Depuis la fin des années 1990 à nos jours, le cadre normatif de la lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent n’a cessé d’évoluer. Cette évolution reste tangible tant au regard de l’accroissement des normes pénales, que de la multiplication des normes de policing au sein des banques.Ces dernières ont vu leur rôle évoluer considérablement. D’une part, parce que le blanchiment de capitaux est par essence une infraction dynamique qui induit une adaptation du cadre règlementaire aux évolutions de l’infraction.D’autre part, pour des considérations historiques, en raison de la place centrale qu’occupent les banques dans la circulation des capitaux. Mais aussi pour des considérations d’ordre opérationnel, pour leur capacité au regard de l’arsenal de gestion des risques dont ils disposent pour détecter les flux financiers d’origine illicite. C’est dans ce contexte que le rôle de « sentinelles de l’argent sale » leur a été conféré.Cependant, cette nouvelle configuration a redessiné fondamentalement les contours de la profession bancaire. En effet, les rapports entre banquiers et clients ont été affectés d’une part. D’autre part, ses obligations traditionnelles sont entrées en conflit avec les normes de conformités inhérentes à la LBC-FT.Ainsi le rôle du banquier, qui était traditionnellement cantonné à la fourniture de prestations financières, a glissé vers une fonction d’investigation, d’autorégulation. Ce glissement a généré des difficultés d’un point de vue opérationnel pour les banques. Elles ont en outre suscité des dilemmes juridiques, par l’opposition frontale entre les principes fondamentaux du droit bancaire et les normes anti-blanchiment.De cette opposition la primauté a été naturellement concédée aux normes de conformité LBC-F. Celles-ci ayant pour but la préservation du système financier contre l’infiltration des flux financiers d’origine illicite, partant, d’une protection de l’ordre public économique. / Since the end of 1990s in our days, the normative frame of the anti-money laundering did not stop evolving. This evolution, tangible rest as long with regard to the increase of the penal standards, that of the multiplication of the standards of policing within banks.The latter saw their role evolving considerably. On one hand, because the money laundering is in essence a dynamic breach. This leads an adaptation of the statutory frame to the evolutions of the breach.On the other hand, for historic considerations, because of the central place that occupy banks in the traffic of the capital. But also operational, for their capacity in consideration of the arsenal of risk management which they incline to detect the financial flows of illicit origins.However, this new configuration redrew fundamentally the outlines of the banking profession and he gave a new face. Indeed, reports between bankers and customers, were affected on one hand. On the other hand, his traditional obligations entered conflict with the standards of conformities inherent to the LBC-FT.So, the role of the banker which was traditionally limited to the supply of financial services slid towards a function of investigation, autoregulation. This sliding generated difficulties of an operational point of view for banks. They besides aroused legal dilemma by the frontal opposition between the fundamental principles of the banking law and the standards anti-bleaching.Of this opposition the superiority was naturally granted to the standards of conformity LBC-F. These aiming at the conservation of the financial system against the infiltration of the financial flows of illicit origins, therefore, of a protection of the economic law and order.

Myndigheter har en central roll i dagens samhälle och många av dem möter vi varje dag vilket gör deras arbete högst aktuellt. Deras ansvarsområden överlappar ibland varandra vilket kräver att de samverkar. Tack vare samverkan kan myndigheterna effektivisera sitt arbete och uppnå bättre resultat. Däremot fungerar deras samverkan inte alltid på ett effektivt sätt utan är något som måste utvecklas och skapas tillsammans. Syftet med denna studie var att få en bredare förståelse för samt bidra med kunskap kring interorganisatorisk samverkan vid återvinning av brottsutbyten med särskilt fokus på faktorer som kan främja respektive utgöra hinder för samverkan. Efter avslutad studie har vi gett ett bidrag om de faktorer som kännetecknar interorganisatoriska samband vid brottsbekämpning om brottsutbyten samt gett förslag på förbättringar. Vi valde att använda oss av en fallstudie som metod där en kvalitativ forskningsansats tillämpades. För att få olika perspektiv samt en ökad förståelse för fenomenet som studerats har vi intervjuat sex experter, därmed en från varje myndighet. Vår teoretiska referensram består av forskning som behandlar samverkans betydelse, former och förutsättningar med särskild fokus på främjande respektive hindrande faktorer för interorganisatorisk samverkan. Vi presenterar även en analysmodell som fungerade som en utgångspunkt då vi med hjälp av denna konkretiserade vårt informationsbehov. I empirikapitlet presenterar vi de olika myndigheterna och deras roll i samverkan samt resultaten av intervjuerna. Information kring brottsutbyten presenteras också vilket utgör grunden