O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em criar uma matriz metodológica para a avaliação de intervenções sociais com base na ideia de justiça de Amartya Sen. Para isto, primeiramente discute-se as relações entre o desenvolvimento, a justiça e a avaliação. Desta forma, ao colocar a justiça como princípio ético norteador do desenvolvimento da metodologia proposta, a segunda parte do trabalho foca na discussão das distintas noções de justiça de onde derivam-se os critérios normativos da justiça. Na parte seguinte, estes critérios são traduzidos em instrumentos epistemológicos e metológicos necessários à matriz avaliativa. A partir da compreensão dos aspectos substantivos e instrumentais da justiça tem-se a ideia de justiça na qual o foco é a vida e liberdade humana de forma imparcial, racional e objetiva levando em consideração as injustiças presentes com seus respectivos comportamentos humanos reais e instituições existentes, ou seja, realizações efetivas. Tendo em vista esta visão de justiça são analisados os principais tipos de avaliação e construídas as diretrizes para uma avaliação de intervenções sociais baseada em critérios de justiça. / The objective of this study is to provide a methodological framework for the evaluation of social interventions based on the idea of justice of Amartya Sen. For this, we first discuss the relations between development, justice, and evaluation. Thus, placing justice as a guiding ethical principle of the development of the proposed methodology, the second part of the work focuses on the discussion of the different notions of justice from which derive the normative criteria of justice. In the following part, these criteria are translated into epistemological methodological and evaluative tools needed to evaluation matrix. From the understanding of substantive and instrumental aspects of justice we have a notion of justice which the focus is on human life and freedom in an impartial, rational and objective way, considering the injustices present with their respective real human behaviors and existing institutions, ie actual social realizations. Given this view of justice it is analysed the main types of evaluation methods and it is constructed guidelines for the evaluation of social interventions based on criteria of justice.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ever Aldo Arroyo Montero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2015. / Nesta dissertação vamos utilizar da teoria de campos de cordas abertas para estudar a conjectura de Sen a partir do cálculo do potencial do táquion, que será obtido através do método numérico Level Truncation. Para isso, será feita uma introdução sobre teoria de cordas, passando por teoria de campos conforme em duas dimensões, a quantização BRST, as interações entre cordas abertas, e por fim estudar o formalismo da teoria de Witten de campos de cordas, desde a construção da ação cubica, até sua aplicação ao calcular o potencial do táquion "off-shell"para testar a conjectura de Sen e encontrar a relação entre o vácuo instável e o estável, a chamada condensação do táquion. / In this dissertation, it will be used the open string eld theory to study Sen's conjecture. We will calculate the tachyon potential through the numerical method known as the Level Truncation. To this purpose, we will study the following topics: an introduction to string theory through two dimensional conformal eld theory, BRST quantization, interactions between open strings and nally Witten's open cubic string eld theory together with its application which includes the calculation of the tachyon potential and the numerical test of Sen's conjecture. We are also going to analyze the relation between unstable and stable vacuum, namely, the tachyon condensation.

Nas últimas três décadas, a proporção de pessoas abaixo da linha de pobreza foi reduzida substancialmente no Brasil. Parte desta redução ocorreu em função de programas de transferência de renda do país, como o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), criado em 2004 e que beneficia, atualmente, mais de 12 milhões de famílias pobres e extremamente pobres. O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir o desenho e os impactos deste programa a partir de uma análise baseada na abordagem das capacitações. Para isto são apresentados os conceitos fundamentais referentes à abordagem das capacitações e ao pensamento de Amartya Sen, bem como as principais características do Bolsa Família, seus antecedentes e os impactos provocados nas áreas da educação, saúde, alimentação, trabalho, empoderamento das mulheres e pobreza. Estes impactos e o desenho do PBF são analisados a partir do instrumental obtido através do estudo da abordagem das capacitações. Ademais, são apresentadas algumas propostas ao Bolsa Família visando a atuação deste programa sobre as múltiplas dimensões responsáveis pelo fenômeno da pobreza. / In the last three decades, the proportion of people below the poverty line was reduced substantially in Brazil. Part of this reduction was due to income transfer programs in the country, as the Bolsa Família Program (PBF), established in 2004 and currently aiding more than 12 million poor and extremely poor families. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design and the impacts of this program from an analysis based on the capabilities approach. Therefore, it’s bring forward the fundamental concepts concerning the capabilities approach and the Amartya Sen’s work as well as the main characteristics of the Bolsa Família, its antecedents and impacts caused in education, health, food, work, empowerment of women and poverty. These impacts and the design of PBF are examined from the instrumental obtained through the capabilities approach. Futhermore, some proposals are introduce in order to Bolsa Familia Program operate on the multiple dimensions that cause poverty.

