e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-29T18:07:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Vera Nilce Campos Mendes.doc: 1780224 bytes, checksum: bed85c65c67e8e6db70af66550f4168e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-29T18:07:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Vera Nilce Campos Mendes.doc: 1780224 bytes, checksum: bed85c65c67e8e6db70af66550f4168e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / Não Informada / This paper presents a case study conducted in 2009 in graduate school training in production engineering from UFAM, where it was possible to examine the scientific knowledge generated through the dissertations in the program. We checked the subjects of the graduates from the lines of research of course: Strategies and Organizations, Quality and Productivity, Manage Production, Economic Management and Environmental Management, in order to verify contributions to the management tools discussed in the dissertations of course brought for organizations, academia and the professional life of ourselves. The theme was carried through the qualitative research, which is analyzed initially bibliography of relevant literature and field research followed by the egress of the course in question to identify whether the research methodology developed during his stay in the program were implemented by the organization if the same has publications in journals and knowledge to CAPES. The study revealed that the research methodology used by the students brought improvements to their working life, people and organizations in which they work or have worked, because 71% of methodological research undertaken by students have been deployed in the workplace, contributing greatly to regional development. However, for the socialization of knowledge is necessary to improve the quality of bibliographic publications in journals, thus avoiding low scores in the CAPES evaluation and accreditation of the course next to it. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso realizado em 2009 no curso de mestrado profissional em engenharia de produção da UFAM, onde foi possível realizar analise do conhecimento científico gerado por meio das dissertações apresentadas no Programa. Foram verificados os temas abordados pelos egressos a partir das linhas de pesquisas do curso: Estratégias e Organizações, Qualidade e Produtividade, Gerencia da Produção, Gestão Econômica e Gestão Ambiental, com intuito de verificar que contribuições as ferramentas de gestão abordada nas dissertações do curso trouxeram para as organizações, academia e para a vida profissional dos mesmos. A abordagem do tema foi realizada através da pesquisa qualitativa, onde é analisado inicialmente levantamento bibliográfico da literatura pertinente e em seguida pesquisa de campo junto ao egresso do mestrado em questão para identificar se a pesquisa metodológica desenvolvida durante sua permanência no programa foram implementada junto à organização, se o mesmo possui publicações em periódicos e conhecimento sobre avaliação da CAPES. O estudo revelou que as pesquisas metodológicas utilizadas pelos egressos trouxeram melhorias para sua vida profissional, pessoas e para as organizações em que os mesmos trabalham ou trabalharam, pois, 71% da pesquisa metodológica realizada pelos discentes foram implantadas nos locais de trabalho, contribuindo grandemente para o desenvolvimento regional. No entanto, para a socialização desse conhecimento é necessário melhorar a qualidade de publicações em periódicos bibliográficos, evitando assim pontuações baixa na avaliação CAPES e o descredenciamento do curso junto à mesma.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-28T19:15:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elias da Silva Souza.pdf: 1815770 bytes, checksum: 30d921809b6c8bd79dafc9300d2b6e1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T19:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elias da Silva Souza.pdf: 1815770 bytes, checksum: 30d921809b6c8bd79dafc9300d2b6e1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Guarana (Paullinia cupana variety sorbilis) is an Amazonian species that was first cultivated by the ancient Maues Indians. It was they who domesticated the guarana. The introduction of the technological innovations applied to the guaran? crop in the municipality of Mau?s occurred from 1999, due to the low productive performance of traditional plantations and the attack of pests and diseases that affected the plants. The seedlings until then harvested in the forests or produced in artisanal nurseries, are no longer recommended. Clonal cultivars, along with other technical practices, have become the only method of management recommended by the technicians. This research identified the traditional aspects of guaran? culture in the municipality of Mau?s that remain unchanged, those that are in disuse and which technological innovations have been implemented. Information collection was carried out among Mau?s guaran? producers living in the Mau?s-A?u rivers and their tributaries, Apocuitaua-Miri, Urupadi, Paric? and Marau, to EMBRAPA, IDAM, SEPROR, AMBEV technicians and 1st and 3rd grade students Series of the agricultural technical course of the Federal Institute of Amazonas, Mau?s campus. The impact of this work is to demonstrate that technological innovations can not eliminate traditional practices and that these should be protected, being vital for the preservation of the plant and the guaran? culture in the municipality of Mau?s. / O guaranazeiro (Paullinia cupana variedade sorbilis) ? uma esp?cie amaz?nica que inicialmente foi cultivada pelos antigos ?ndios mau?s. Foram eles que domesticaram o guaran?. A introdu??o das inova??es tecnol?gicas aplicadas ? cultura do guaran? no munic?pio de Mau?s ocorreu a partir do ano de 1999, devido ao baixo desempenho produtivo dos plantios tradicionais e o ataque de pragas e doen?as que acometeram as plantas. As mudas at? ent?o colhidas nas matas ou produzidas em viveiros artesanais, deixaram de ser recomendadas. Os cultivares clonais, juntamente com as demais pr?ticas tecnificadas tornaram-se o ?nico m?todo de manejo recomendado pelos t?cnicos. Esta pesquisa identificou aspectos do tradicionalismo da cultura do guaran? do munic?pio de Mau?s que ainda permanecem inalterados, os que est?o em desuso e as inova??es tecnol?gicas que foram adotadas A coleta de dados foi realizada junto a produtores de guaran? de Mau?s residentes nos rios Mau?s-A?u e seus afluentes, Apocuitaua-Miri, Urupadi, Paric? e Marau, aos t?cnicos da EMBRAPA, IDAM, SEPROR, AMBEV e alunos da 1? s?rie e 3? s?rie do curso t?cnico em agropecu?ria do Instituto Federal do Amazonas, campus Mau?s. O impacto deste trabalho est? em demonstrar que as inova??es tecnol?gicas n?o podem eliminar as pr?ticas tradicionais e que estas devem ser protegidas, sendo vitais para a preserva??o da planta e para a cultura do guaran? no munic?pio de Mau?s.