för den empiriska bakgrunden och den empiriska undersökningen. Detta utgör tillsammans med den teoretiska referensramen grunden för vår diskussion och slutsats. Vår studie visar att det finns faktorer i de utvalda myndigheternas interorganisatoriska samverkan som utgör hinder samt främjar deras arbete kring återvinning av brottsutbyten. Engagemanget ser vi som en främjande faktor i myndigheternas interorganisatoriska samverkan. Kommunikationen mellan myndigheterna utgör en främjande faktor samtidigt som det också finns hinder i kommunikationen. Andra hinder för samverkan är sekretess och brist på relevanta verktyg för uppföljning. Eftersom myndigheterna arbetar utifrån olika ansvarsområden, uppdrag och regelverk konstaterar vi avslutningsvis att samverkan behöver bättre styrning som kan stödja pågående projekt och bidra till bättre synkronisering, koordinering och integrering av arbetsprocesserna. / Authorities play a central role in today's society. We meet many of them every day, which makes their work very actual. Their responsibilities sometimes overlap, which requires them to interact. Through this collaboration, the authorities can improve their efficiency and achieve better results. However, their collaboration does not always work well but is something that has to be created and developed together. The purpose of this study was to contribute with knowledge about inter-organizational collaboration in the reclaiming of profits from crime. We wanted to get a wider understanding of government collaboration that takes place with particular focus on factors that can promote or constitute barriers to collaboration. After completing the study, we have made a contribution about the factors that characterize inter-organizational collaboration in the reclaiming of profits from crime and suggest improvements. We have conducted a qualitative case study as a method. To get different perspectives and an increased understanding of the phenomenon studied, we have interviewed six experts, one from each authority. Our theoretical framework consists of research addressed the importance of collaborations as well as forms and conditions of collaboration with particular focus on facilitators and barriers for inter-organizational collaboration. We also present an analysis model which was used as a starting point for our information needs. In the empirical part of the present study we present the authorities' role in the collaboration as well as the results of the interviews. Information about the reclaiming the profits from crime is also presented and it forms the basis for the empirical background and the empirical study. This, together with the theoretical framework, forms the basis for our discussion and conclusion. This study identifies important facilitators and barriers for the inter-organizational collaboration in the reclaiming of profits from crime. The factors such as commitment impacts the collaboration positively. Communication between the authorities constitutes a promotion factor while there are also obstacles in the communication. Other barriers in collaboration are confidentiality and lack of relevant follow-up tools. As the authorities work on different responsibilities, tasks and regulations, we conclude that the collaboration requires better governance that would support ongoing projects and contribute to better synchronization, coordination and integration of the work processes.

Foreshadowing and flashback are two techniques that look alike because they share certain features, namely repetition and experience. These two techniques nevertheless differ in many ways and this research study thus intends differentiating between the two. Existing descriptions of the two techniques provided by critics such as Irwin and Morson do not clearly indicate the differences between them. Terminology pertaining to foreshadowing and flashback is confusingly similar. This makes the identification of these techniques in literary texts difficult, and indeed no theorist explains clearly how to go about such an identification procedure. In order to achieve the aim of this research study, the descriptive, interpretive and comparative methods are used. In addition, an adapted narratological model is employed. In this model, a text is seen as having three levels, namely content, plot and style. In the analysis of content, the topic is emphasised, while theme and atmosphere are emphasised in plot and style analysis respectively. The concept 'technique' has been explained by placing emphasis on its functions and types. With regard to types, the emphasis is on structural techniques with the focus on the second level of a text, i.e the plot, because the two techniques under study, namely foreshadowing and flashback are part of the plot. Foreshadowing is described as a technique whereby an author uses details to suggest the ultimate outcome of the plot or to meaningfully precede the appearance of other details in a literary work. The functions and types of this technique are explained. Forms of this technique include knucklebones, dreams, language, character's name, shadow, conscience, beliefs, etc. Flashback is defined as the author's interruption of the chronological sequence of events in a work of literature. The