The purpose of the study is to contribute to knowledge and understanding of how young people with dyslexia think, feel and act. Another aim is to spread knowledge about how young peoples’ schooling, self-concept, academic self-concept and self-esteem are effected by obtaining a dyslexia diagnosis.How was school experienced prior to being diagnosed with dyslexia? How was the period during which the youths received their dyslexia diagnosis experienced? How did students experience school after being diagnosed with dyslexia?The study is theoretically grounded in Anthony Giddens socialization-process, Erving Goffman's dramaturgy and stigmatization as well as Maarit Johnson's dynamic model of self-esteem.The study has a narrative approach where young people's life stories have been in focus. Three in-depth interviews were conducted with adolescents aged 22 who all received a dyslexia diagnosis during their time in secondary school.The stories show that young people periodically was unable to live up to the expectations that the school had on them, which meant that the young people's self-image and self-esteem were affected negatively. Throughout the youths’ time in school they have been met with a social support structure in the form of one or more persons, significant others, who paid attention to their needs which meant that their motivation and academic self-concept significantly increased. The treatment from the people in their surroundings has been decisive for if they would experience themselves as stigmatized or not. The stigmatization caused them to experience lower self-esteem and in two of their stories they express that they experienced emotional strain, which expressed itself in an aggressive or deviant behaviour. They also point out social pressure as a factor, where the youths compared themselves with their classmates and the norms, values and expectations that existed within the school culture; which meant that they perceived themselves as deviants. It appears that the young people during theirschooling, before, during and after being diagnosed with dyslexia, never fully understood the meaning of it. It was not until they got older that they accepted and understood the meaning of dyslexia.

The Research Topic and the Need for It: This thesis starts with a review of what the literature says about the importance of corporate image and how it needs to be managed as a strategic asset. However, the problem is there is no model that shows what corporate image comprises and explains how its various components interact with one another so that it can be managed. The result is a number of confusing and contradictory definitions and unproductive discussions about things like whether corporate reputation and corporate image are different or synonymous. In response to this need, it is suggested that corporate image comprises three different image perspectives; namely, Self Image, Projected Image and Perceived Image and that it is only when these are defined separately and regarded holistically that corporate image can be properly defined, understood and managed. Objective: The objective of this research was to develop and test this model using triangulated approaches in which data could be acquired and understood from different sources. To this end questionnaires were developed by document analysis, consultation and discussion. This research was conducted in two very different organisations - a new university campus and a sugar co-operative. In the interests of confidentiality they have been renamed Barton University's Kingsley Campus and Sunstate Sugar Co-operative Association Limited. Data was input into both SPSS and HIPSYS computer programs for the Kingsley Campus research and into HIPSYS for the Sunstate Sugar research. For both research sites the results were discussed with members of all response groups so that accurate interpretations of the data could be made and additional meaningful data acquired. For Kingsley Campus, response groups included all Academic and General Staff of Kingsley Campus for the Self Image and the Projected Image, and for the Perceived Image all Current and Past Students, a representative sample of Grade 12 high school students, advanced diploma students of Kingsley TAFE, and Community Leaders. In all 3,693 questionnaires were distributed and 934 completed questionnaires were processed. For Sunstate Sugar, response groups included all employees for the Self Image separated by Management, Supervisors and Workforce, all Board members and all Employees who interface with the growers (members of the co-operative) for the Projected Image, and all members of the co-operative for the Perceived Image. In all 1830 questionnaires were distributed and 916 completed questionnaires were processed. Findings: The results from the Kingsley Campus research showed that the Projected Image needed to be more effectively targeted at the Grade 12 target group. The results from the Sunstate Sugar research showed that its Perceived Image was affected by its Self Image as well as by its Projected Image and that its Self Image in particular needed to be made more positive. The results from both organisations suggest that a positive corporate Self Image influences the Projected Image and can have as much impact on the Perceived Image as does the Projected Image. In exploring and discussing the results of this research, each organization derived recommendations which led to their developing action plans for the more effective management of their corporate image. These results indicate that the model created has eliminated a gap in the literature, diffused the confusion regarding what corporate image is, and provided a structure and a methodology by which corporate image can be identified and managed. It has been shown to have considerable utility.