O objetivo da pesquisa é refletir a respeito de iniciativas de desenvolvimento sustentável e segurança alimentar entre os povos indígenas na Terra Indígena do Alto Rio Negro, localizada no município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira AM, com foco sobre os projetos de piscicultura entre os Baniwa que habitam as margens do rio Içana e afluentes. Os projetos de piscicultura foram implementados pela Federação das Organizações Indígenas do Rio Negro (FOIRN) e apoiados pelo Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) e, entre os Baniwa, as atividades têm como sede principal a Escola Indígena Baniwa e Coripaco Pamáali. Na escola, técnicos indígenas de piscicultura e alunos em geral participam de treinamentos, oficinas e aulas a respeito de temas como sustentabilidade, manejo do meio ambiente e biodiversidade, e aprendem técnicas de reprodução artificial de peixes em laboratório. A intenção da pesquisa é captar os pontos de vista dos diversos atores envolvidos com esse projeto, de forma a mostrar como técnicos indígenas, lideranças de associações e assessores técnicos não indígenas entendem e negociam entre si a importância e as motivações dos projetos, além das definições dos entes associados a eles como os peixes e o meio ambiente e as maneiras pelas quais se dão as interações entre os conhecimentos indígenas e científicos. Como se procurou evidenciar, para os indígenas envolvidos com os projetos, mais do que a produção de peixes e a resolução de um problema ambiental, o interesse nos projetos estava associado à ampliação das relações e à incorporação e controle dos conhecimentos alheios. / The objective of this research is to reflect upon sustainable development and food safety initiatives among the indigenous peoples in an Upper Rio Negro indigenous land, located in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira AM (Brazil). The focus is on the pisciculture project executed with the Baniwa that inhabit the riverside and the tributaries of the Içana River. This project was implemented by the Federation of Indigenous Organizations of the Rio Negro (FOIRN, by its name in Portuguese) and supported by the Socio-Environmental Institute (ISA, by its name in Portuguese). Among the Baniwa, the projects main base is the Baniwa and Coripaco Indigenous School Pamáali, where the indigenous pisciculture technicians and students participate in trainings, workshops and classes on topics such as sustainability, environmental management and biodiversity, and learn the techniques of artificial reproduction of fish in laboratory. The intention of this research is to capture the points of view of different actors involved with the project, in order to show how indigenous technicians, leaders of associations and non-indigenous technical advisors understand and negotiate the importance and the motivations of the projects, besides the definitions of the beings associated with them like the fish and the environment and the interactions between indigenous and scientific knowledge. As we sought to evidence, for the indigenous people involved with the project, more than the production of fish and the resolution of an environmental problem, the interest in the projects was associated with the expansion of relations and the incorporation and control of alien knowledges.

<p>This thesis is an exploration into the socialization of researchers as it takes place in various research practices. Using a lifeworld-perspective, a qualitative interview-study with doctoral students from different academic milieus is conducted. The organizational context of the study is the academic department as it is experienced, apprehended and constructed by the doctoral student.</p><p>The “societal” context is described and discussed in a brief analytical exposé of Swedish science policy in the last decade of the twentieth century. Questioning the political reliance on a systems-perspective, and the shortcomings of system theory for the understanding of research practices in different academic milieus, a lifeworld-theoretical turn is suggested.</p><p>A lifeworld-perspective is formulated in a meta-theoretical discussion focusing on the concepts of <i>practice</i>, <i>time</i> and <i>language</i>. Jürgen Habermas’ critique of phenomenological lifeworld-perspectives is the point of departure and theoretical inputs are derived from the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of scientific knowledge and phenomenological sociology. The solution is found in an integrative model of socialization as continual synchronization of subjective systems of coordinates and socio-cultural networks. Mediating between subjective consciousness and inter-subjective knowledge is language, and this is manifested in concrete practices observed in “real-time”.</p><p>The empirical study reveals some influences of the system on the lifeworld. “Inside” the lifeworld, however, the interviewees mostly use their departments as frames of reference in their descriptions and discussions. A more elaborate exploration of the life-world results in an understanding of socialization in terms of <i>positioning</i>. This concept denotes the ways in which the interviewees describe themselves, their socio-cultural surroundings and themselves in relation to these milieus. At any given moment, positioning can be understood as a “co-construction” of subjective position and socio-cultural milieu. Positioning is thereby the empirical correlate to synchronization, and socialization can be “read off” from the ways in which doctoral students position themselves “here and now”. Problematic, though, is that “doctoral student”, and especially “female doctoral student”, are found to be vague and vulnerable categories with no clear meanings for the socialised nor for the socio-cultural environment. In a more speculative manner, these difficulties of positioning are put in relation to “scientist” as a vague category. If “scientist” cannot be defined, how then can we know what “scientists in the making” are?</p><p>This thesis offers an insight into the plural “realities” of doctoral students in different academic milieus. It offers a lifeworld-perspective on socialization and is thereby relevant for discussions of post-graduate education among scholars as well as among policy makers.</p>