importance of this technique is also emphasised. The different types of flashback are (a) external retrospection, (b) internal retrospection, and (c) mixed retrospection. A problem with regard to the types of this technique is the fact that not all types have been identified in existing research. This study has thus added two more types of flashback, namely (a) events that have been complicated and (b) events made similar to one another. There are two ways of complicating events, namely (a) changing the chronological order of events and (b) inserting events. Differences between the above-mentioned techniques that have not received attention from theorists are identified as follows in this study: <ul> <ol>In the case of foreshadowing, an unusual event appears, while in flashback, a known event is encountered, i.e. a common, everyday event. With foreshadowing, the event itself seems to be amazing.</ol><ol> In the case of flashback, however, the event may not seem amazing in itself at first, but only causes suprise later when the reader realises that his notion of what has happened and what he thinks he has understood so far is undermined.</ol> <ol>Foreshadowing whets the reader's interest, while this does not happen in the case of flashback. Foreshadowing emphasises coming events. Flashback on the other hand reveals the origin of the problem.</ol> The application of foreshadowing has been analysed by examining its forms in various Sepedi literary works. On the other hand, the application of flashback has been analysed by investigating the use of its different types rather than its forms. In the concluding chapter, the relationship between flashback and the structure of a detective narrative has been looked into. It has been realised that there is a relation between the two concerning (a) the secret and (b) the revelation/unveiling of the secret. / Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Revisorn har till uppgift att kvalitetssäkra sitt klientföretags redovisning, vilket ger en ökad pålitlighet för allmänheten. Att revisorn har en relation till sitt klientföretag som präglas av förtroende har visat sig vara viktigt för att få ut nödvändig information och kunna utföra revisionen på ett korrekt sätt, men samtidigt har revisorn krav på sig om att vara helt oberoende mot företaget de reviderar. De står inför påtryckningar från allmänheten om mer öppenhet och information om företaget, vilket kan ställas i relation till dess tystnadsplikt. Utifrån dessa dilemman har vi genomfört vår studie, där vi undersöka kommunikationen och relationen mellan revisorn och klientföretaget. Syfte: Att bidra till kunskap om den kommunikation som sker mellan revisor och företagsledning och deras uppfattningar kring det. Metod: För att genomföra vår studie har vi använt en deduktiv ansats där vi utgått från befintlig teori som sedan legat till grund för vår empiriska studie. Vi har genomfört intervjuer med revisorer och representanter från företagsledningar, och materialet härifrån har vi sedan analyserat för att få fram vårt resultat. Resultat: Det som både revisorer och representanter för företagsledningarna anser vara mest centralt för att bygga förtroende, är revisorns oberoende, tystnadsplikt och kompetens. Studien har också visat att revisionsberättelsen, som är revisorns kommunikation ut till allmänheten, till stor del förlorar sin nytta om den till största del består av standardtext, vilket gör att revisorn inte alltid uppfyller allmänhetens förväntningar. I relationen mellan revisor och företagsledning, upplevs ingen misstro mellan parterna, vilket blir en positiv effekt av det uppbyggda förtroendet. / Background: The auditor is responsible for quality assurance of his client company's accounts, which gives increased public confidence. That the auditor has a relationship with his client which is based on trust has proven to be important in order to obtain the necessary information and to be able to perform the audit properly, but at the same time the auditor is required to be completely independent of the company they are auditing. They are faced with pressure from the public regarding more transparency and information about the company, which may be in conflict to its confidentiality. Based on these dilemmas, we have conducted our study, examining the communication and relationship between the auditor and the client company. Purpose: To contribute knowledge about the communication between auditor and the top management team and their perceptions about it. Method: In order to complete our study, we have used a deductive approach, based on existing theory which has been the foundation of our empirical study. Conclusions: What both auditors and representatives of the top management teams consider to be most central to building trust are the independence of the auditor, confidentiality and competence. The study has also shown that the audit report, which is the auditor's communication to the public, largely loses its usefulness if it consists mostly of standard text, which means that the auditor does not always meet the public's expectations. In the relationship between the auditor and management, no mistrust is experienced between the parties, which will be a positive effect of the build-up of confidence.