<p>The aim of the study was to reach a deeper understanding and knowledge about how women with an experience of prostitution perceive what this has meant for them and how it has influenced their lives. The questions of the study were: (1) How has the prostitution experience affected the women in their lives? (2) How have they learnt to deal with this experience? To answer these questions a qualitative method was used where interviews were conducted with four women with experience of prostitution. All women experienced that the prostitution had affected their lives. Examples given that inter alia relationships, sexuality, and self-image had been affected. This is largely dependent on that prostitution is stigmatized in our society and, hence, shameful. The women have dealt with their prostitution through therapy for a long duration. Through it they have received a new point of view on themselves, their relationships and their life. Today they are content with their lives, even so they can see that they host and have been affected by their experience. The results of the study have been analyzed from a fenomenological-hermeunutic research perspective and the tools for the analysis were symbolic interactionism, stigma theory and shame. The results are in concordance with earlier studies.</p>

<p>The aim of this thesis was the exploration of shame. Four experiments are among the very first to empirically test the validity of Tomkins' shame concept. The relation between internalized shame and memories of early interactions was examined, as well as Tomkins' concept of shame as an innate, momentary emotion. The influence of internalized shame as a personality trait on momentary shame emotion was also explored. Thirdly, how momentarily activated shame influences perception of self and others was studied. Finally, consequences of conscious versus unconscious shame activation was compared. </p><p>Data from two survey studies implied that memories of ignoring and abandoning behaviors from mother are those that correlate most strongly with internalized shame. In the four experimental studies, internalized shame did not seem to influence momentary shame emotion, although two experiments implied different reactions to the praise that constituted part of the shame activating sequence depending on degree of internalized shame. Two experiments in part supported Tomkins’ notion of shame as a consequence of impeded positive emotion. However, participants with a high degree of internalized shame reacted with shame emotion to the praise feedback intended to elicit positive emotion. Therefore Tomkins’ concept of shame was successfully tested only with participants with a low degree of internalized shame. With this group, Tomkins’ conceptualization, however, received support. In addition these two experiments implied different processes for consciously versus unconsciously activated shame, since consequences for social perception and self-image following shame were reversed depending on whether the activating circumstances were conscious or not. The two subsequent experiments did not support the conclusions from the previous two, but gave some implications that shame activation, its consequences, and the effects of conscious versus unconscious activation are highly dependent on personal characteristics and social context. </p><p>Taken together, data give some support to the validity of Tomkins’ shame conceptualization, but implies that it might be far too general, and that shame emotion might be primarily socially dependent.</p>

The aim of the study was to reach a deeper understanding and knowledge about how women with an experience of prostitution perceive what this has meant for them and how it has influenced their lives. The questions of the study were: (1) How has the prostitution experience affected the women in their lives? (2) How have they learnt to deal with this experience? To answer these questions a qualitative method was used where interviews were conducted with four women with experience of prostitution. All women experienced that the prostitution had affected their lives. Examples given that inter alia relationships, sexuality, and self-image had been affected. This is largely dependent on that prostitution is stigmatized in our society and, hence, shameful. The women have dealt with their prostitution through therapy for a long duration. Through it they have received a new point of view on themselves, their relationships and their life. Today they are content with their lives, even so they can see that they host and have been affected by their experience. The results of the study have been analyzed from a fenomenological-hermeunutic research perspective and the tools for the analysis were symbolic interactionism, stigma theory and shame. The results are in concordance with earlier studies.

