Föreliggande studie har till syfte att öka kunskapen om lärares kompensatoriska arbete i sex F-3 klasser. För att samla data har den kvalitativa metoden intervju använts. Studiens resultat illustrerar möjligheter, hinder och påverkande faktorer inom skolans kompensatoriska uppdrag i årskurs F-3. Olika former av samverkan och elevgruppers storlekar har visat sig ha avgörande betydelse för i vilken mån det kompensatoriska stödet kan ges.

Nesta tese, com a metodologia da Arqueologia Industrial, foi analisado o sistema de abastecimento de água na cidade de São Paulo, nos primórdios do século XX, com o excepcional adensamento populacional do pequeno núcleo de estudantes, cujo destino de grande metrópole começava a delinear-se. Com o abandono da solução mais viável, ou seja, o aproveitamento do rio Tietê, que cortava o planalto paulistano, mas que carregava consigo toda sorte de impurezas, a alternativa das autoridades encarregadas do saneamento, foi a introdução de barragens na Serra da Cantareira, com diferentes técnicas construtivas, formando lagos artificiais, cuja forma de armazenamento, águas estagnadas, era motivo de controvérsias entre, engenheiros, médicos e sanitaristas do mundo inteiro. Porém, foi essa a opção escolhida, na tentativa de dessedentar a população paulistana, que enfrentava em 1903, a pior estiagem de toda sua história. Ao contrário dos outros dois reservatórios, Engordador e Guaraú, o do Cabuçu, já possuía ao nascer, os traços da notoriedade que ainda hoje o tornam admirável: a barragem foi projetada com o perfil prático do engenheiro norte-americano Edward Wegmann, revolucionário para a época, e que solucionou o problema do rompimento dos diques de contenção até então comuns, e por ter sido adotado pela primeira vez, no Brasil, o uso do concreto armado nas estruturas, e na construção de sua centenária adutora. Para o tratamento de suas águas, foi empregado de forma pioneira, o hipoclorito de sódio, que viria a eliminar, um grande número de doenças, que tinham na água um nexo causal, e finalmente, ao tornar o abastecimento menos elitizado, quando chegou aos bairros proletários, segregados espacialmente, e que até então, recebiam água em quantidade e qualidade não compatíveis com suas necessidades, transformando suas pobres habitações em moradias sem saúde. / For this thesis we used Industrial Archeology methodology to analyze the water supply system for the city of São Paulo in the early 20th century, a period during which population density was growing rapidly and what had been a small nucleus of students was clearly destined to become a major metropolis. The most obvious solution, using water from the Tietê River that crossed the city, was abandoned as it carried with it all sorts of impurities. The health authorities decided to build damns in the Cantareira Mountains using a variety of building techniques. These damns created large reservoirs and, at the time, the fact that these stored stagnant water was a controversial issue among engineers, physicians and health professionals all over the world. However, this was the option selected to provide the population of the city with water, remembering that in 1903 it was experiencing the worst drought in all its history. Contrary to other reservoirs - Engordador and Guaraú, from the start the Cabuçu Reservoir was known for its structure that, to this day, is admired. This Cabuçu Damn was designed by a practical US engineer by the name of Edward Wegmann. Wegmann's techniques were revolutionary for their time. In order to solve the problem of contention damns that often ruptured, he used reinforced concrete for the first time ever in Brazil. To treat the city's drinking water the authorities decided to use sodium hypochlorite for the first time. This would help eradicate a number of water borne diseases and bring treated waters to the masses. Before this treated water had been a privilege of the elite and the working classes were served with water in a volume and of a quality not compatible with their needs, resulting in households that were not only poor but also unhealthy.