From the early 1990s, rates of HIV infection increased dramatically in South Africa and by the early 2000s, AIDS emerged as the main cause of death for adult South Africans. During the first half of the 2000s, the South African government’s response to this crisis was inadequate, marked by denial and delays in implementing prevention and treatment, resulting in thousands of preventable deaths. Yet, apart from the challenges posed by the predominantly urban-based Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), the absence of a social response to this crisis is notable, especially in rural settings. This scenario forms the broad backdrop to this ethnographic study that draws on participant observation and interviews undertaken over a three-year period (2002-2005) in KwaBomba village previously in the Gazankulu Homeland, now located in the Bushbuckridge municipality of the South African lowveld. An ethnographic perspective provides an intimate vantage point from which to view peoples’ experiences of the AIDS epidemic and their responses in context. This perspective draws attention to gaps in public health and biomedical understandings of the epidemic and suggests alternatives to these understandings. In Bushbuckridge, mortality and morbidity due to AIDS became visible in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Households were incapable of dealing with the burden of illness and death while the health services were often unwilling and ill-prepared. HIV prevention campaigns based on individual behaviour change were not well suited to a context in which HIV spread through sexual networks. Despite widespread awareness of the threat of AIDS, the disease was subjected to public censorship and AIDS suffering was concealed. Public discourses of AIDS were hidden within gossip and rumour and articulated as witchcraft suspicions and accusations. Although these discourses appear to deny and suppress the reality of AIDS, I suggest that they are active attempts to deal with the AIDS crisis: gossip and rumour allocate blame and construct a local epidemiology through which the epidemic can be surveilled; interpreting AIDS as witchcraft creates the possibility of avenging untimely death. These discursive forms are critical in informing individual and social responses to the AIDS epidemic. While the absence of public acknowledgement of AIDS as a cause of illness and death suggests denial and fatalism and appears to limit public action, subaltern discourses create shared secrets to manage the AIDS epidemic at the local level. Furthermore, these discourses may constitute a form of resistance against biomedical models of causality. Ethnographic enquiry at the local level offers a nuanced understanding of social responses to the AIDS epidemic. By examining forms of expression that lie outside the domain of public health, the thesis reveals how these constitute significant forms of social action in response to the epidemic. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

Children who live in Sweden without a legal residence permit have the right to go to Swedish school. Students are thereby welcomed at the same time as they are considered illegal in society at large. In this qualitative study based on interviews, I rely on an explorative approach towards Swedish Compulsory School policy practice and the way it affects the schooling opportunities of undocumented children. Findings include how policy interpretation and enactment involves secrecy and socially compensatory acts. The school policy practice of secrecy is primarily enabling schooling opportunities for undocumented children. However, it also conditions these opportunities as participation presupposes concealment and self-restraint in order for the undocumented student to remain incognito. This ambivalence is identified on macro, meso, and micro-levels, as the ambiguous state policies are built into the school organization and reproduced on the school floor. Schools’ social compensatory support is partly expressed through challenges and resistance against unjust policy practices, and partly through civil commitment. The result show that schools’ social support relies widely on the arbitrariness of individual school agents; a commitment that stems from a situationally emerging ethical responsibility to aid undocumented students. It is thereby recognized as vulnerable, as the social support for undocumented students depends on individual agents.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Background: Disclosure of Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) is still a challenge to people living with the disease because of the discrimination, stigma and judgemental attitudes. Women prefer to keep their illness to themselves and make it a secret. The revealing of HIV status relies on an individual who is living with the illness. The concept of non-disclosure is a vital issue that threatens immediate families in which there are people, especially women battling the non-disclosure of their HIV status. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to explore and describe the experiences of concealing HIV positive status to the immediate family by women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus at the selected villages in Limpopo Province. Methods: The qualitative and descriptive phenomenological method was followed. Due to saturation, ten women participated after being selected through purposive sampling from the database with the consideration of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews in Sepedi. The data was transcribed, translated and analysed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: WLW-HIV continue to manage to live with a secret about their HIV status due to the unpleasant feelings they hold about the illness continue, still pointing fingers and sceptical about disclosing, particularly to their children. They further tell lies about their illness and hide their medications away from the members of their family. The reasons about concealing their status include among others fear of prejudice, lack of trust, fear of abandonment and rejection, fear of blame and humiliation, denial, misconceptions that people still hold about HIV and the view of it as a predicament. Others conceal because of the lack of support and the target of the disclosure. xii Conclusion: The outcomes of the study have uncovered that there is still less awareness by members of the society about HIV/AIDS, which puts pressure on the WLW-HIV to effectively deal with an HIV positive status and disclose to their family members. These factors contribute to concealment and compromise the level of support that WLW-HIV would get from their family members, further impacting negatively on adherence. Keywords: Concealment, HIV/AIDS, Phenomenological study, Stigma and Immediate family.

Multi-agency cooperation has been considered a very important aspect of crime investigation and crime prevention in modern time. The aim of this study was to explore the realities of multi-agency cooperation as experienced by Swedish crime workers from the police, the Prison and Probation Service and the Social Service. Previous research has shown that inter-agency cooperation’s success and/or failure is controlled by factors such as time, resources, amount of guidance and so on, however very little research has explored the modern Swedish crime workers’ perspective in the subject. Semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding the topics of cooperation between agencies, information exchange and secrecy. The results showed that while cooperation within the Swedish Judicial System was operating well, collaborative efforts with external agencies like the Social Service, was severely lacking. Collaborative efforts were experienced as less actual cooperation and more information exchange, which in turn was heavily controlled by secrecy laws and therefore often seen as one-way communication with external agencies. Additionally, when well-planned collaborative projects funded by the government are in place, the cooperation tends to work easier, however workers are less inclined to prioritize such efforts when the agencies’ own resources are being used.