The aim of this thesis was the exploration of shame. Four experiments are among the very first to empirically test the validity of Tomkins' shame concept. The relation between internalized shame and memories of early interactions was examined, as well as Tomkins' concept of shame as an innate, momentary emotion. The influence of internalized shame as a personality trait on momentary shame emotion was also explored. Thirdly, how momentarily activated shame influences perception of self and others was studied. Finally, consequences of conscious versus unconscious shame activation was compared. Data from two survey studies implied that memories of ignoring and abandoning behaviors from mother are those that correlate most strongly with internalized shame. In the four experimental studies, internalized shame did not seem to influence momentary shame emotion, although two experiments implied different reactions to the praise that constituted part of the shame activating sequence depending on degree of internalized shame. Two experiments in part supported Tomkins’ notion of shame as a consequence of impeded positive emotion. However, participants with a high degree of internalized shame reacted with shame emotion to the praise feedback intended to elicit positive emotion. Therefore Tomkins’ concept of shame was successfully tested only with participants with a low degree of internalized shame. With this group, Tomkins’ conceptualization, however, received support. In addition these two experiments implied different processes for consciously versus unconsciously activated shame, since consequences for social perception and self-image following shame were reversed depending on whether the activating circumstances were conscious or not. The two subsequent experiments did not support the conclusions from the previous two, but gave some implications that shame activation, its consequences, and the effects of conscious versus unconscious activation are highly dependent on personal characteristics and social context. Taken together, data give some support to the validity of Tomkins’ shame conceptualization, but implies that it might be far too general, and that shame emotion might be primarily socially dependent.

Idag kommer alla konsumenter i kontakt med en påse i på ett eller annat sätt, och vissabärkassar får följa med kunden hem. Förutom att bära de köpta produkterna, kan påsenvara en del utav butikens marknadsföring som en egen kanal. Som läsare av dennauppsats får du se hur påsen kan utnyttjas som en marknadsföringskanal med hjälp avolika faktorer och knep, som i sin tur kan hjälpa till att utforma just den påse du kommeratt bära i handen i morgon.Uppsatsens syfte var att beskriva hur klädbranschen använder påsen som en del avmarknadskommunikationen, och vi ville även se hur den kan påverka konsumenterna.Uppsatsen är skriven ur butikens synvinkel för att lättare kunna ge rekommendationer tillbutikerna som hjälpt oss med vår undersökning. Samtidigt kan andra butiker eller företagta till sig de tips och rekommendationer som vi ger i uppsatsen för att de ska kunnalyckas med deras påse.Uppsatsens undersökning gjordes i fyra olika delar som i slutändan bidrar till vilkaslutsatser vi fått fram. En undersökningsdel var att utefter tre butikers påsar ta reda på vadbutikscheferna anser om just deras bärkassar via intervjuer. Dessa butiker valdes ut efterhur väl eller mindre väl utformade deras bärkassar var. Den andra delen var att viabutikernas kunder ta reda på vad de tycker om påsar allmänt, men även vad de anser ombutikens påse. För att se hur det ser ut i centrum gjorde vi en kundobservation med syfteatt undersöka hur många av de samarbetade butikernas påsar som syns och hur kundensjälv uppträder. Den sista delen av vår undersökning var en e-postintervju med en expertsom representerade ett påsföretag.Den centrala slutsatsen är att påsen är en viktig marknadsföringskanal som kan utnyttjas iklädbutiker med fördel. Vi har sett att färg och form spelar roll för både kunder ochbutiker och bidrar till att kunna påverka andra konsumenter. En annan slutsats vi kommitfram till är att återanvändandet av påsen är väsentlig vilket även kan ha en inverkan påkostnaden hos företaget.

Research by Abelson (1986) suggests that people’s strong beliefs and convictions are like dear possessions, subsequently not easily abandoned and something the holder tends to fight for. This qualitative study aims at gaining increased understanding concerning conceptualization and psychological mechanisms related to strong beliefs and how the strong belief is manifested and expressed in the holder’s self-image and identity. Five holders of strong beliefs were interviewed, ensuing analyze following the principle of thematic framework. Six super ordinate themes were found to stand out as significantly important in the origin, conceptualization and preservation of a person’s strong belief: Belief; a legacy, Self-image and Identity, The Value-expressive function, In-group- and out-group-bias, Cognitive and emotional dissonance when acting against belief, Perceiving it as impossible to abandon a belief. The “Deliberative discussion” was presented as an important tool possibly empowering people with a less biased approach towards opposing information.

