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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Metallische Nanoantennen: Frequenzverdopplung und photochemische Reaktionen auf kleinen Skalen

Reichenbach, Philipp 11 April 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Diese Arbeit beinhaltet experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen der optischen Frequenzverdopplung (second-harmonic generation, kurz SHG) an metallischen Nanopartikeln. Frequenzverdopplung bedeutet, daß ein bei der Frequenz omega angeregtes Nanopartikel Strahlung der Frequenz 2*omega emittiert. Dieser Effekt tritt nicht nur in Materialien mit nichtzentrosymmetrischer Kristallstruktur, sondern auch an der Oberfläche von Metallen auf. Deshalb läßt er sich gut mit plasmonischen Feldüberhöhungen an metallischen Nanoantennen verbinden. Die Frequenzverdopplung wird an verschiedenen Nanostrukturen wie dreieckförmigen, stäbchenförmigen und vor allem kegelförmigen Nanopartikeln experimentell untersucht, welche aufgrund ihrer scharfen Spitzen starke SHG-Signale emittieren. Besonders die Kegel sind interessant: Bei Anregung mit einem fokussierten, radial polarisierten Strahl dominiert je nach Kegelgröße und Umgebungsmedium ein SHG-Signal entweder von der Spitze oder von der Bodenkante des Kegels. Diese an den Kegeln gemessenen Resultate werden durch theoretische Untersuchungen untermauert. In diesen Rechnungen werden die plasmonischen Feldüberhöhungen und die sich daraus ergebende Frequenzverdopplung für einen Kegel mit verschiedenen Parametern modelliert. An einem einzelnen Kegel gewonnene Resultate werden auch mit den Fällen eines kugelförmigen und eines stäbchenförmigen Partikels verglichen. Ein weiterer Gegenstand der theoretischen Untersuchungen ist die Superposition der zweiten Harmonischen von mehreren emittierenden Nanopartikeln zu einem Feldmaximum. Dabei wird eine kreisförmige Anordnung von 8 Nanostäbchen bzw. Nanokegeln von einer radial polarisierten Mode angeregt. Die Superposition der emittierten zweiten Harmonischen ergibt ein Feldmaximum innerhalb der Anordnung der Emitter. Durch eine Verkippung des anregenden Strahls kann dieser Fokus im Raum bewegt werden. Letztere Untersuchung ist insbesondere interessant im Hinblick auf lokalisierte photochemische Reaktionen, die durch das frequenzverdoppelte Licht von Nanopartikeln ausgelöst werden sollen. Mit chemischen Substanzen, die bei omega transparent, bei 2*omega aber photoreaktiv sind, wäre im Nahfeld dieser Nanoantennen eine starke Lokalisierung der Reaktion auf Bereiche kleiner als 100~nm möglich. Anhand von Photolacken und Polymermatrizen mit diesen Eigenschaften wird experimentell untersucht, ob frequenzverdoppeltes Licht überhaupt solche Reaktionen auslösen kann oder ob die photochemische Reaktionen überwiegend durch direkte Zwei-Photonen-Absorption des anregenden Lichts ausgelöst werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen allerdings, daß die Zwei-Photonen-Absorption dominant ist. Durch die Zwei-Photonen-Absorption im Nahfeld von Partikeln ist aber dennoch eine vergleichbare Lokalisierung der Reaktion möglich. / This work includes experimental and theoretical investigations of second-harmonic generation (SHG) at metallic nanoparticles. SHG means that a nanoparticle that is excited at the frequency omega emits radiation at the frequency 2*omega. SHG does not only occur in materials with noncentrosymmetric structure, but also on metal surfaces. Hence, SHG can be combined well with plasmonic field enhancement at metallic nanoantennae. SHG is investigated experimentally at different nanostructures such as triangle-like, rod-like and especially cone-like nanoparticles. With their sharp tips these structures show a much stronger SHG signal than spherical nanoparticles. Especially the cones are interesting: Excited with a focused radially polarized beam, for different cone sizes and in different surrounding media either the signal from the tip or the signal from the bottom edge dominates. The measurement results from the cones are underpinned by theoretical investigations. In these calculations the plasmonic field enhancements and the resulting SHG are modeled for a cone with different parameters. The single-cone results are also compared with the cases of a spherical or rod-shaped particle. A further subject of the theoretical investigations is the superposition of the SHG radiation from a number of emitting nanoparticles to a field maximum. For that, a circular arrangement of 8 nanorods or nanocones is excited by a radially polarized beam. The superposition of the second-harmonic radiation fields yields a field maximum in the space between the emitters. A tilt of the exciting beam can move this focus in space. The latter item is of special interest concerning localised photochemical reactions induced by the second-harmonic light from nanoparticles. In the near field of these nanoantennae, a strong localisation of the reaction on regions smaller than 100 nm would be possible by using chemical substances being transparent at omega, but photoreactive at 2*omega. With photoresists and polymer matrices, experiments are carried out to investigate whether SHG light can trigger such reactions at all, or if these photochemical reactions are triggered predominantly by direct two-photon absorption of the exciting light. The results show that the two-photon absorption is the dominant process. Yet, through two-photon absorption in the near field of particles, the localisation of the reaction is still similar.
162

