Sense and Sensibility (1811), o primeiro romance publicado de Jane Austen, foi transposto para o cinema em 1995, conferindo seis prêmios de melhor diretor a Ang Lee e dezenove a Emma Thompson, oito como melhor atriz e onze pelo melhor roteiro adaptado. Nesta dissertação eu apresento minha leitura da transposição feita por Emma Thompson do romance de Jane Austen, focando especialmente na maneira em que os personagens principais são transpostos para a tela. Para isso, utilizo três apoios, o texto do roteiro, os diários de Thompson e as performances dos atores. Em cada um desses eixos foram feitas escolhas que merecem ser investigadas, revelando o processo pelo qual o trabalho original se molda às regras da nova mídia e ao público pretendido. Atenção especial é dada aos recursos usados na transposição dos personagens do romance para o filme. O lastro teórico-crítico da pesquisa se apoia nos estudos de Linda Hutcheon sobre adaptação e nos textos de Gerald Mast e Christian Metz sobre a linguagem cinematográfica. A dissertação vem estruturada em duas partes. A primeira, dividida em três seções, apresenta os elementos de contextualização necessários para a discussão empreendida no trabalho. A primeira seção trata sobre o filme produzido em 1995 e sobre Ang Lee, responsável pela direção do mesmo. A segunda seção retraça alguns referentes do romance Sense and Sensibility e sua autora, Jane Austen. A terceira seção considera o processo de criação e adaptação do roteiro de Emma Thompson. A segunda parte do trabalho enfoca as escolhas de transposição, em especial no que diz respeito ao tratamento dos personagens. Ao término da pesquisa, espero identificar os traços que caracterizam Thompson como leitora diferenciada de Austen, e explicitar fatores que motivam as escolhas favorecidas no processo de transposição analisado. / Sense and Sensibility (1811), the first novel published by Jane Austen, was transposed to the movies in 1995, granting six awards to Ang Lee as best director and nineteen to Emma Thompson, eight as best actress and eleven for best adapted screenplay. In this thesis, I present my reading of Emma Thompson´s reading of Jane Austen´s novel, focusing mainly on the way the major characters are transposed into the screen. In order to do that, I direct the analysis from three cornerstones, the text of the screenplay, Thompson’s diaries, and the actors’ performances. In each of these instances choices that deserve to be investigated have been made, which reveal the process through which the original work molds itself to the rules of the new media and to the audience it is intended. Special attention is given to the resources used in the transposition of the characters from the novel into the film. The theoretical support of the research is based on Linda Hutcheon’s studies on adaptation, and on Gerald Mast’s and Christian Metz’s texts about filmic language. This thesis is composed in two parts. Part one comes divided into three sections, and presents the contextualization necessary for the discussion held in the work. The first section introduces the film produced in 1995, and Ang Lee, responsible for its direction. The second retraces some referents from the novel Sense and Sensibility and its author, Jane Austen. The third considers Emma Thompson´s process of creation and adaptation of the screenplay. Part two focuses on the choices made in the transposition, especially the ones regarding the treatment of the characters. At the end of this research, I hope to identify the traces that characterize Thompson as a differentiated reader of Austen, and show the factors that motivate the favored choices in the analyzed transposition process.