Les réseaux de télécommunications sont soumis à des processus d'amélioration et d'optimisation continue. Chaque nouvelle itération apporte son lot de défis et limites. En effet, la croissance exponentielle des appareils de télécommunication, des stations de base aux équipements utilisateurs conduisent à de sérieux problèmes d'economie d'énergie. En plus des menaces à la vie privée, en particulier pour les réseaux sans fil car les canaux utilisés par les opérateurs peuvent également être utilisés par une oreille indiscrète quelconque. L'optimisation de l'utilisation du spectre est également un défi en raison du fait que le spectre disponible dans les systèmes de communication sans fil est devenu une ressource très rare en raison de la demande croissante. Les réseaux émergents, tels que les femtocells, souffrent également des défis mentionnés précédemment. Le travail de thèse actuel se concentre sur la proposition de solutions aux défis cités précédemment: l'efficacité énergétique, le partage du spectre et la sécurité. Le travail de recherche présenté dans cette thèse a porté sur trois axes principaux: Premièrement, trouver un moyen de réduire au minimum la consommation d'énergie des femtocellules dans les reseaux BWA femto/macro-cellulaire en diminuant le nombre d'événements de mobilité non désirées et l'introduction de nouveaux états de puissance pour la femtocellule. En second lieu, proposer une solution qui vise à réduire le temps de transmission prévu dans le temps de séjour de l'utilisateur secondaire (SU) dans la couverture d'une femtocellule en utilisant un algorithme basé sur le temps minimum prévu de transmission dans le temps de séjour de l'équipement utilisateur (UE). Enfin, introduire un nouveau modèle qui basé sur la sélection du meilleur relais qui maximise le taux de confidentialité et les avantages de l'augmentation du nombre de relais sous la contrainte de qualité de service à la destination. / Telecommunications networks are subject to continuous improvement and enhancement processes. Every new iteration brings its set of challenges and limitations. In fact, the exponential growth in telecommunication devices, from base stations to user equipments lead to serious energy efficiency issues. Along with the privacy threats, especially for wireless networks as the channels used by operators can also be used by any eavesdropper. Spectrum usage optimization is also a challenge due to the fact that the available spectrum in wireless communications systems has been a very rare resource because of the increasing demand. Emerging networks, such as femtocells, suffer also from the previously mentioned challenges. The current thesis work focuses on proposing several solutions to the previously cited challenges: energy efficiency, spectrum sharing and security. The research work introduced in this thesis has focused on three main axes: First, find a way to minimize the energy consumption of femtocells in macro/femto-cellular BWA networks by decreasing the number of unwanted mobility events and introducing new power states for the femtocell device. Second, propose a solution that aims to reduce the expected transmission time within the dwell time of Secondary User (SU) in the coverage of a femtocell using an algorithm based on the minimum expected transmission time within the dwell time of the User Equipment (UE) in the coverage of the femtocell. Finally, introduce a new scheme that is based on best relay selection method that maximizes the secrecy rate and benefits from increasing the number of relays under QoS constraint at the destination.

The United States Supreme Court decision in the Roe v. Wade (1973) case provides women with a right to privacy and the liberty to make decisions concerning their reproductive lives. With this, women who become pregnant are offered the right to choose between keeping their pregnancy and terminating the pregnancy by way of abortion. Since Roe v. Wade (1973), many women have exercised their reproductive liberties, as evidenced by the termination of over 60 million pregnancies via legal abortion in the United States. Still, secrecy among women with a history of abortion remains a common phenomenon. Studies conducted on abortion and reasons for abortion are innumerable and literature on reasons women keep abortion secret are readily available. However, research lacks in the area of examining the lived experience of women with history of abortion secret. Thus, this research examines this phenomenon from women’s lived experiences and the effects of the secret on their relationship(s) when kept from at least one person(s) with whom the post-abortive women are/were in relationship. Purposive sampling was used to select five female participants for this study. To examine participants’ lived experience with abortion secret history as it relates to its effects on relationship(s), the researcher employed qualitative method Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in conjunction with Bowen Family Systems Theory approach. Seven superordinate themes emerged from the data analysis: self-sacrifice, emotional aftermath of abortion secret; secrecy as protection; dance of anxiety; effects on relationships; generational experiences; and, finding freedom. The collaborative use of IPA and Family Systems Theory provided an understanding of participants’ experiences, the effects of the secret on participants, as well as their emotional systems. The data collected added to the limited research available on this phenomenon providing space for post-abortive women’s secrecy experience to be heard.