Das unstetige Galerkin-Verfahren in der Nanooptik

Hille, Andreas 08 March 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Die Nanooptik beschäftigt sich mit der Wechselwirkung von Licht mit Materie, deren charakteristische Dimension im Nanometer Bereich liegt. Insbesondere wenn die Materie aus Metall besteht, zeigen sich interessante, wellenlängenabhängige Unterschiede in der Stärke der Wechselwirkung. Die Ursache dafür sind die kollektiven Moden der quasifreien Ladungsträger, die Plasmonen. Obgleich sich experimentelle Methoden in den letzten Jahren stetig verbessert haben, ist es nach wie vor nur mit erheblichem Aufwand möglich, sich Einblicke in die mikroskopischen Zusammenhänge zu verschaffen. Eine Ergänzung zu den Experimenten bieten theoretische Modelle. Auf Grund der sich mit der Zeit stetig verbesserten Leistung der Rechentechnik, kommen dabei zunehmend numerische Verfahren zum Einsatz. Eines dieser Verfahren ist das Unstetige Galerkin Verfahren, welches in dieser Arbeit auf folgende Fragestellungen der plasmonischen Nanooptik angewandt wurde: • Bei dem unstetigen Galerkin Verfahren werden die zu simulierenden Körper üblicherweise mittels Dreiecke und Tetraeder approximiert. Da die Geometrie der metallischen Systeme einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Wechselwirkung hat, wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich durch Einsatz von Elementen mit gekrümmten Flächen die Genauigkeit oder die Geschwindigkeit der Simulation steigern lässt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass runde Elemente die Genauigkeit bei gleicher Diskretisierung um bis zu zwei Größenordnungen steigern oder die Rechenzeit bei gleicher Genauigkeit auf ein Sechstel verkürzen können. • Bestrahlt man Metallnanopartikel mit intensiven Laserpulsen, so strahlen diese nicht nur bei der Frequenz des eingestrahlten Lichtes, sondern auch bei der doppelten Frequenz ab. Dieses Phänomen der Frequenzverdopplung (SHG, engl.: „Second-Harmonic-Generation“) ist unter anderem von der Form der Partikel und der Wellenlänge des Pulses abhängig. Da durchstimmbare gepulste Laser sehr teuer sind, wurde untersucht, ob sich mit Hilfe der linearen Partikelspektren Vorhersagen über die Stärke der Frequenzverdopplung machen lassen. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass die Effizienz der Frequenzverdopplung zunimmt, wenn man die linearen Resonanzen der Partikel auf die SHG- oder Anregungswellenlänge abstimmt. Schafft man es, das plasmonische System so einzustellen, dass sowohl die Anregungswellenlänge, wie auch die SHG- Wellenlänge auf einer linearen Resonanz liegen, so kann die Effizienz der SHG weiter gesteigert werden. / Nanooptics is a discipline dealing with the interaction of light with matter where its characteristic dimensions are defined to be in the range of nanometers. In particular, if the matter consists of metal, i.e. conductive material, interesting wavelength dependent phenomena can be observed, which scale with the strength of the interaction. These phenomena are caused by the formation of collective modes between quasi-free charge carriers resulting in so called plasmons. Although improved experimental methods have evolved over the last few years, insight into the microscopic relationship between light and matter is only achievable with high effort. Supplemental information to experimental findings can be drawn from theoretical models. Due to the constantly improving computational power, numerical methods are progressively more employed. One of these methods is the discontinuous Galerkin method, which was applied to the following problems in plasmonic nanooptics: • Within the discontinuous Galerkin method the simulated objects are usually approximated by triangles or tetrahedrons. Since the geometry of conductive systems has a major impact on the interaction between light and matter, the usability of elements with curved surfaces for the discretisation of the space has been investigated with respect to accuracy and speed of the simulation. In this work, it could be shown that curved elements improve the simulations precision up to two orders of magnitude with the same amount of discretisation compared to linear elements. Related to speed, it has been found that the computational time is reduced by a factor of 6 with a comparable simulation accuracy. • By irradiating metallic nanoparticles with high power laser pulses these particles do not only emit light of the same frequency as the incident electromagnetic wave, but also with the doubled frequency (SHG, second harmonic generation). Among other things, this phenomenon of frequency doubling mainly depends on the geometry of the particle and the wavelength of the pulse. Since tunable pulsed laser sources are very expensive, it has been theoretically investigated if the strength of the frequency doubling can be deduced from the particles linear spectra. By this, it has been discovered that the efficiency of frequency doubling can be improved by adjusting the linear resonances of the particle to the SHG or excitation wavelength. The SHG efficiency can be increased even further, if the plasmonic system is tuned to a point where both the excitation and the SHG wavelength correspond to a linear resonance of the nanoparticle.
163