In this thesis I present and defend an interpretation of Kant’s theory of experience as it stands from the viewpoint of his empirical realism. My central contention is that Kant’s is a conception of everyday experience, a kind of immediate phenomenological awareness as of empirical objects, and although he takes this to be representational, it cannot itself amount to empirical knowledge because it can be non-veridical, because in such experience it is possible to misrepresent the world. I outline my view in an extended introduction. In Part I I offer a novel interpretation of Kant’s doctrine of sensibility and sensation. Utilizing a data-processor schematic as an explanatory framework, I give an account of how outer sense, as a collection of sensory capacities, is causally affected by empirical objects to produce bodily state sensations that naturally encode information about those objects. This information is then processed through inner sense to present to the understanding a manifold of mental state sensations that similarly encode information. I also give accounts of how the reproductive imagination operates in hallucination to produce sensible manifolds in lieu of current causal affection, and of the restricted role that consciousness plays at this low level of cognitive function. In Part II I turn to the role of the understanding in experience. I offer a two-stage model of conceptual synthesis and explain how Kant’s theory of experience is a unique blend of conceptualist and non-conceptualist elements. I show that it explains how our experience can provide us with reasons for belief while at the same time accounting for the fact that experience is what anchors us to the world. Finally, I return to non-veridical experience. I confront recent naïve realist readings of Kant and argue that, for Kant, the possibility of non-veridicality is built into the very nature of the human mind and the way it relates to the world.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Com o advento da agricultura ampliou-se a produção alimentar e os bens de consumo, no entanto, os riscos ambientais também foram maximizados em função da adoção de técnicas produtivas baseadas no uso intensivo de insumos agrícolas. Esta problemática é mundial, embora mais evidenciada nos países em desenvolvimento e que tem, na produção agrícola, a base de sua economia. O Brasil enquadra-se nesta situação e desde 2009 é considerado o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo, criando um cenário de risco ambiental e de saúde humana. Os efeitos ambientais, base deste estudo, estão relacionados não somente à perda de espécies não-alvo, uma vez que os agrotóxicos não são seletivos, mas também as alterações em nível ecossistêmico, a qual se relaciona com as perdas das funções e dos serviços gerados pelos sistemas naturais. Adiciona-se a esta complexidade, a forma de ação de cada agrotóxico, a distribuição dos mesmos nos diferentes compartimentos (ar, solo e água), o período de permanência de cada um, as relações sinérgicas decorrentes das interações entre diferentes produtos, a formação de subprodutos no processo de degradação, entre outros fatores, como as diferenças existentes entre o ingrediente ativo e a formulação comercial, na qual existem os chamados ingredientes inertes em sua composição, os quais podem ser muito mais tóxicos para espécies e ecossistemas. Considerando esta abordagem, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida com base na realidade de um local de referência, o município de Bom Repouso (MG/BR), no qual a intensificação da produção de morango e batata tem trazido uma série de riscos sociais e ambientais. Semelhante a outras regiões produtivas do país, o uso de agrotóxicos é recorrente, amplo e irrestrito, com destaque para as formulações comerciais Kraft®36EC e Score®250EC, as quais, juntamente com seus respectivos ingredientes ativos (abamectina e difenoconazol), foram avaliadas por meio de testes de toxicidade com espécies de diferentes níveis tróficos representativas de um ecossistema aquático, gerando informações que foram avaliadas em nível de espécie e de ecossistema, simulando o cenário de aplicação dos produtos no local de referência. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir sobre as diferenças de sensibilidade das espécies e quais seriam as mais indicadas para se avaliar os efeitos tóxicos de ambos os agrotóxicos; os efeitos diferenciados entre a formulação comercial e os ingredientes ativos; bem como as respostas em termos de espécies e de ecossistemas, demonstrando a necessidade de que ambas as análises sejam consideradas na avaliação de risco ecológico. / With the advent of agriculture, food production and consumer goods has expanded, however, environmental risks were also maximized due to the adoption of production techniques based on intensive use of agricultural inputs. This worldwide problem is more evident in developing countries which have agricultural production as the basis of its economy. Brazil is into this situation and since 2009 it is considered the largest consumer of the world\'s pesticides, creating a scenario of environmental risk and human health. The environmental effects from this study are related not only to loss of non-targeted species, since pesticides are nonselective, but also changes in the ecosystem level, which relates to the loss of functions and services generated by natural systems. Add to this complexity, the mode of action of each pesticide, their distribution in the different compartments (air, soil and water), the period of stay of each, the synergistic relationships resulting from interactions between different products, the formation of by-products in the process of degradation, among other factors, such as differences between the active ingredient and the commercial formulation in which there are so-called ingredients inert in the composition, which may be more toxic to species and ecosystems. Considering this approach, this research was developed based on the reality of a reference site, the municipality of Bom Repouso (MG/BR), in which the intensification of production of strawberry and potato has brought a series of social and environmental risks. Similar to other productive regions of the country, the use of pesticides is recurrent, widespread and unrestrained, highlighting the commercial formulations Kraft®36EC and Score®250EC, which, along with their active ingredients (abamectin and difenoconazole) have been evaluated by toxicity tests with representative species of different trophic levels of an aquatic ecosystem, generating information that have been evaluated at the species level and ecosystem, simulating the application scenario of the products on the reference location. The results showed differences on the sensitivity of species and what are the most appropriate to evaluate the toxic effects of both pesticides; the differential effects between the commercial formulation and the active ingredients; as well as the responses in terms of species and ecosystems, demonstrating the need for both to be considered in ecological risk assessment.