This study explored the development of musical self-efficacy and musical self-image in 35 young adolescents choral musicians engaged in a vocal improvisation program. A mixed methods methodology was employed. Quantitative measures were conducted through a survey instrument developed for this study based on a five-fold theoretical structure of efficacy development. Using a sequential explanatory design, quantitative data was followed by interviews, written reflections, and participant and teacher/researcher field notes. Participants were engaged in daily vocal improvisation activities for 16 weeks. Four transitions points in the study demarcated data collection segments. Transitions consisted of two participant observations and two improvisation concert performances. Findings indicate significant increases in two efficacy source factors: mastery experience and peer vicarious experience. Vocal improvisation facilitated mastery experience perceptions of vocal development through vocal range expansion. Interactive peer vicarious experiences were found to be an important source of efficacy information and an essential feature of musical self-efficacy development. The musical self-efficacy journey was found to be one of ebb and flow as participants struggled to negotiate the musical and social challenges of vocal improvisation. Findings from this study suggest differences in the ways girls and boys negotiated the musical and social challenges of vocal improvisation. Despite the inherent struggles of participants to negotiate these challenges, vocal improvisation provided a rich environment for the study of musical self-efficacy and musical self-image development. Musical self-image was revealed through multifaceted perceptions of musical/creative growth, participant self-regulatory actions and the values participants ascribed to the improvisation experience. Study findings include teacher/researcher reflections on the experience of teaching vocal improvisation in a middle school choral classroom. These reflections include an analysis of teacher identity tensions related to the creative development of students and the performance expectations of the teacher and the musical community.

Föreliggande empiriska, kvalitativa studies syfte är att undersöka begreppet självbild med utgångspunkt i psykodynamisk och interaktionistisk forskning. Frågeställningarna är Hur används begreppet självbild ur psykodynamisk och interaktionistiskt perspektiv av föräldrar till barn mellan fem och tio år? och Vad kan föräldrars självbild säga om begreppet självbild? De fem halvstrukturerade intervjuerna omfattar frågor om informantens syn på sig själv i samband med föräldraskap och frågor vars syfte är att få informanten att analysera begreppet självbild utifrån sin egen syn på begreppet. Informanter är högskoleutbildade. De är mellan 33 och 48 år gamla. Resultatet visar att informanterna använder begreppet självbild i vardagligt tal. De definierar begreppet som en syntes av deras egen bild av sig själva och andras bild av dem. De menar att deras självbild ständigt förändras och begreppet ingår i deras strävan efter kunskap om sig själv, dvs de använder begreppet i sitt arbete med att få ihop en livsberättelse om vem de är. Resultatet visar också att de även använder begreppet mer fritt analyserande. En bild av föräldraskapet som en mognadsprocess framträder på två sätt, dels av kraven som ställs på dem som förälder och dels av känslorna som väcks i relationen med barnen. Slutsatsen är att när informanterna upplever att de växt och fått insikt i vad det är att vara människa, så innebär detta också att de upplever sin självbild som tydligare. Detta pekar mot att föräldrars självbild säger oss att en tydlig roll med självklar funktion är bra för vår självbild. / The objective of this empirical, qualitative study is to investigate the concept of self-image based on psychodynamic and interactional reserarch. The questions in this study are "How is the concept of self-image used from a psychodynamic and interactional perspective by parents of children between five and ten years old?" and "What can the self-image of parents tell us about the concept of self-image?". The five semi-structured interviews include questions about the informant's view of him/her-self with respect to parenthood and questions designed to get the informant to analyze the concept of self-image based on their own perception of the concept. The informants have college degrees, and they are between 33 and 48 years old. The result shows that the informants use the term self-image in everyday language. They define the concept as a synthesis of their own image of themselves and other people's image of them. They feel that their self-image is constantly changing and the concept is part of their quest for knowledge about themselves, i.e. they use the concept in their effort to formulate a life story explaining who they are. The result shows that they also use the concept in other aspects of their analysis. A view of parenthood being a maturation process from two aspects was found, first from the requirements placed on them as parents and second from the feelings occurring in the relation with their children. The conclusion is that when respondents feel that they have grown and gained insights into what it means to be human, they also perceive their self-image more clearly. This indicates that the self-image of parents tells us that a clear role with well-defined function is good for our self-image, i.e. they use the concept in their effort to formulate a life story explaining who they are [[and to find a reliable core of what they perceive as changing]]. The result shows that they also use the concept in other aspects of their analysis.