Wavelength Conversion in Domain-disordered Quasi-phase Matching Superlattice Waveguides

Wagner, Sean 31 August 2011 (has links)
This thesis examines second-order optical nonlinear wave mixing processes in domain-disordered quasi-phase matching waveguides and evaluates their potential use in compact, monolithically integrated wavelength conversion devices. The devices are based on a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice-core waveguide structure with an improved design over previous generations. Quantum-well intermixing by ion-implantation is used to create the quasi-phase matching gratings in which the nonlinear susceptibility is periodically suppressed. Photoluminescence experiments showed a large band gap energy blue shift around 70 nm after intermixing. Measured two-photon absorption coefficients showed a significant polarization dependence and suppression of up to 80% after intermixing. Similar polarization dependencies and suppression were observed in three-photon absorption and nonlinear refraction. Advanced modeling of second-harmonic generation showed reductions of over 50% in efficiency due to linear losses alone. Self-phase modulation was found to be the dominant parasitic nonlinear effect on the conversion efficiency, with reductions of over 60%. Simulations of group velocity mismatch showed modest reductions in efficiency of less than 10%. Experiments on second-harmonic generation showed improvements in efficiency over previous generations due to low linear loss and improved intermixing. The improvements permitted demonstration of continuous wave second-harmonic generation for the first time in such structures with output power exceeding 1 µW. Also, Type-II phase matching was demonstrated for the first time. Saturation was observed as the power was increased, which, as predicted, was the result of self-phase modulation when using 2 ps pulses. By using 20 ps pulses instead, saturation effects were avoided. Thermo-optically induced bistability was observed in continuous wave experiments. Difference frequency generation was demonstrated with wavelengths from the optical C-band being converted to the L- and U-bands with continuous waves. Conversion for Type-I phase matching was demonstrated over 20 nm with signal and idler wavelengths being separated by over 100 nm. Type-II phase matched conversion was also observed. Using the experimental data for analysis, self-pumped conversion devices were found to require external amplification to reach practical output powers. Threshold pump powers for optical parametric oscillators were calculated to be impractically large. Proposed improvements to the device design are predicted to allow more practical operation of integrated conversion devices based on quasi-phase matching superlattice waveguides.
164

[en] GLASS AND OPTICAL FIBER ELECTROTHERMAL POLING / [pt] POLARIZAÇÃO ELETROTÉRMICA DE VIDROS E FIBRAS ÓPTICAS

GLADYS ADRIANA QUINTERO ROJAS 07 March 2006 (has links)
[pt] Componentes ópticos para sistemas de telecomunicações estão em crescente demanda. Para aumentar a eficiência destes componentes, reduzir os custos e permitir a integração aos sistemas atuais, tem-se incentivado a pesquisa de novos materiais, como, por exemplo, a sílica fundida. Geralmente, a sílica fundida, por ser um meio isotrópico, não exibe efeitos não lineares de segunda ordem como o efeito eletro-óptico, que pode ser utilizado na fabricação de chaves e moduladores ópticos. No entanto, pode-se induzir na sílica uma não linearidade de segunda ordem (c(2)) da ordem de 1 pm/V através da técnica de polarização eletrotérmica. Observa-se a formação de uma camada depletada de íons e um campo elétrico muito intenso permanentemente gravado em sílica polarizada. A caracterização experimental desta camada de depleção, ou seja, espessura, perfil e magnitude do c(2) induzido, é importante para a compreensão do processo físico que ocorre durante a polarização. Podem ser encontrados na literatura resultados muito divergentes obtidos com diferentes técnicas de caracterização. Não se sabe se esta divergência é devida aos diferentes métodos usados, ou a diferentes condições de polarização e tipos de amostras. Nesta tese, fez-se uma comparação entre quatro técnicas de caracterização da espessura da camada de depleção em sílica polarizada: ataque químico interferométrico com ácido fluorídrico, Maker Fringe, microscopia óptica e de força atômica, e ataque interferométrico com medida de segundo harmônico em tempo real. A estabilidade da não linearidade induzida é importante para garantir a estabilidade de chaves e moduladores ópticos construídos com sílica polarizada, portanto, fez-se também um estudo de apagamento por temperatura da não linearidade induzida em amostras de sílica polarizada. Foi também estudado nesta tese a influência da superfície da amostra antes da polarização, fator importante para a otimização da reprodutibilidade do processo. Para investigar a potencialidade do desenvolvimento de um Atenuador Óptico Variável (VOA) a fibra óptica, também foi feito um estudo de polarização eletrotérmica em fibras ópticas. Estudos complementares foram realizados envolvendo a influência do campo elétrico na taxa de ataque de ácido fluorídrico em fibras ópticas. Fez-se também um estudo sobre redes de Bragg gravadas em fibras especiais. Parte desta tese foi financiada pelo CNPq (bolsa doutorado), pelo Convênio Ericsson/PUC-Rio - Termo Aditivo 04 e 14, ref: PUC.04, Polarização de fibras ópticas, e pelo Projeto GIGA - Finep - Funttel - CPqD, Subprojeto Atenuador Óptico Variável a Fibra Óptica. / [en] Over the past few years, there has been a growing demand for optical components for telecommunication systems. In order to increase the efficiency of these components, reduce costs and allow integration to current systems, efforts have been made in researching new materials, for example, silica. Due to its isotropic nature, silica, ordinarily, does not present second order effects, for example, the electro-optic effect, which can be used for optical switching and modulation. However, eletrothermal poling can be used to induce in silica a second order nonlinearity (c(2)) of the order of 1 pm/V. It can be observed that poled silica has an ion-depleted layer and a permanently recorded electric field. The experimental characterization of this depletion layer, i.e. width, profile and magnitude of the induced c(2), is important for the comprehension of the physical process occurring during polarization. Different results obtained with different characterization techniques can be found in literature. It is not known whether diverging results in literature are due to different methods of examination or due to different poling conditions and sample type. This thesis compares the findings of four experimental techniques used to monitor the width of the depletion region in fused silica samples poled under similar conditions - hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, Maker Fringe, optical and atomic force microscope, and hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching with real time monitoring of the SH signal. The stability of the induced nonlinearity is important to guarantee the stability of optical switches and modulators built with poled silica; therefore, thermal annealing of the induced nonlinearity in poled silica is also investigated in this thesis. The influence of the sample surface before poling, an important factor in reproducibility, is also investigated in this thesis. In order to investigate the possibility of developing an optical fiber Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA), optical fiber electrothermal poling was also investigated. Additionally, studies of the influence of the electric field strength on HF etching rate were made, as well as recording of Bragg gratings on special fibers. This thesis has been partially funded by CNPq (Doctorate scholarship), by Ericsson/PUC-Rio Accord - Additive term 04 e 14, ref: PUC.04, Poling of Optical Fiber, and by GIGA - Finep - Funttel - CPqD Project, Variable Optical Attenuator Subproject.
165