La quantification du protéome à très haute sensibilitée n’est actuellement pas réalisable, et est un problème pour l’analyse de cellule isolée, d’échantillon rare ou pour la détection de protéine de faible abondance. Afin d’améliorer la sensibilité, une idée est d’utiliser un microscope capable de détecter des protéines individuellement. Il faut pour cela dans un premier temps mesurer la proportion du protéome actuellement marquée par une sonde fluorescente afin de pouvoir faire des mesures quantitatives. Avec des conditions dénaturantes et la détection des amines, on arrive à marquer jusqu’à 75% du protéome d’un lysat cellulaire, avec un marquage plus efficace quand la protéine est de grande taille. Dans un deuxième temps, il faut séparer par la taille le protéome afin de réaliser un profil protéique. Si la puce microfluidique ne permet pas la réalisation d’un profil avec une résolution, le micro SDS-PAGE en est capable en permettant également l’observation du profil par microscopie, autorisant la détection jusqu’à 10 ng de protéines par bande et ainsi permettant d'obtenir un profil à partir de seulement 100 cellules. Cette sensibilité a permis l’identification de quatre lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein, avec un fort potentiel pour une application pour le diagnostic de cellule cancéreuse provenant de petite biopsie, plus facile pour le patient. / Proteomic quantification at very high sensitivity is not achieved yet, even if they are a need to realize this quantification for the analysis of uncommon samples at a single cell level, or for the detection of low abundance protein. To improve this sensitivity, one way is to use a microscope able to detect single-molecule. In this optic, the first step to enable precise quantification is to measure the proportion of the proteome that is labeled by a fluorescent probe. When using strong denaturant conditions combined with a probe able to detect the amine of the protein, we are able to label up to 75% of the proteome from a cell lysate, with an increase in the labeling efficiency when the protein is bigger. The second step necessitates the protein separation by size in order to realize a proteome profile. Two technics were used for that, the microfluidic chip and the micro SDS-PAGE. The second one enables the possibility to scan the profile by microscopy, allowing the detection of up 10 ng of protein and then permits the analysis of only 100 cells. This sensitivity enables the differentiation of 4 different proteome profiles from cell lines originated from breast cancer, with a potential in the diagnostic of cancer cell from a smaller biopsy, allowing a less painful experience for the patient.