Le chromosome circulaire de la bactérie Escherichia coli est composé de quatre macrodomaines et deux régions non structurées. Cette organisation influence la ségrégation des chromatides sœurs et la mobilité de l’ADN chromosomique. La structuration de la région terminus (Ter) en macrodomaine est lié à l’interaction de la protéine MatP avec la séquence cible de 13 pb (sic) appelée matS répétée 23 fois dans ce domaine de 800 kb. Le travail réalisé durant ma thèse a permis l’identification et la caractérisation d’un système site-spécifique qui restreint à la région Ter un effet associé à la protéine MatP qui contraint la mobilité de l’ADN et retarde la ségrégation de loci après réplication. Deux séquences spécifiques de 12 pb localisées dans les macrodomaines Right et Left sont requises et suffisantes pour arrêter la propagation du processus de contrainte sur le reste du chromosome. Les changements de propriétés de l’ADN ne sont pas dus à la présence d’un procédé agissant en trans mais probablement à un effet agissant en cis à longue distance et partant des sites matS. De manière remarquable, ces changements de propriétés sont régulés au cours du cycle cellulaire et ne sont présents seulement quand le macrodomaine Ter est associé à la machinerie de division au centre de la cellule. L’insulation de la région Ter requière une protéine nouvellement identifiée comme encrée à la membrane que nous avons nommé TidP et qui a été conservé avec la protéine MatP au cours de l’évolution. Nos résultats indiquent que deux systèmes d’organisation spécifiques sont requis pour l’organisation du macrodomaine Ter au cours du cycle cellulaire. Un second aspect de mon travail a été la caractérisation des mécanismes de contraintes affectant les macrodomaines Right et Left. Nous avons montré, en étudiant le comportement de grands cercles d’ADN excisés, que les propriétés de ces macrodomaines sont conservées dans un contexte extra-chromosomique. Ces résultats suggèrent l’implication d’éléments associés à la molécule d’ADN dans ces macrodomaines et responsable de leur organisation. / The organization of the Escherichia coli chromosome into a ring composed of four macrodomains and two less-structured region influences the segregation of sister chromatids and the mobility of chromosomal DNA. The structuring of the terminus region (Ter) into a macrodomain relies on the interaction of the protein MatP with a 13 bp target called matS repeated 23 times in the 800-kb long domain. The work performed during my Ph. D. allowed the identification and characterization of a site-specific system that restricts to the Ter region an effect associated to MatP that constrains DNA mobility and delays loci segregation. Two specific 12 bp sequences located in the flanking Left and Right macrodomains are required and sufficient to impede the spreading of the constraining process to the rest of the chromosome. The change of DNA properties does not rely on the presence of a trans-acting process but rather involves a cis-effect acting at a long distance from matS sites. Remarkably, the constraining process is regulated during the cell cycle and occurs only when the Ter MD is associated with the division machinery at mid-cell. Insulation of the Ter region requires a newly identified membrane-anchored protein designated TidP conserved with MatP through evolution. Our results indicate that 2 specific organizational systems are required for the management of the Ter region during the cell cycle. A second aspect of my work, consisted in the characterization of constraining mechanisms affecting the Right and Left macrodomains. I have shown, using excisions of large chromosomal rings, that their macrodomain properties were conserved in an extrachromosomal context, suggesting that a chromatin like structuring was involved in their organization.

The number of universities in Sweden has increased since the 1960s and universities have been discussed to have economic and social advantages to the community they are established in. At the same time, residential segregation is an increasing problem which affects the opportunities in life of the most vulnerable. This study aims to explore if the presence of one or several anchor institutions may have an effect on the school achievements of pupils from neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in secondary school and upper secondary school. Furthermore, it aims to investigate how the presence of HEIs affect adolescents’ opportunities in life, especially in vulnerable neighbourhoods. The effects of HEIs on the neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in Sweden are measured through linear regression analyses with interaction effects. The findings suggest that (1) the presence of university campuses have an equalisation effect on the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils; (2) the university design matters: new universities have an equalisation effect on the school achievements in contrary to old universities; (3) the presence of a university hospital does not have an improving effect on the grades like universities do, in contrary, the findings suggest that they have a negative effect; and finally (4), there are some evidence indicating that the findings can be explained by endogenous neighbourhood effects, as the presence of universities increase the number of role models within the community, which would affect the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils.

This project addresses how residential segregation have stymied home ownership and wealth in the black community; inhibiting true housing equity. This thesis project will attempt to use design as a means to help address past and continuing discrimination. Accessibility, affordability and accountability are central to this goal, which will be addressed in the project. The site chosen for this project is the St. Luke’s Building located in Richmond, VA. This building was home to the Independent Order of St. Luke, a fraternal and cooperative insurance society for blacks. It also housed the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank which was founded in 1903 by Maggie Walker. Walker was the first woman to charter a bank in the United States.

Although a widely used practice, it was previously unknown whether disciplinary segregation is actually effective at modifying prison behavior. This quantitative, retrospective observational study tested deterrence theory and explored the effectiveness of disciplinary segregation in deterring subsequent prison inmate misconduct among those subjected to it (N = 228). It compared a cohort of male inmates incarcerated by the Oregon Department of Corrections who had spent time in disciplinary segregation in 2011 and/or 2012 with a comparison cohort who had not spent any time in disciplinary segregation. Three models were tested, each with the outcome variable operationalized in a different way: overall total rule violations in 2013-2014, total major rule violations in 2013-2014, and total minor rule violations in 2013-2014. Multiple regression analysis was used to control for the influence of age, time spent on current sentence, risk score, prior major and minor rule violations, and time spent in disciplinary segregation. These analyses revealed that for each model, disciplinary segregation was not a significant predictor of subsequent prison inmate misconduct. The findings suggest that deterrence theory does not explain the relation between the experience of disciplinary segregation and subsequent prison misconduct among those subjected to it. The findings further suggest that disciplinary segregation neither decreases nor increases subsequent prison misconduct. These results indicate that disciplinary segregation should undergo a critical evaluation by prison administrators, which could lead to the practice of disciplinary segregation being exercised in a more judicious and informed manner, thus limiting its potentially negative effects and contributing to positive social change.