Processo alternativo de polarização termo-elétrica de indução e caracterização de não-linearidade de segunda ordem em vidros soda-lime / Alternative thermal-electric polarzation process to induce and characterize second order nonlinearity in soda-lime glasses.

Moura, André de Lima 10 February 2009 (has links)
Amorphous materials present macroscopic inversion symmetry. As a consequence, their even order nonlinearities are null. The technological interest in vitreous medium with second order nonlinearity ( χ(2) ) to make photonic devices has stimulated the development of techniques to induce this property. Among them, the thermal-electric field poling is one of the most investigated due its experimental simplicity and results reproducibility. In this work the investigations were directed to the thermal-electric field poling dynamics in soda-lime glasses in view of identify the mainly contributions to the induced nonlinearity stability. Initially were identified the mainly contributions to the induced electrical current. It was observed during the polarizations electroluminescence emission which was shown to be due to ionic displacement and air ionization outside the sample. By using a simplified ionic conduction model was determined two activation energies: ~0,60 and ~3,8eV. The first one, determined from the induced electrical current, was attributed to the sodium conduction; while the second ones, determined by the electroluminescence, attributed to the calcium displacement. Besides the small contribution to the electrical current, the calcium ions, due their small diffusion coefficient, were identified as responsible to the possibility of induce stable second order nonlinearity in soda-lime glasses. Based on these evidences it was used an alternative procedure in which the electrical current flux is controlled. This procedure enabled induce stable χ(2) . This effect was demonstrated to exist 12 months after the polarization procedure, even with a ~50% decrease. The second harmonic generation efficiency was increased in until three times by pumping continuously the polarized samples with infrared radiation from an Nd-YAG laser operating at QSML regime. The threshold applied voltage to observe χ(2) was determined through a modulated applied voltage procedure to be due to the mobility difference between sodium and calcium. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Materiais amorfos apresentam simetria de inversão macroscópica e, como conseqüência, as nãolinearidades ópticas de ordem par são nulas. A necessidade tecnológica de que meios vítreos apresentem não-linearidade de segunda ordem ( χ(2) ), visando principalmente o desenvolvimento de dispositivos fotônicos, fortalece a busca por técnicas para a sua indução. Dentre estas, o processo termo-elétrico de polarização tem sido muito investigado devido, principalmente a sua simplicidade experimental e a reprodutibilidade dos resultados. Neste trabalho as investigações são dedicadas à dinâmica do processo termo-elétrico em vidros soda-lime visando identificar as principais contribuições para a estabilidade da não-linearidade induzida. Inicialmente foram verificadas as principais contribuições à corrente elétrica induzida. Durante as polarizações observou-se emissão de eletroluminescência. Mostrou-se que esta é devido ao deslocamento dos íons de cálcio e possíveis ionizações do ar fora da amostra. Usando um modelo simplificado de condução iônica determinou-se duas energias de ativação: ~0,60 e ~3,8eV. A primeira, determinada a partir da corrente elétrica induzida, foi atribuída à condução dos íons de sódio; enquanto a segunda, determinada pela eletroluminescência, aos íons de cálcio. Apesar de pequena contribuição na corrente elétrica induzida, os íons de cálcio, devido ao baixo coeficiente de difusão, foram identificados como os responsáveis pela possibilidade de indução de χ(2) estável em vidros soda-lime. Baseado nessas evidências foi utilizado um procedimento alternativo de polarização controlando do fluxo de corrente induzida que permitiu a indução de χ(2) estável. Este efeito pôde ser comprovado existir 12 meses após o processo de polarização, mesmo com redução de ~50% do valor inicial. Observou-se que a eficiência na geração de segundo harmônico pôde ser aumentada em até 3 vezes quando as amostras polarizadas foram bombeadas continuamente com laser Nd-YAG operando no regime QSML. Através de procedimento com tensão elétrica aplicada modulada foi identificada a origem da tensão elétrica de limiar como sendo devido à diferença de mobilidade entre os íons de sódio e cálcio.
166