Nas últimas três décadas, a proporção de pessoas abaixo da linha de pobreza foi reduzida substancialmente no Brasil. Parte desta redução ocorreu em função de programas de transferência de renda do país, como o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), criado em 2004 e que beneficia, atualmente, mais de 12 milhões de famílias pobres e extremamente pobres. O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir o desenho e os impactos deste programa a partir de uma análise baseada na abordagem das capacitações. Para isto são apresentados os conceitos fundamentais referentes à abordagem das capacitações e ao pensamento de Amartya Sen, bem como as principais características do Bolsa Família, seus antecedentes e os impactos provocados nas áreas da educação, saúde, alimentação, trabalho, empoderamento das mulheres e pobreza. Estes impactos e o desenho do PBF são analisados a partir do instrumental obtido através do estudo da abordagem das capacitações. Ademais, são apresentadas algumas propostas ao Bolsa Família visando a atuação deste programa sobre as múltiplas dimensões responsáveis pelo fenômeno da pobreza. / In the last three decades, the proportion of people below the poverty line was reduced substantially in Brazil. Part of this reduction was due to income transfer programs in the country, as the Bolsa Família Program (PBF), established in 2004 and currently aiding more than 12 million poor and extremely poor families. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design and the impacts of this program from an analysis based on the capabilities approach. Therefore, it’s bring forward the fundamental concepts concerning the capabilities approach and the Amartya Sen’s work as well as the main characteristics of the Bolsa Família, its antecedents and impacts caused in education, health, food, work, empowerment of women and poverty. These impacts and the design of PBF are examined from the instrumental obtained through the capabilities approach. Futhermore, some proposals are introduce in order to Bolsa Familia Program operate on the multiple dimensions that cause poverty.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em criar uma matriz metodológica para a avaliação de intervenções sociais com base na ideia de justiça de Amartya Sen. Para isto, primeiramente discute-se as relações entre o desenvolvimento, a justiça e a avaliação. Desta forma, ao colocar a justiça como princípio ético norteador do desenvolvimento da metodologia proposta, a segunda parte do trabalho foca na discussão das distintas noções de justiça de onde derivam-se os critérios normativos da justiça. Na parte seguinte, estes critérios são traduzidos em instrumentos epistemológicos e metológicos necessários à matriz avaliativa. A partir da compreensão dos aspectos substantivos e instrumentais da justiça tem-se a ideia de justiça na qual o foco é a vida e liberdade humana de forma imparcial, racional e objetiva levando em consideração as injustiças presentes com seus respectivos comportamentos humanos reais e instituições existentes, ou seja, realizações efetivas. Tendo em vista esta visão de justiça são analisados os principais tipos de avaliação e construídas as diretrizes para uma avaliação de intervenções sociais baseada em critérios de justiça. / The objective of this study is to provide a methodological framework for the evaluation of social interventions based on the idea of justice of Amartya Sen. For this, we first discuss the relations between development, justice, and evaluation. Thus, placing justice as a guiding ethical principle of the development of the proposed methodology, the second part of the work focuses on the discussion of the different notions of justice from which derive the normative criteria of justice. In the following part, these criteria are translated into epistemological methodological and evaluative tools needed to evaluation matrix. From the understanding of substantive and instrumental aspects of justice we have a notion of justice which the focus is on human life and freedom in an impartial, rational and objective way, considering the injustices present with their respective real human behaviors and existing institutions, ie actual social realizations. Given this view of justice it is analysed the main types of evaluation methods and it is constructed guidelines for the evaluation of social interventions based on criteria of justice.

