This thesis aims at contributing to the research on academic conference paper presentations, particularly to the discussion sessions that follow them. The main purpose of this study is to explore the speaker's expression of evaluation in the discussion session of two specialised conference paper presentations in Linguistics and Chemistry from a multimodal approach. I set out to investigate evaluation in spoken academic discourse beyond the traditional linguistic approach to foreground the role of kinesics and paralanguage that co-occur with the linguistic expression of evaluation. To meet the objective of the thesis, the theoretical framework was embedded in techniques of genre analysis (Bhatia 1993, Swales 1990) and discourse analysis, including the theoretical orientations of systemic functional linguistics (Halliday 1978, 1985a), conversation analysis (Schegloff & Sack 1973), pragmatics (Brown & Levinson 1978, 1987), and multimodal discourse analysis (Kress & van Leeuwen 2001). This framework allowed me to identify the structure of the interaction, the rhetorical moves in which the interaction is organised, and finally the linguistic and multimodal expression of evaluation that articulates the rhetoric of the interaction.

Functional Analysis is an important component of creating a treatment plan for individuals with autism. A concern of functional analysis is that it might not match the natural environment in which the problem behavior occurs. Dimensions such as varying reinforcement duration and session length may affect response rates during functional analyses in natural settings. This study investigated if varying reinforcement duration and session length during functional analyses would affect the identification of the function of problem behavior across assessors, and the intervention designed based on the functional analyses would be effective in reducing stereotypic behavior and teaching communicative skills of an adolescent with autism at home. An alternating treatment design was used to conduct functional analyses and an ABA design with generalization probes was used to test the effectiveness the function-based intervention. Results indicated that the participant's stereotypic behavior was maintained by automotive reinforcement. The intervention developed based on the function of the stereotypic behavior was found to be effective in reducing the stereotypy and teaching communicative behavior.

The purpose of the study was to provide training and follow-up sessions for Sunday school teachers to increase the use of inclusive teacher behaviors (opportunities to respond, behavior specific praise, and opportunities to participate) for educating a child with moderate to severe disability. A multiple baseline across behaviors design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of training and follow-up sessions for a Sunday school teacher that had a child with moderate to severe disability in her class. The results showed training and follow-up were effective in teaching inclusive teacher behaviors within a church setting.

The purpose of this mixed-method study, combining a quantitative, quasi-experimental, and qualitative design was to examine a researcher-designed, piloted dropout intervention program that would address the factors that have contributed to African American, ninth-grade “at-risk” students. This phenomenon, also known as the “ninth grade shock” due to the rapid incline within the United States’ traditional public high school setting, has also been a direct connection to the low graduation rates listed for African American students in the state of Georgia. The researcher-designed, dropout intervention program, Cultural Check and Connect Sessions (CC&CS) was evaluated while developing and implementing strategies that will reverse the need for students to drop out while being promoted to the next grade level. The researcher examined the following variables: Student Perception, Attendance, Discipline, The Number of Failed Courses, and Support Staff Perception. Student data were gathered from the selected students (Group A) using student surveys, staff interviews, and the school’s database, Infinite Campus. Forty African-American students were also selected as a control group (Group B). Both groups of students met the following requirements before the start of the researcher-designed program: 2 or more failed courses on the previous progress report, 3 or more semesters behind from being promoted to the 10th grade, 10 or more unexcused absences, and 3 or more discipline referrals. When Group A was compared to Group B after the completion of the researcher-designed program, the results of the study revealed that the group was impacted by the researcher-designed, piloted dropout intervention program through the students’ perception of school, attendance, and discipline. This research investigation provides implications and recommendations for all schools educating African American, ninth- grade “at-risk” students in a traditional school learning environment.