Avaliação da cicatrização da pele de rato wistar após múltiplas sessões de terapia fotodinâmica

Angarita, Dora Patricia Ramírez 25 October 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4853.pdf: 5831443 bytes, checksum: 4e6531437ba418dff23289618e0e9361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most frequent disease in the world population and it is becoming a public health problem. Due to this fact, new technologies are being tested for the treatment of this disease. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive technique with an excellent cosmetic outcome, well tolerated by patients and with good healing results when used for the initial stages of cancer lesions. PDT uses molecular oxygen, light at appropriate wavelengths and the drug photosensitizers to generation of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen responsible for the photoinactivation of target cells. The characteristics of scar tissue after multiple sessions of PDT is not completely understood. It is not known whether multiple sessions of PDT may cause irreversible changes in the treated tissue. Thus, the present study has as its main objective the evaluation of the characteristics of the skin scarred after multiple sessions of PDT. For this study, we used 25 Wistar type male mice. These 25 mice were grouped into 5 subgroups of 5 each: G0, control group, non-subjected to any treatment; G1, exposed to one PDT session and after, there was made a lesion with CO2 laser over the scarred tissue; G2, the group is submitted twice for the same procedure, G3, subjected to 3 times the procedure performed for G1 group; G4, exposed to 4 times the procedure. Once the mice s skin was healed, we performed macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of the histological pieces. Furthermore, we made a microscopic evaluation of collagen fibers and the generation of the second-harmonic through multiphotons microscopy. Macroscopically, it was observed a good healing for the different groups. The aesthetic result showed a decrease after the third and fourth sessions. In the microscopic study, it was observed an conservation of the quantity of sebaceous glands per square millimeter (mm2). The morphology of collagen fibers when evaluated using two-photon excited fluorescence in the confocal microscope, showed thinner fibers with a parallel arrangement and lower density in the G3 e G4 compared to the control group. It was not observed decrease in the generation of second harmonic in histopathology slides. These results suggest that healing in skin after four (4) sessions of PDT/lesion presents alterations in aesthetic and histological of the morphology of collagen fibers that may be related to submitted of the skin in eight (8) consecutive occasions with an incomplete healing between them. / O Câncer de pele não melanoma é o câncer mais frequente da população mundial, se tornando um problema de saúde pública. Devido a essa problemática, novas tecnologias estão sendo testadas para o tratamento desta doença. A Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma técnica não invasiva com excelentes resultados estéticos, bem tolerada pelos pacientes e com bons resultados de cura quanto usado para lesões iniciais. Usa o oxigênio molecular, a luz num comprimento de onda adequado e o medicamento fotossensibilizador para formar espécies altamente reativas como o oxigênio singleto responsável pela fotoinativação das células alvo. As características do tecido cicatrizado após múltiplas sessões de TFD não são completamente conhecidas. Ainda não se tem conhecimento se múltiplas sessões de TFD podem ocasionar modificações irreversíveis no tecido tratado. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem como principal objetivo a avaliação das características da pele cicatrizada após múltiplas sessões de TFD. Para este estudo, aprovado pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa foram utilizados 25 ratos machos, da linhagem Wistar, divididos em 5 grupos com 5 animais por cada grupo: G0 controle, não foi submetido a nenhum procedimento; G1, submetidos a uma sessão de TFD na pele do dorso, posteriormente, nesta pele cicatrizada foi feita uma lesão externa com laser de CO2; G2, o grupo passa duas vezes pelo mesmo procedimento explicado anteriormente; G3, o grupo passa três vezes pelo procedimento e para o grupo G4 é repetido os procedimentos em quatro ocasiões. Após a cicatrização dos procedimentos é feita uma avaliação macroscópica, um analise microscópica e uma avaliação da microestrutura das fibras de colágeno e geração do segundo harmônico por microscopia multi-fótons. Macroscopicamente, foi observada uma cicatrização satisfatória para os diferentes grupos tratados se apresentando uma diminuição no resultado estético após a terceira e a quarta sessão. No estudo microscópio, foi evidente uma conservação da quantidade de glândulas sebáceas por mm2. A morfologia das fibras de colágeno apresentaram modificações que foram mais acentuadas na terceira e quarta sessão, se evidenciando fibras de menor espessura, com uma disposição paralela e menor densidade quando comparadas ao grupo controle. Não foi evidente diminuição da geração do secundo harmônico nas lâminas estudadas. A partir destes dados sugere-se que a cicatrização na pele após 4 sessões de TFD/lesão, apresenta modificações no resultado estético, histológico, da morfologia das fibras de colágeno que podem estar relacionadas com acometimento consecutivo da pele em 8 ocasiões com uma cicatrização incompleta entre elas.
167