This thesis is an exploration into the socialization of researchers as it takes place in various research practices. Using a lifeworld-perspective, a qualitative interview-study with doctoral students from different academic milieus is conducted. The organizational context of the study is the academic department as it is experienced, apprehended and constructed by the doctoral student. The “societal” context is described and discussed in a brief analytical exposé of Swedish science policy in the last decade of the twentieth century. Questioning the political reliance on a systems-perspective, and the shortcomings of system theory for the understanding of research practices in different academic milieus, a lifeworld-theoretical turn is suggested. A lifeworld-perspective is formulated in a meta-theoretical discussion focusing on the concepts of practice, time and language. Jürgen Habermas’ critique of phenomenological lifeworld-perspectives is the point of departure and theoretical inputs are derived from the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of scientific knowledge and phenomenological sociology. The solution is found in an integrative model of socialization as continual synchronization of subjective systems of coordinates and socio-cultural networks. Mediating between subjective consciousness and inter-subjective knowledge is language, and this is manifested in concrete practices observed in “real-time”. The empirical study reveals some influences of the system on the lifeworld. “Inside” the lifeworld, however, the interviewees mostly use their departments as frames of reference in their descriptions and discussions. A more elaborate exploration of the life-world results in an understanding of socialization in terms of positioning. This concept denotes the ways in which the interviewees describe themselves, their socio-cultural surroundings and themselves in relation to these milieus. At any given moment, positioning can be understood as a “co-construction” of subjective position and socio-cultural milieu. Positioning is thereby the empirical correlate to synchronization, and socialization can be “read off” from the ways in which doctoral students position themselves “here and now”. Problematic, though, is that “doctoral student”, and especially “female doctoral student”, are found to be vague and vulnerable categories with no clear meanings for the socialised nor for the socio-cultural environment. In a more speculative manner, these difficulties of positioning are put in relation to “scientist” as a vague category. If “scientist” cannot be defined, how then can we know what “scientists in the making” are? This thesis offers an insight into the plural “realities” of doctoral students in different academic milieus. It offers a lifeworld-perspective on socialization and is thereby relevant for discussions of post-graduate education among scholars as well as among policy makers.

The aim of this study is to investigate the elementary school students&amp / #8217 / understandings of the nature of science (NOS). A total of 1949 students (1026 sixth graders and 923 eighth graders) from six different elementary schools participated in the study. Nature of Science Questionnaire for Elementary Level (E-NOS) questionnaire, adapted from Views on Science-Technology-Society (VOSTS) developed by Aikenhead, Fleming and Ryan (1989) and Views on Nature of Science (VNOS-D) constructed by Lederman, Adb-El-Khalick, Bell and Schwartz (2002), was used to assess the students&amp / #8217 / views on the NOS. E-NOS consisted of eleven items that examined the students&amp / #8217 / views on seven constructs concerning the NOS, namely tentativeness, subjectivity and creativity of scientific knowledge, social and cultural embeddedness of science, the role of observations and inferences, theories and laws and uncertainty in developing science. Additionally, the definitions of science, the difference of science from the other disciplines and scientific approach in scientific investigations were examined. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted by twelve volunteer students (7 sixth and 5 eighth graders) to investigate the students&amp / #8217 / views on nature of science in depth. Data were analyzed both frequency and Chi-squire analyses. Results of this study revealed that the majority of Turkish elementary school students held traditional views on some aspects of the nature of science. According to these results, it was especially notable that the largest group of the students was not aware of the fact that scientific theories and laws are different kinds of scientific knowledge. In addition, many of the students had the idea that there is certain and defined scientific method in order to develop scientific knowledge. It was also found that more 8th grade students held contemporary (realistic) views of the tentative and subjective nature of science and the role of precision and uncertainty in science and more 6th graders had contemporary views on the role of observations and inferences in science. Furthermore, it was indicated that more female students than males possessed contemporary views on the subjectivity and creativity of the nature of science. Chi-square statistics also displayed that there are statistically significant differences in distributions of the students&amp / #8217 / responses on all aspects of the nature of science with respect to grade level. In addition, it was found that there are statistically significant differences in distributions of the students&amp / #8217 / responses on the subjective nature of scientific knowledge, social and cultural embeddedness of the scientific knowledge, creativity and the role of prediction and uncertainty in science and scientific approach to investigations in science with respect to gender.

No description available.