This bachelor’s thesis is based on the charred archaeobotanical material from a settlement at Eikebakken, Norway dated to the end of Bronze Age. The study focuses on determining the potential use of weeds and the oil plant flax (Linum usitatissimum). The archaeobotanical samples contained large amounts of charred flax seeds, and to determine whether it was used for oil or textile production a morphometric study of the material was undertaken and compared to other morphometric studies from Northern Europe. An experiment on modern flax seeds, carbonised at different temperatures, was used to expand current knowledge about how flax seeds change through the carbonisation process and why flax seeds are so rarely preserved in prehistoric contexts. The experiment results compared to the carbonized flax seeds from Eikebakken are shown with different diagrams and visualisations. The morphometric analysis together with the experiment provides new knowledge about the flax seeds complications with preservation and that flax in Norway's earliest stages was most likely grown for textile fibres, a contradiction to earlier assumptions.

Abstrakt Svensk titel: Delar av det hela. En fallstudie om hur multisensoriskt material påverkar SUM-elevers grundläggande förståelse för bråkräkning.   English title: Part of the whole. A case study on how multisensory material affects SEN-students' basic understanding of fractions.   Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur elevers förståelse för rationella tal i matematiken påverkades i en interventionsstudie med fokus på arbete med multisensoriskt material. Syftet med studien var dels att pröva en intensivundervisning med multisensorisk träning för några elever i matematiksvårigheter, samt att undersöka om denna intensivundervisning bidrog till ökad förståelse av rationella tal.   Studien har genomförts med fyra elever i årskurs 5 likt en fallstudie med ambitionen att fånga in och analysera undervisningssituationerna samt hur elevernas inre bilder kan komma till uttryck. I analysen har Vygotskijs sociokulturella perspektiv och Bruners teori kring representationer använts, eftersom de kompletterar varandra vad gäller att synliggöra lärandet som sker och den förståelse som utvecklas hos elever vid en intensivundervisning med ett multisensoriskt material. Vygotskijs teori används i analysen av elevernas resultat med fokus på det stöttande lärandet i intensivundervisningen och Bruners teori synliggör hur elevernas grundläggande förståelse och deras inre representationer för rationella tal har påverkats.   Studiens resultat visar att intensivundervisning med multisensoriskt material inverkar positivt på elevers förståelse för rationella tal. En utveckling av elevernas inre bilder var också synlig i studien. / Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate students’ understanding of rational numbers and how it could be influenced in an intervention study with multisensory material. The aim of the study was to study intensive teaching with multisensory training for some students in mathematical difficulties, as well as to study whether this intensive teaching contributed to increased understanding of rational numbers.   The study has been conducted with four students in grade five as a case study with  ambition to capture and analyze the teaching situations and how the students’ inner images can be expressed. In the analysis, Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective and Bruner's theory of representations have been used, as they complement each other in making the learning that occurs visible and the understanding developed by students in intensive teaching with a multisensory material. Vygotsky's theory is used in the analysis of the students outcomes, focusing on the supportive learning in intensive teaching, and Bruner's theory shows how the students' basic understanding and their inner representations for rational numbers have been influenced.   The study’s findings show that intensive teaching with multisensory material had a positive impact on the students’ understanding of rational numbers. A development of the students’ inner images was also visible in this study.