Estudo das propriedades ópticas lineares e não-lineares de cristais de l-alanina, l-treonina e l-lisina / Linear and nonlinear optical properties study of l-alanine, l-treonine and l-lisine crystals

Lino Misoguti 18 March 1999 (has links)
Neste trabalho estudamos uma nova classe de materiais ópticos não-lineares, os cristais orgânicos, que possuem potencial para muitas aplicação em dispositivos. Determinamos diferentes propriedades ópticas lineares e não-lineares de três cristais orgânicos: a l-alanina, a l-treonina e a l-lisina. Esses cristais de aminoácido foram escolhidos por apresentarem propriedades de geração de segundo harmônico (GSH) e por serem materiais nunca estudados sob o ponto de vista da óptica não-linear. Estudamos algumas das propriedades ópticas lineares fundamentais desses cristais biaxiais transparentes, pois deles dependem os fenômenos não-lineares sobre os quais são feitas intensas pesquisas. Determinamos as propriedades lineares como os espectros de absorção, os índices de refração, os eixo ópticos, velocidade de propagação da luz num meio anisotrópico e os limiares de dano por radiação. Posteriormente, determinamos as condições de casamento de fase, a eficiência de GSH, e a auto-modulação de fase. A GSH e a auto-modulação de fase pertencem, respectivamente, a processos não-lineares de segunda e de terceira-ordem. Para o estudo de muitas dessas propriedades foram desenvolvidas novas técnicas experimentais. Uma dessas novas técnicas, a varredura-Z oscilante, teve sensibilidade para determinar, pela primeira vez, o índice de refração não oscilante, vez, o índice de refração não linear desses cristais orgânicos. Além disso, como a todos os processos de caracterização envolveram a preparação de amostras, tivemos a oportunidade de criar procedimentos padrões para manipulação e utilização desses novos materiais. / In this work we studied a new class of nonlinear organic crystals that are potential candidates for devices application. We determined several linear and nonlinear optical properties of three organic crystals: l-alanine, l-threonine and l-lysine. These aminoacid. These aminoacid because their nonlinearities were never studied before. We characterized some of the fundamental linear optical properties of these biaxial transparent crystals, because they have influence on nonlinear phenomena that attracted a lot of research. We determined linear properties like absorption spectra, indices of refraction, optical axes, the light speed propagation in anisotropy media and the optical damage threshold. Subsequently, we determined the phase-matching condition for SHG, efficiency of the SHG and self-phase modulation. The SHG and self-phase modulation belongs, respectively, to the second-order and third-order nonlinear processes. To study several of these properties we had to develop some new experimental techniques. One of them, the oscillatory Z-scan, allows enough sensibility to determine, for the first time, the nonlinear refraction index of these organic crystals. Besides, as all these optical characterization involve the preparation of the samples, we had the opportunity to establishing standard procedures for manipulation of these new materials.
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Microscopias de óptica não linear = fluorescência excitada por absorção de dois fótons, geração de segundo harmônico e geração de terceiro harmônico / Non linear optical microscopies : two photon excited fluorescence, second harmonic generation and third harmonic generation