Objetivo: Avaliação funcional (acuidade visual e sensibilidade ao contraste) e morfológica da retina de pacientes com edema macular diabético (EMD) tratados com bevacizumabe intravítreo e controle glicêmico optimizado durante 24 semanas de acompanhamento. Projeto: Estudo prospectivo intervencionista, randomizado e controlado. Métodos: Quarenta e um olhos de 34 pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e EMD com Hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) <= 11% receberam injeções de bevacizumabe intravítreo (BIV) com controle glicêmico optimizado nas semanas 0, 6, 12 e 18 (grupo 1; n=21); ou receberam simulação de BIV com controle glicêmico optimizado na semana 0 e 6 e, posteriormente, BIV com controle glicêmico optimizado na semana 12 e 18 (Grupo 2; n=20). Mudanças na sensibilidade ao contraste (SC), na acuidade visual (AV) e na espessura foveal (EF) medida por Tomografia de coerência óptica (TCO) foram comparadas antes do início do tratamento e nas semanas 2, 6, 12, 14, 18 e 24. A análise laboratorial do controle sistêmico foi comparada também no início e nas semanas 12 e 24. Resultados: O estudo mostrou AV e EF significativamente melhores em 24 semanas em ambos os grupos. Na 24ª semana, a média da SC melhorou no grupo 1 de 1,14±0,36logCS para 1,33±0,24logCS (P=0,002) e, também, no grupo 2 de 1,11±0,29 para 1,26±0,23logCS (P = 0,004) em 24 semanas, sem diferença significativa entre eles (P = 0,52). Houve uma redução média de 0,78% nos níveis de HbA1c (8,28±1,29% para 7,5±1,20%; P < 0,001) em 24 semanas. As maiores diferenças entre os grupos foram detectadas entre o pré-tratamento e a segunda semana, onde a EF diminuiu rapidamente no grupo 1 em comparação ao grupo 2 (116±115 vs. 17±71?m, respectivamente; P < 0,01). Em 12 semanas, as medidas já não foram estatisticamente significativas (variação da EF = grupo 1 91±184?m vs. grupo 2 62±152?m; P = 0.72). No pré-tratamento, houve correlação significativa entre SC e AV (r = -0,70; P < 0,001) e também entre SC e EF (r = -0,63; P < 0,001) que se manteve em 24 semanas. Conclusão: O uso do bevacizumabe intravítreo associado ao controle glicêmico optimizado melhorou significativamente a função visual, incluindo a sensibilidade ao contraste dos olhos com EMD. No entanto, o controle glicêmico optimizado isolado também se mostrou eficiente durante 12 semanas / Purpose: Functional (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) and morphological evaluation of the retina of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with intravitreal bevacizumab and optimized glycemic control on 24-week followup. Project: Prospective, interventional, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Forty-one eyes of 34 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and DME with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <= 11% received injections of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) with optimized glycemic control (group 1; n=21) at week 0, 6, 12 and 18; or received IVB simulation with optimized glycemic control at week 0 and 6 and, after three months, IVB with optimized glycemic control at week 12 and 18 (Group 2; n=20). Mean Change in contrast sensitivity (CS), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) - as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were compared at baseline, and at weeks 2, 6, 12, 14, 18 and 24. A laboratory analysis of systemic control was also compared at baseline and at weeks 12 and 24. Results: The study showed that BCVA and CFT were significantly better in both groups at 24 weeks. Mean CS also improved significantly in group 1 from 1.14±0.36 to 1.33±0,24logCS (P=0,002) and also in group 2 from 1.11±0.29 to 1.26±0.23logCS (P=0,004) at 24 weeks, with no significant difference between them (P = 0.52). There was a mean reduction of 0.78% in HbA1c levels (8,28±1,29 to 7,5±1,20%; P < 0,001) at 24 weeks. The major differences between both groups were detected between the baseline and the second week, whem CFT promptly decreased in group 1 compared to group 2 (116±115 ?m vs. 17±71 ?m; P < 0,01). At 12 weeks, the measures were no longer statistically significant (variation of CFT = group 1 91±184 ?m vs. group 62±152 ?m, P = 0.72). At baseline, there was meaningful correlation between CS and BCVA (r = -0,70; P < 0,001) and also between CS and CFT (r = -0.63; P < 0.001) that remained at 24 weeks. Conclusion: The use of intravitreal bevacizumabe associated with optimized glycemic control improved significantly the visual function, including contrast sensitivity in eyes with DME. However, optimized glycemic control alone also shown to be efficient at 12 weeks

