Texte remanié de: Tesis doct.--Universidad de Valladolid, 1985.

Nous traitons des écrits dans le roman flaubertien, en nous intéressant en particulier aux trois romans de Gustave Flaubert : Madame Bovary, L’Éducation sentimentale et Bouvard et Pécuchet. Cela nous conduit à examiner différents types d’écrits circulant dans ces œuvres. Ceux-ci sont très variés et peuvent aller de la lettre à l’affiche, en passant par les journaux, les dictionnaires, et la littérature bien sûr, tout autant de supports qu’il existe de fonctions et d’enjeux. Au XIXe siècle, l’écrit occupe une place croissante dans la société et dans les œuvres littéraires, notamment dans le roman réaliste balzacien où les billets mondains circulent en transmettant des codes sociaux. Mais les lettres et les œuvres y sont aussi introduites abondamment et peuvent être lues de manière polysémique mais toujours signifiante. Ces choix vont de pair avec le développement de l’écrit au XIXe, par le biais notamment des journaux et de l’avènement du roman-feuilleton. Les écrits peuvent d’abord être distingués selon leur visée utilitaire ou esthétique, ils sont très nombreux dans le roman flaubertien et revêtent de multiples fonctions comme celle consistant à mettre en relief ce qui est visuel, faisant naître une forme de théâtre par la graphie. Puis, ils peuvent aussi transmettre la voix officielle, comme lors de faits juridiques à valeur à la fois référentielle et romanesque. Leur statut est parfois même historique, surtout dans L’Éducation sentimentale où résonnent les événements révolutionnaires de 1848 qui ont marqué l’époque, mais cette polyphonie présente le plus souvent un enjeu métatextuel en transmettant la voix du romancier dans une mise en abyme ; donner à voir ou à lire l’écrit serait sans doute pour lui aussi un moyen de se représenter en tant qu’auteur ou peut-être aussi, à l’opposé, de se distinguer de tous les écrits utilitaires qui caractérisent cette nouvelle société démocratique. / We are dealing with the writings in Flaubert’s novels, especially in the three following novels : Madame Bovary, L’Éducation sentimentale and Bouvard et Pécuchet. There are different types of writings in those works ; indeed they are varied and they can be a letter, a poster, a newspaper or even a dictionary, they are as varied as the numerous functions and issues that exist. In the nineteenth century, writing had an increasing part in society and literary works, especially in the realist novels by Balzac in which social notes were spread passing social codes. But letters and works were also abundantly introduced and could be read in different but always significant ways. Those choices went hand in hand with the development of writings in the nineteenth century thanks to newspaper and the advent of serials. Writings can be first distinguished according to their useful or aesthetic goal ; they are numerous in Flaubert’s novels and have several functions as the one which underlines what’s visual, making appear a kind of play thanks to the written form. Then they can also spread the official voice as in legal facts that have both a fictional and reference value. Their status is even sometimes historical, mainly in L’Éducation sentimentale in which the 1848 revolutionary events resonate ; but this polyphonic narrative often shows what’s at stake, delivering the novelist’s voice in a mise en abyme ; seeing or reading what is written could also be a mean to introduce himself as an author, but also maybe, on the contrary, to distinguish himself from the useful writing that characterized that new democratic society.

Gustave Flaubert est un écrivain à la fois romantique et antiromantique. De son adolescence aux dernières années de sa vie, il ne cesse d’affirmer son attachement au romantisme, mais en même temps, il porte un regard critique sur certaines tendances des écrivains romantiques. La relation que Flaubert entretient avec le romantisme peut se définir ainsi comme un mélange complexe d’attachement et de critique. Pour éclairer ce rapport complexe de Flaubert au romantisme, notre étude se propose de relire L’Éducation sentimentale. Pourquoi ce roman plutôt qu’un autre ? C’est parce que L’Éducation sentimentale est une œuvre doublement liée au romantisme. D’une part, L’Éducation sentimentale s’inscrit profondément dans la tradition du romantisme, d’abord parce qu’il s’agit d’un roman d’apprentissage, mais aussi parce que ce roman raconte l’histoire d’une génération. D’autre part, Flaubert dresse le bilan du romantisme dans L’Éducation sentimentale. Dans ce roman, il représente en effet à la fois la fin du romantisme passionnel et celle du romantisme social. Ainsi, cette étude tente de relire L’Éducation sentimentale à la lumière de la littérature romantique. Plus précisément, il s’agit, d’une part, de montrer que Flaubert écrit L’Éducation sentimentale avec et contre la littérature romantique et, d’autre part, d’étudier la manière dont Flaubert représente, dans ce roman, l’échec et la déception d’une génération formée par le romantisme. Cette double démarche nous permet de mettre en évidence, sous différents angles, l’ambivalence de Flaubert à l’égard du romantisme. / Gustave Flaubert was a writer at once Romantic and anti-Romantic. From his adolescence to his last years, he continued to affirm his attachment to Romanticism, but at the same time, he took a critical look at some of the patterns of Romantic writers. The relationship that Flaubert formed with Romanticism can be defined as a complex mixture of attachment and criticism. To clarify Flaubert’s complex relationship with Romanticism, our study intends to reread Sentimental Education. Why this novel rather than another? Sentimental Education is a work doubly related to Romanticism. On one hand, Sentimental Education is deeply rooted in the tradition of Romanticism. This is not only because it is a Bildungsroman, but also because it tells the story of a generation. On the other hand, Sentimental Education represents an assessment of Romanticism. Indeed, this novel describes at once the end of passionate Romanticism and the end of social Romanticism. Thus, this study attempts to reread Sentimental Education in the light of Romantic Literature. Firstly, we try to show that Flaubert wrote Sentimental Education with and against Romantic Literature. Secondly, we study the way Flaubert represents, in this novel, the failure and disappointment of the generation formed by Romanticism. This dual approach allows us to highlight, from different angles, Flaubert’s ambivalence toward Romanticism.