Pelegati, Vitor Bianchin, 1982- 17 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Lenz Cesar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:12:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pelegati_VitorBianchin_M.pdf: 3778666 bytes, checksum: d19d947cc4b4206345d5c2da244362d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Biologia celular é um novo mundo promissor com enorme impacto social, econômico e na saúde. Organismos vivos são capazes de, produzir a própria energia a partir da luz do sol, se reproduzir, de se auto-reparar, sinalizar e navegar por sinais bioquímicos, biomecânicos, luminosos, térmicos, e outros, e produzir materiais à temperatura ambiente. As possibilidades abertas por essa área incluem, desde bactérias e protozoários usados para destruir células de câncer, regeneração de órgãos inteiros, produção de etanol a partir de algas, e outros. Entretanto, para o entendimento da biologia em seu nível mais profundo, ferramentas de observação não destrutivas fazem-se necessária para seguir os processos celulares durante seu tempo de vida. A óptica tem a única onda não destrutiva capaz de fornecer informações em tempo real com suficiente resolução espacial de eventos acontecendo internamente à célula. Ademais, porque feixes de luz não colidem, a óptica permite a integração de diferentes técnicas capazes de reunir informações simultâneas de processos celulares. Óptica não linear é especialmente adequada para tal, pois não requer marcação ou processamentos especiais de amostras que poderiam destruir, ou modificar, os processos celulares. Além disso, técnicas elásticas, como a geração de segundo e terceiro harmônicos não liberam energia no material que é, portanto, preservado após a observação. O objetivo dessa tese é desenvolver uma plataforma multimodal para observação de processos biológicos pelo uso de microscopias de fluorescência excitada por absorção de dois fótons, geração de segundo harmônico e geração de terceiro harmônico no mesmo instrumento. Nosso grupo foi pioneiro em demonstrar a aquisição de imagens de geração de segundo harmônico no Brasil e, essa tese é a primeira a realizar a aquisição de imagens por geração de terceiro harmônico. Estas três técnicas juntas fornecem informações complementares a respeito da organização de células e tecidos. Enquanto a fluorescência pode ser específica para algumas proteínas alvo, o segundo harmônico pode observar a rede de colágeno da matriz extra celular e, o terceiro harmônico pode observar os núcleos e gotículas de lipídios internas às células. Esta tese descreve o sistema experimental para realizar essas aquisições multimodais de imagens, a física por trás dos sinais não lineares, importantes para entender seu significado biológico, e mostra aplicações das técnicas para diferentes amostras biológicas e inorgânicas / Abstract: Cell biology is promising a brave new world with enormous social economic and health impacts. Living organisms are capable of producing their own energy from sun light, reproduce, self-repair, signalize and travel in response to biochemical, biomechanical, light and thermal signals among others, and to produce materials at room temperature. The possibilities opened by this area range from bacteria and protozoa used to destroy cancer cells, whole organs regeneration, ethanol produced from algae, and others. However, to actually understand biology at its deepest level no destructive observation tools are necessary to follow cell processes during their time course. Optics is about the only wave capable to provide non destructive real time information with enough spatial resolution of the events happening inside the cells. Moreover, because light beams do not collide, optics allows the integration of different techniques capable to gather simultaneous information during a cell process. Non linear optics is specially suited for that in the sense that it does not require staining or special sample processing that would destroy, or change, the process. Besides, elastic techniques such as second and third harmonic generation do not release energy at the material which is therefore preserved after the observation. The objective of this thesis is to develop a multimodality platform for biology process observation by using Two Photon Excited Fluorescence, Second Harmonic Generation and Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy with the same instrument. Our group was the first one to demonstrate the acquisition of Second Harmonic Generation images in Brazil and this thesis is the first one to perform the acquisition of third harmonic generation images. These three techniques together provide complementary information respect to cell and tissue organization. While fluorescence can be specific target to some proteins, second harmonic can observe the collagen network of extra cellular matrix and the third harmonic can observe the nucleus and lipid droplets inside the cells. This thesis describe the experimental setup to perform these multimodal image acquisition, the physics behind the non linear signals, important to understand their biological mean, and shows applications of these techniques for different biological and inorganic samples / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física
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Ferramenta biofotônica integrada para manipulações e microscopias confocais / Integrates biophotonic tool for manipulations and confocal microscopies