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o pensamento de Herbert Marcuse sobre a tecnologia. Em decorrência do longo período em que Marcuse se dedicou ao tema, suas posições aparentam oscilar entre a defesa da neutralidade da ciência e das tecnologias e a acusação de que estariam a serviço da repressão e da dominação. Por intermédio da análise do conceito de racionalidade tecnológica, pretende-se esclarecer as ambiguidades presentes na leitura da filosofia marcuseana, indicando possíveis soluções interpretativas. Para esse propósito, o trabalho conta com uma análise prévia das influências filosóficas de Marcuse e com uma investigação posterior a respeito dos pensadores que, por sua vez, sofreram influxo das ideias desenvolvidas por esse filósofo. / The present paper aims at investigating the ideas of Herbert Marcuse about technology. Given the long period Marcuse worked on this subject, his stances seem to vary between the defense of the neutrality of science and technology and the accusation that they would serve the purposes of repression and domination. Through the analysis of the concept of technological rationality, this paper intends to clarify the ambiguities in the understanding of Marcusean philosophy, indicating possible interpretative solutions. For this purpose, the paper begins with an analysis on the philosophical influences of Marcuse and ends with an investigation on philosophers which were influenced by his ideas.

Os camundongos têm sido amplamente utilizados na experimentação desde o século XVII, devendo sua qualidade microbiológica ser pesquisada e mantida, para evitar que eles adoeçam ou morram durante o experimento, não transmitam zoonoses e para que os resultados apresentados no experimento sejam confiáveis. A Escherichia coli faz parte da microbiota entérica dos mamíferos, podendo algumas linhagens causar infecções. As estirpes patogênicas apresentam diferentes fatores de virulência, como as endotoxinas, adesinas, enterotoxinas, fator citotóxico necrosante e as hemolisinas. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: analisar as microbiotas aeróbias bacteriana e fúngica presentes no intestino das linhagens de camundongos Swiss, C57BL/6, BALB/c, C3H/HePas, C3H/HeJ, MDX e YCx43, verificando se existem diferenças entre elas; avaliar a suscetibilidade \"in vitro\" frente aos antimicrobianos das E. coli isoladas, verificando se existem diferenças entre as linhagens; verificar a ocorrência de resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos nas E. coli isoladas; pesquisar os fatores de virulência das E. coli isoladas, também investigando se existem diferenças destes entre as linhagens estudadas; identificar os microrganismos presentes nos diferentes ambientes em que estes animais são mantidos, verificando se existem diferenças entre eles. Os camundongos foram necropsiados e coletou-se uma pequena quantidade de seu conteúdo fecal que foi semeado nos meios de cultura BHI, ágar sangue de carneiro 5%, ágar MacConkey e ágar Saboraud dextrose. Foi realizando o antibiograma e PCR das E. coli isoladas. Realizou-se a cultura de suabes da mesa, maçaneta de porta e exterior das luvas dos funcionários. Verificou-se que as linhagens de camundongos estudadas apresentam microbiotas fecais diferentes; as estirpes de E. coli são diferentes em cada linhagem e apresentam resistência a múltiplos antibióticos, que as estirpes de E. coli isoladas não são patogênicas, que as bactérias isoladas nas salas do biotério não foram influenciadas pela microbiota fecal dos camundongos e que o monitoramento microbiológico de rotina dos animais, do ambiente e dos técnicos, e as normas de biossegurança são indispensáveis e devem ser sempre adotados e mantidos no biotério. / Mice have been largely used at experiences since 17o century, so their microbiological quality should be investigated and kept safety in order to avoid they become ill or die during an investigation and don\'t transmit zoonosis to those who handle them; this is important in order to make the results presented in the experience be reliable. The Escherichia coli is part of enteric microbiota of mammals, and some of them may cause infections. The pathogenic strains of E. coli show different virulence factors, such as endotoxins, adhesins, enterotoxins, necrotizing citotoxic factors (cnf) and hemolysins. This study has aimed to analyze: the bacterial and fungi aerobic microbiota present at intestine of lineages Swiss, C57BL/6, BALB/c, C3H/HePas, C3H/HeJ, MDX and YCx43 mice, checking if there are differences among them; to evaluate the susceptibility in vitro to antimicrobial agents of E. coli isolated, checking if there are differences among lineages; to verify the occurrence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents at E. coli isolated; to investigate the virulence factor\'s of lineages of E. coli, also checking if there are differences among these lineages and the lineages studied; identify the micro-organisms presented at different environments where these animals are kept, checking if there are differences among them. The mice were submitted to necropsy and it was collected a little amount of their fecal content. This fecal content was seeded in culture mediums of BHI, sheep blood agar 5%, MacConkey agar and Saboraud dextrose agar. The mice\'s lineages studied have different fecal microbiotas; the E. coli strains are different in each lineage and they\'ve showed resistance to multiple antibiotics; the E. coli strains are not pathogenics; isolated bacteria on animal rooms were not affected by mice\'s fecal microbiotas, the microbiological monitoring of animals and biosafety standards always must be adopted and followed at animal rooms.

De nombreuses entreprises sont confrontées aux problèmes issus de la pratique de la gestion dans des contextes culturels différents ou avec des équipes internationales provenant de cultures différentes. La délocalisation de certaines activités de l’entreprise, leur expansion commerciale vers de nouveaux marchés, le recours à des fournisseurs lointains et situés dans différents pays, le développement de l’immigration avec des ressources humaines caractérisées par une diversité culturelle engendrent des obstacles à la mise au point de procédures managériales uniformes et un retard dans les prises de décision à cause des facteurs culturels reliés aux décisions managériales. La finalité de l’entreprise est la création de richesses dont bénéficient, directement ou indirectement et à différents degrés, les actionnaires, les employés, la collectivité et les pouvoirs publics. Divers facteurs favorisent le développement des entreprises multinationales implantées dans divers marchés avec des équipes d’employés, d’ouvriers de culture différente ; dont notamment la globalisation des marchés et les nouvelles techniques d’information et de communication qui incitent les entreprises à standardiser l’organisation et les procédures de travail dans toutes leurs activités tout en instaurant un contrôle plus efficace. Cette thèse vise à étudier une situation particulière du management interculturel, l’étape première constituant la rencontre entre des styles managériaux différents : à savoir l’intégration d’une équipe interculturelle. Notre étude porte sur le secteur de l’audit où les processus sont relativement normés au niveau international ; ce choix réside en partie dans la volonté de mettre en évidence les pratiques locales qui y ont cours et de les comparer entre elles.Notre problématique visait à comprendre les formations en management interculturel destinés aux jeunes intégrants des cabinets d’audit. Nous verrons les relations que ces formations entretiennent respectivement avec les notions de sensibilité interculturelle et de compétence interculturelle / Numerous companies are confronted with the problems from the practice of the management in different cultural contexts or with international teams resulting from different cultures. The relocation of certain activities of the company, their commercial expansion towards new markets, the appeal to suppliers distant and situated in various countries, the development of the immigration create obstacles to the clarification of uniform manager procedures and a delay in decision-making because of the cultural factors connected with the manager decisions. The end of the company is to make benefit for the shareholders, the employees, the community and the authorities. Diverse factors faciliate the development of the multinational companies implanted in diverse markets with teams of employees, workers of different culture; among which notably the globalization of markets and new techniques of information and communication which incite companies to standardize the organization and the working procedures in all their activities.