Syftet med denna uppsats ar att ta reda pa varför (om så är fallet) afroamerikanerna i remaken av Hairspray från 2007 har fått en betydligt större rolll och mer utrymme på duken än i originalfilmen från 1988 utifrån den teori som heter multikulturell media studie samt teorin om stereotypifiering. De metoder jag använt mig av har en induktiv ansats riktat mot filmstudie samt den multikulturella media studien. Det jag kommit fram till genom min metod samt amerikansk historisk bakgrund är att de afroamerikanska karaktarerna porträtteras annorlunda från film till film beroende på vilket årtionde de spelats in, samt hur det amerikanska samhallet sett/ser på segregation under dessa årstionde.

Those who are given access to develop and plan our urban areas are in possession of great power and potential. With the vast sums of both private and governmental money associated with the creation and organization of urban areas, the motivations of those constructing plans and deciding developmental strategies need to be considered. When a city has a dual identity and is socially and spatially conflicted, then the task of planning equitably for all residents becomes even more complex. The extent to which planners address the needs of their community, and the divisions which may exist, reveals the intentions of the city regarding which residents are to be included within city life. This study examines these factors as they appertain to the city of St Petersburg, Florida which contains a population that is polarized racially, socially and spatially. St. Petersburg promotes itself as a city of consumption, with a focus upon the tourist trade and its related support services. There exists an excluded 'underclass' which is incongruous alongside this promotion of the city as a tourist destination, but essential to the maintenance of the services needed. Faced with these conflicting city identities, the Developmental Services Department is under pressure to address resident contentions and to provide equitably for the city. Vision 2020 is a recent development which seeks to address some of the residents' concerns, and plan for the future development of the city. The document makes claims to citizen participation and asserts that it has addressed the concerns of residents. However, methods employed to illicit citizen participation failed to actively encourage participation from all social groups within the city and potentially alienated low-income residents.

Masters Research - Master of Philosophy (Engineering) / Thermal conduction properties are of major concern for those metal/ceramic composite materials having applications in semiconductor devices and electronic packaging materials. A higher thermal conductivity to coefficient of thermal expansion ratio is an advantage for such materials employed in electronic devices due to the subjective high thermal loads. It is well known that the shape, size and distribution of the insulating phase have an effect on the overall thermal conductivity properties. But the details are lacking and well deserving of study. Metal/ceramic oxide interfaces are important in the strengthening mechanisms of dispersion strengthened materials. Accordingly, considerable attention has been given to recent investigations of oxygen diffusion characteristics and the bonding mechanisms at such interfaces. Susceptibility to oxidation can be studied by analysing several thicknesses of material. As an example, studying a thin film and a semi-infinite material subjected to a high oxygen partial pressure environment and a vacuum condition would help to determine the oxidation (in-diffusion) and de-oxidation (out-diffusion) processes respectively. Since metal/ceramic internal interfaces play a very important role in controlling the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, it is timely to consider these diffusion processes for detailed study. In this Thesis, the two areas mentioned above were selected for detailed investigation. The Thesis also addresses the further development of a method for solving complex phenomenological diffusion problems. This method makes use of lattice-based random walks of virtual particles, directed according to the Monte Carlo method (the Lattice Monte Carlo method) which is then used to address various mass and thermal diffusion processes. Chapter 2 is concerned with using this method to determine the thermal conductivity of model composites. In that chapter, the Lattice Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of several models of a composite, where inclusions are arranged in square planar and cubic arrangements with periodic boundary conditions. Excellent agreement is found of the effective thermal conductivity with the century-old Maxwell-Garnett Equation. Chapter 3 is concerned with a phenomenological representation of oxygen diffusion and segregation in a model composite based on Ag/MgO. The Lattice Monte Carlo method is employed to address mass diffusion in this composite. Square and randomly distributed multiple inclusions were considered as shapes of the MgO inclusion phase. The time-dependence of oxygen concentration depth profiles and contour maps were determined. First, oxygen in-diffusion is considered from a constant surface source solely into the Ag metal matrix: oxygen depth profiles were in excellent agreement with exact results. Next, oxygen in-diffusion/segregation is simulated in the composite by permitting and restricting the mobility of oxygen in different scenarios involving the Ag-MgO interface. The (higher temperature) out-diffusion of oxygen from the composite was also simulated and corresponding results obtained for the oxygen depth profiles. In both cases, very good agreement was found between the results from the Lattice Monte Carlo method and analytical expressions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2007. / Thesis directed by R. Scott Appleby for the Department of History. "April 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 350-364).