Thomaz, André Alexandre de, 1980- 21 December 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Lenz Cesar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T10:58:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thomaz_AndreAlexandrede_M.pdf: 10062018 bytes, checksum: 1e19c55cb5a4e709c2015e2d90f3ac13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A pesquisa em fotônica biomedica está claramente tomando a direção do entendimento de processos biológicos a nível celular. A resolução necessária para atingir esse objetivo requer praticamente ferramentas fotônicas. Contudo, uma integração de diferentes ferramentes fotônicas e uma aproximação funcional serão necessárias para acessar os processos biomecânicos e bioquímicos celulares. Deste modo nós podemos observar eventos bioquímicos disparados mecanicamente ou eventos mecânicos disparados bioquimicamente, ou até mesmo observar simultâneamente eventos biomecânicos e bioquímicos disparados por outros meios, entre outros, eletricamente. Uma das grandes vantagens das ferramentas fotônicas é a sua facilidade de integração. Nós desenvolvemos uma ferramenta integrada incorporando pinça óptica simples com Microscopia Confocal "Single-photon" e Multifóton. O sistema consegue realizar microscopias de fluorescência excitada pela absorção de dois fótons e geração de segundo harmônico em conjunto com manipulações ópticas. Medidas de força, elasticidade e viscosidade de membranes esticadas podem ser monitoradas em tempo real pelas microscopias confocais, bem como protozoários capturados opticamente, como, por exemplo, Trypanosoma cruzi. Nós mostraremos vários exemplos do uso de tal ferramenta integrada e seu potencial para observar processos mecânicos e bioquímicos a nível celular / Abstract: The research in biomedical photonics is clearly evolving in the direction of the understanding of biological processes at the cell level. The spatial resolution to accomplish this task practically requires photonics tools. However, an integration of different photonic tools and a multimodal and functional approach will be necessary to access the mechanical and biochemical cell processes. This way we can observe mechanicaly triggered biochemical events or biochemicaly triggered mechanical events, or even observe simultaneously mechanical and biochemical events triggered by other means, e.g. electricaly. One great advantage of the photonic tools is its easiness for integration. Therefore, we developed such integrated tool by incorporating single Optical Tweezers with Confocal Single and Multiphoton Microscopies. This system can perform 2-photon excited fluorescence and Second Harmonic Generation microscopies together with optical manipulations. Force, elasticity and viscosity measurements of stretched membranes can be followed by real time confocal microscopies. Also opticaly trapped living protozoas, such as Trypanosoma cruzi. Integration with CARS microscopy is under way. We will show several examples of the use of such integrated instrument and its potential to observe mechanical and biochemical processes at cell level / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física
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Linear and nonlinear optical properties of high refractive index dielectric nanostructures / Propriétés optiques linéaires et non-linéaires de nanostructures photoniques

Wiecha, Peter R. 30 September 2016 (has links)
La nano-optique est un vaste domaine permettant d'étudier et d'exalter l'interaction lumière-matière à l'échelle nanométrique. Ce domaine couvre notamment la plasmonique, mais depuis quelques années, un effort est porté sur les nanostructures diélectriques à fort indice de réfraction (typiquement des semiconducteurs comme le silicium). Des effets similaires aux nanoparticules plasmoniques peuvent être obtenus, tels un comportement d'antenne et l'exaltation de phénomènes non linéaires (génération d'harmoniques), avec l'avantage de faibles pertes. Dans cette thèse, une analyse des propriétés optiques linéaires et non linéaires de nanostructures individuelles. Une première partie est dédiée aux nanofils de silicium qui supportent de fortes résonances optiques dont le nombre et la gamme spectrale, du proche UV au proche IR, sont fonction de leur diamètre. Dans ces conditions, l'exaltation du champ proche optique et un rapport surface sur volume élevé favorisent l'apparition de processus non linéaires. Ainsi la génération de seconde harmonique (SHG) par rapport au silicium massif est augmentée de deux ordres de grandeur. En outre, différentes contributions à l'origine de la SHG peuvent être adressées individuellement en fonction de la polarisation du laser d'excitation et de la taille des nanofils. Les résultats expérimentaux sont confrontés à des simulations numériques (méthode dyadique de Green, GDM), qui permettent d'identifier les différentes contributions. Dans une seconde partie, la méthode dyadique de Green est couplée à des algorithme évolutionnistes (EO) pour la conception et l'optimisation de propriétés optiques choisies de nanostructures semiconductrices ou métalliques, par exemple diffusion résonnante de différentes longueurs d'ondes pour différentes polarisations.Des échantillons de nanostructures de silicium, réalisés à partir des résultats de l'EO, vérifient avec succès les prédictions de l'algorithme d'optimisation, démontrant l'énorme potentiel de l'EO pour de nombreuses applications en nanophotonique requérant une optimisation simultanée de différents paramètres. / Nano-photonic structures offer a highly interesting platform to enhance light-matter interaction on a nanometer scale. Recently, high-index dielectric structures have gained increasing attention as possible low-loss alternatives to plasmonic nano-antennas made from noble metals. Furthermore, since non-linear effects offer many unique functionalities like the coherent up-conversion of photons, including the generation of harmonics, many efforts are being made to exploit such phenomena in nano-photonics. In this thesis, an analysis is presented on nonlinear optical effects in individual dielectric structures, specifically in silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Nanowires develop strong optical resonances in the visible and infrared spectral range. In this context, strong enhancement of the optical near-field together with a large surface to volume ratio support the appearance of nonlinear effects. We show that, compared to bulk Si, a two orders of magnitude increase in second harmonic generation (SHG) is feasible and furthermore unravel different polarization and size-dependent contributions at the origin of the SHG. Numerical simulations are carried out to reaffirm these experimental findings for which a numerical technique is presented to describe nonlinear effects on the basis of the Green Dyadic Method (GDM). In the last part of the thesis, the GDM is used together with evolutionary optimization (EO) algorithms to tailor and optimize optical properties of photonic nano-structures. We eventually fabricate samples, based on EO design, and successfully verify the predictions of the optimization algorithm. It turns out that EO is an extremely versatile tool and has a tremendous potential for many kinds of further applications in nano-optics.

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