Objectif : L’objectif est l’étude de plusieurs méthodes de prise en compte des facteurs de confusion, mesurés ou non mesurés, ce en situation observationnelle de population de patients psychotiques ou schizophrènes. Méthodes : Deux méthodes ont été utilisées : le score de propension (adaptés aux données mesurées) et les analyses de sensibilité (pour les informations non mesurées). Le champ d’application est celui de l’épidémiologie clinique en psychiatrie, et plus spécifiquement celui de la schizophrénie. Le développement s’appuie sur trois parties successives. La première partie met en exergue la question de la discussion du biais résiduel. Pour cela, on s’appuie sur les résultats d’une étude transversale d’exposition à un facteur contextuel (la prison), ce dans le cadre de la présence de troubles psychotiques (au sens axe DSM IV), à partir d’une méthodologie d’ajustement conventionnelle classique. La deuxième partie est une comparaison d’une technique d’ajustement classique à un ajustement par score de propension. Pour cela, on utilise les résultats issus d’une étude de cohorte avec la survenue d’un évènement selon l’exposition à un traitement en population schizophrène, à partir de l’utilisation du score de propension comme outil d’ajustement. La troisième partie est une synthèse sur la modélisation de l’incertitude et des biais de confusion non mesurés multiples. Les théories et méthodes sont décrites, puis appliquées aux résultats des deux études précédentes. Résultats : L’étude transversale, dont les résultats non montrés jusqu’à présent, permet de poser la problématique de la qualité de l’ajustement dans le cadre d’une exposition à un facteur en situation observationnelle. L’étude de cohorte permet de comparer une technique d’ajustement classique à un ajustement par score de propension (SP). Nous avons étudié plusieurs méthodes d’ajustement (multivarié standard, avec ajustement sur SP, avec appariement sur SP). Et nous mettons en évidence que, selon la méthode d’ajustement utilisée, les résultats obtenus sont différents. La méthode de stratification sur SP semble être la meilleure. Les méthodes de prise en compte des facteurs de confusion non mesurés sont ensuite étudiées. Une première étape fait état de l’apport des théories probabilistes et des techniques apparentées, ensuite une combinaison de ces théories est proposée avec une application pratique aux deux études présentées précédemment. Conclusion : Dans le cas des études observationnelles, l’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier, de décrire et d’appliquer des techniques de modélisation pour mieux prendre en compte les différences initiales, potentiellement source de confusion. C’est un travail à la frontière entre la méthodologie, les biostatistiques et l’épidémiologie. Nous nous appuyons sur des difficultés rencontrées, en pratique en épidémiologie psychiatrique (pathologies mentales à étiologies multifactorielles et interdépendantes) pour proposer une approche pragmatique de la prise en compte optimale des facteurs de confusion potentiels, mesurés ou non mesurés. / Objective : To evaluate control methods for measured or unmeasured confusion bias, in observational situation of psychotic or schizophrenic patients. Methods : Propensity score method (for measured confusion bias) and analyses of sensibility (for unmeasured confusion bias) were applied in the field of psychiatric epidemiology, specifically in schizophrenia. In first, the question of residual bias was underlined by the results of a transversal study. The exposition at a contextual parameter (prison) was studied in link with psychotic disorders (DSM IV), with a classic control method.Second, to lead to an unbiased estimation of treatment effect, we compared a classic control method with a method based on propensity score. These approach were applied to a cohort of French schizophrenic patients where we studied the event (relapse) by the treatment exposition (polypharmacy or not).Third, we developed a synthesis on modelisation of uncertainty and non-measured confusion bias. Theories and methods were described, and then applied on results of previous studies. Results : The transversal study, with non-demonstrated results still then, allow us to reach the question of control quality in the case of exposition to a parameter in observational situation. The cohort study permit to compare a classic control method and propensity score (PS). We highlighted different results according to some control method. Stratification method on PS seemed to be the best method to predict relapse according to treatment exposition. Non-measured bias control methods were then described. And a combination of probabilistic methods was applied to the previous studies. Conclusion : In the case of observational studies, the objective was to study, to describe and to apply modelisation methods to take in account differences at baseline, potentially source of confusion bias. This research is at the crossroads of methodology, biostatistics and epidemiology.