Studien handlar om hur lärare analyserar, följer upp samt vilka åtgärder som sätts in på individ-, grupp- och organisationsnivå efter att Skolverkets obligatoriska bedömnings-stöd i matematik i årskurs 1-3 genomförts. Fokus har lagts på elever med särskilda utbildningsbehov i matematik (SUM-elever).   Vi valde att genomföra en enkätundersökning som förstudie samt nio intervjuer med lärare i två kommuner. För att få kunskap om hur lärare beskrev och uppfattade just analys, åtgärder och uppföljning använde vi oss av en fenomenografisk teori och analysmodell. Fenomenografin syftar till att lyfta fram upplevelser och uppfattningar av ett fenomen. I vår studie är det fenomen som analys, uppföljning och fortsatt undervisning som lyfts fram. Resultatet från studien visar att lärare anser att analysen är viktig och att de formar åtgärder och uppföljning utifrån denna. Det framkommer synpunkter på att det brister i hur analysen organiseras utifrån ett skolperspektiv. Uppföljning beskrivs ske genom olika aktiviteter på individ- och gruppnivå i klassrummet men även i form av utökad specialundervisning. Uppföljning beskrivs också ske genom att resultat delges specialpedagog. Åtgärder beskrivs både på individ- och gruppnivå. Lärarna individanpassar uppgifter, repeterar metoder och centralt innehåll på både individ- och gruppnivå och viss specialundervisning genomförs också med enskilda elever. Flera lärare uttrycker en önskan om utökat samarbete med speciallärare i matematik eller en kollega med matematik-utbildning. Den fortsatta undervisningen för SUM-elever beskrivs ske på både individ- och gruppnivå men fokus ligger på elever som riskerar att inte nå kunskapskraven. Elever som har kommit långt i sin kunskapsutveckling får av tids- och resursbrist inte lika mycket stöd. / This study is about how teachers analyze, follow up and what actions are taken at individual-, group- and organizational levels after the National Agency for Education´s assessment support in mathematics in grades 1-3 has been implemented. Focus has been placed on students with special educational needs in mathematics (SEM-students). We have chose to conduct a survey as a preliminary study and nine interviews with teachers in two municipalities. To gain knowledge about how teachers described and perceived analysis, actions and follow up we used a phenomenografic theory and analysis model. The intention with phenomenography is to highlight the experiences and perceptions of a phenomenon. In our study there are phenomena such as analysis, follow-up and continued teaching that is highlighted.   The results of the study show that teachers believe that the analysis is important and they plan actions and follow-up based on this. It appears that it files in how the analysis is organized based on a school perspective. Follow-up is described through various activities at individual- and group level in the classroom, but also in the form of extended special education. Follow-up is also described by sending results to a special pedagogue. Measures are described both at individual- and group level. Teachers customize tasks, repeat methods and central content at both individual- and group level and some special education is also conducted with individual students. Several teachers express the wish for increased cooperation with special teachers in mathematics or a colleague with mathematics. The continuing teaching for SEM-students is described at both individual- and group level, but the focus is on students who have difficulty meeting the knowledge requirements. Pupils who have come a long way in their knowledge development do not receive much support because of time- and resource shortages.

Leather is a material that throughout history has been very important for humankind. Up until recently is has often however, together with other organic materials, not been given the attention it might deserve. This essay investigates how leather from the Late Iron Age in Scandinavia can be studied, if specialisation within leather related crafts can be identified and what this can tell us about how crafting skills were spread in a society. First a broader analysis is made of related crafts in the Late Iron Age, which is then put into relation to three chosen Vendel Age graves from the Valsgärde burial ground. Both leather production through hunting and tanning, and item production techniques like for example sewing and scabbard making are reviewed. Problems with preservation are discussed and possible alternative ways to study the subject are explored. The essay concludes that leather crafting included many techniques spread in society, practiced by common people. Still, several explicit specialisations also existed, which created high-quality leather products. Finally, suggestions for future research are made. / Läder har som material varit mycket viktigt genom hela den mänskliga historien. Fram tills nyligen har det, tillsammans med andra organiska material, dock ofta inte fått den uppmärksamhet det kanske förtjänar. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur läder från den sena järnålderns Skandinavien kan studeras, om specialisering inom läderhantverk kan identifieras och vad detta kan berätta för oss om hur hantverkskompetens var spritt i ett samhälle. Först görs en bredare analys av relaterade hantverk under den sena järnåldern, vilket sedan sätts i relation till tre vendeltida gravar från gravfältet i Valsgärde. Både produktion av läder genom jakt och garvning, och tekniker för produktion av föremål såsom sömnad och tillverkning av svärdsskidor granskas. Problematik med bevarandeförhållanden diskuteras och alternativa sätt att studera ämnet utforskas. Slutsatserna av uppsatsen är att läderhantverk inkluderade många olika hantverkstekniker, som var spridda i hela samhället och praktiserades av vanligt folk. Flertalet explicita specialiseringar existerade dock också, vilket gav upphov till högkvalitativa läderprodukter. Slutligen ges förslag till framtida forskning.

Práce se zabývá návrhem a implementací testovacího zařízení pro manipulačnínmechanismus vzorku v elektronovém mikroskopu. Testovací zařízení a jeho software zajištuje meření několika parametrů mechanismu, jejich statistické vyhodnocení a porovnání se specifikací. Cílem je vytvořit komplexní testovací zařízení s jednoduchým uživatelským rozhraním, s požadavkem náhrady stávajícího nemodulárního a nestabilního řešení a jeho rozšíření o testování dalších parametrů.