Permeia a arte do século XIX uma reflexão sobre a perspectiva, o ponto de vista como olhar do sujeito. As construções discursivas de Flaubert subvertem procedimentos convencionais de representação da fala e do pensamento, sua escritura produz ambiguidade e desestabiliza a voz narrativa. Em relatos de viagem, ele desloca a descrição do que contempla (elementos da paisagem urbana ou da natureza, objetos e pessoas) para a descrição do que imagina. Fazendo uso de procedimento semelhante em LÉducation sentimentale, ele constrói cenas a partir do que Frédéric, protagonista do romance, observa ou projeta no espaço. Ele mistura percepções, desejos, lembranças, delírio e imaginação do personagem. Ao expressar a subjetividade de Frédéric, Flaubert cria um efeito de sobreposição de espaços. Esta pesquisa abrange aspectos de gênese textual, o estudo de como imagens e descrições integram a criação literária. Planos e roteiros manuscritos mostram que muitas das ideias de Flaubert começam com uma imagem. / Nineteenth century art is permeated by a reflection on perspective, the subjective viewpoint. Flauberts discursive constructions revolutionize conventional procedures that represent speech and thought. His writing produces ambiguity and throws the narrative voice off balance. In travel journals, he shifts descriptions of what he contemplates (urban landscapes or nature, objects and people) to paint in words what he imagines. Using a similar procedure in LÉducation sentimentale, his scenes are built on what the novels protagonist, Frédéric, observes or projects in space. Flaubert mingles perceptions, desires, memories, delerium and imagination. Through Frédérics subjective eye, Flaubert creates an effect of overlapping spaces. This research encompasses textual aspects; it is a study on how images and descriptions actively participate in literary creation. Manuscripts plans and scenarios show that many of Flauberts ideas begin with images.

Permeia a arte do século XIX uma reflexão sobre a perspectiva, o ponto de vista como olhar do sujeito. As construções discursivas de Flaubert subvertem procedimentos convencionais de representação da fala e do pensamento, sua escritura produz ambiguidade e desestabiliza a voz narrativa. Em relatos de viagem, ele desloca a descrição do que contempla (elementos da paisagem urbana ou da natureza, objetos e pessoas) para a descrição do que imagina. Fazendo uso de procedimento semelhante em LÉducation sentimentale, ele constrói cenas a partir do que Frédéric, protagonista do romance, observa ou projeta no espaço. Ele mistura percepções, desejos, lembranças, delírio e imaginação do personagem. Ao expressar a subjetividade de Frédéric, Flaubert cria um efeito de sobreposição de espaços. Esta pesquisa abrange aspectos de gênese textual, o estudo de como imagens e descrições integram a criação literária. Planos e roteiros manuscritos mostram que muitas das ideias de Flaubert começam com uma imagem. / Nineteenth century art is permeated by a reflection on perspective, the subjective viewpoint. Flauberts discursive constructions revolutionize conventional procedures that represent speech and thought. His writing produces ambiguity and throws the narrative voice off balance. In travel journals, he shifts descriptions of what he contemplates (urban landscapes or nature, objects and people) to paint in words what he imagines. Using a similar procedure in LÉducation sentimentale, his scenes are built on what the novels protagonist, Frédéric, observes or projects in space. Flaubert mingles perceptions, desires, memories, delerium and imagination. Through Frédérics subjective eye, Flaubert creates an effect of overlapping spaces. This research encompasses textual aspects; it is a study on how images and descriptions actively participate in literary creation. Manuscripts plans and scenarios show that many of Flauberts ideas begin with images.

No description available.

Le XIXe siècle a les caractéristiques d’un grand siècle, parce qu’il hérite des engagements idéologiques et sociaux des philosophes des Lumières, mais aussi des promesses suscitées par la Révolution de 1789 qui ouvre une ère de mutations intellectuelles et d’évolutions sociales. Au-delà des tensions sociales et politiques exprimées par une littérature dont l’engagement consiste à faire évoluer le personnage, notamment le héros de jeunesse, encore attaché à des rêves dans une société où tout est et reste à reconstruire, il importe de répondre à une préoccupation fondamentale : comment s’affirmer, se construire un destin lorsqu’on ne s’éprouve soi-même que comme une énigme, une préoccupation existentielle et un malaise ? Le roman d’apprentissage du XIXe siècle nous met en présence de destins en devenir, d’ambitions et de potentialités en quête de réalisation, ce qui lui confère ses qualités esthétiques / The XIXe world has features of a wide world, because it inherits ideological social philosophers lights pawning ; but therefore given rise to promises by the Revolution of 1789 who opens an era of intellectual mutations and of social evolutions beyond social political expressed tensions by a literature of which the pawning consist to make to evolve the personage, notably the youthful hero, still fond to dream in a society where everything is and remains to reconstruct, it imports to answer to a fundamental preoccupation : how to assert oneself, to build a destiny when one himself does not test myself that as an enigma, an existential preoccupation and an indisposition ? The tutorial novel of the century puts us in presence of destinies in development, of ambitions and of potentialities after fulfillment, what gives confers him all his aesthetic qualities

Habilitationsschrift--Constance. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-193) and index.