RESUMO O trabalho aborda o estudo da grandeza comprimento no ambiente real da sala de aula. De acordo com minhas pesquisas, autores como Miguel e Miorim (1986), Lima e Bellemain (2002) verificam posturas, por parte da comunidade escolar, que comprometem, seriamente, o ensino de Geometria, especialmente o das grandezas geomÃtricas. Dentre essas posturas, cito a Ãnfase nos conteÃdos voltados para a AritmÃtica, como problemas com as operaÃÃes fundamentais e fraÃÃes, enquanto os tÃpicos de Geometria sÃo abordados superficialmente. A partir dessa constataÃÃo, elaborei e apliquei sessÃes didÃticas cujo objetivo central consistiu em investigar o uso de instrumentos de mediÃÃo como suporte para a aprendizagem da grandeza comprimento. Os referenciais teÃricos norteadores do aspecto cognitivo estÃo vinculados aos processos de assimilaÃÃo e acomodaÃÃo de Piaget (1982), no processo de interaÃÃo social de Vygotsky (1994) e em elementos da EducaÃÃo MatemÃtica. A pesquisa à de natureza qualitativa, na abordagem de um estudo de caso (LÃDKE & ANDRÃ, 1986) e teve uma prÃtica pedagÃgica, por meio da intervenÃÃo de sessÃes didÃticas, com alunos, na faixa etÃria de 11 a 15 anos, de uma escola pÃblica municipal de Fortaleza. Como resultado, confirma-se que o trabalho, com instrumentos de mediÃÃo, desenvolvido com os alunos se mostrou um recurso eficiente para o aumento do conhecimento do assunto proposto. Espero que a evidÃncia deste fato possa ajudar a desconstruir o mau hÃbito, por parte do sistema escolar, da abordagem do estudo das grandezas, com os alunos, tomando como recurso didÃtico, somente o livro texto adotado. / ABSTRACT This work approaches a study of âlargeness lengthâ in a real environment of a classroom. According to my researches, authors such as Miguel and Miorim (1986), Duarte (2002), Lima e Bellemain (2002) verify some postures from the school community, which seriously compromise the Geometry teaching, especially in the study field of geometry largeness. Among these postures, I can cite the emphasis given to the contents directed toward to Arithmetic, such as basic Math operations and fractions, while some Geometry topics are superficially approached. From this evidence, I applied and elaborated didactic sessions which the central objective consisted of investigating the use of measurement instruments as a support for the learning of âlargeness lengthâ. The theoretical references that give direction to the cognitive aspect are tied with the Piagetâs assimilation and accommodation processes (1982), in the social interaction process of Vygotsky (1994) and also tied with some Math education elements. This research is of qualitative nature, and in its approach of study of case (LÃDKE & ANDRÃ, 1986) it had a pedagogical practice, through didactic intervention sessions with some students, ages from 11 to 15, in a public school of FortalezaÂs city. As a result, it was confirmed that the work using measurement instruments with students has showed itself as a very efficient resource for the knowledge growth of the considered subject. I hope the evidence of this fact, helps in the destruction of a bad habit created by the school system regarding the approach given to the Math study field âGeometry largenessâ, and not to make students use the adopted textbook as the only didactic resource anymore. Key-Words: largeness length, didactic sessions, instruments of measurement.

Worldwide, toy libraries are regarded as a non-centre-based early childhood education programme. In South Africa the majority of young children live in poverty and do not have access to early learning opportunities and play materials before entering formal schooling. This study investigated how toy libraries provide play-based learning opportunities for young children. Seven toy library sites located in five South African provinces (Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and North West) participated in the study. The participants consisted of toy librarians, managers and parents. The toy librarians were selected purposively, applying the criterion that play-based early learning sessions were provided to children younger than six years. The research methodology employed was qualitative, and an interpretivist paradigm informed the multiple case study design. The conceptual framework was based on learning and systems theories informing how young children learn. The toy library operations and play-based early learning session characteristics inform the framework of quality standards for toy libraries. The data production strategies included focus group discussions of photographs, document analysis and observations of play sessions. The group discussion and observation transcriptions, documentation and photographs were analysed by means of coding. Three themes, namely young children and learning, toy library operations and play-based early learning, and nine sub-themes emerged that include academic learning, 21st century skills, administration, play materials, services, challenges, developmentally appropriate practice by toy librarians, play-based learning pedagogy indicators and characteristics of play-based learning. The findings indicate that toy libraries provide access to play-based early learning sessions to young children. However, a variety of developmentally and culturally as well as age-appropriate play materials and play-based early learning sessions that include a variety of play opportunities are required. In addition, the framework of quality standards for toy libraries was enhanced as a result of the study. This framework provides guidance on how to operate a toy library which includes, apart from lending toys, play-based early learning sessions in its services. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Early Childhood Education / PhD / Unrestricted

Introducción: En el distrito en el que fue desarrollado este proyecto (Miraflores), las enfermedades diarreicas y la obesidad, causadas principalmente por la ineficiente higiene de las manos y el hábito incorrecto de alimentación, son las principales causas de morbilidad. A este antecedente se le suma la pandemia por el virus del COVID -19, el cual viene ocasionando miles de pérdidas humanas. Descripción del proyecto: Partiendo de un análisis de involucrados, el Diagnóstico Participativo Comunitario y la priorización de problemas, el objetivo general fue implementar hábitos favorables a la salud física de la familia Murata Yamamoto frente al COVID. Se realizaron sesiones teóricas y talleres demostrativos con herramientas digitales, elaboración de material educativo e instrumentos de evaluación como cuestionarios y listas de cotejo, los logros fueron registrados durante la supervisión, monitoreo y evaluación final. Evaluación de resultados: La eficacia obtenida entre los miembros de la familia em la aplicación de las técnicas de lavado de manos, desinfección de alimentos, uso de barreras para la bioseguridad fue del 100%. Además, se incorporó una dieta balanceada como hábito frecuente en la familia. El manejo de conocimientos favorables en higiene y dieta fue del 100% entre todos los integrantes. Conclusiones: El proyecto de intervención en los integrantes de la familia Murata Yamamoto fue ejecutado con éxito y se logró implementar hábitos favorables para la salud física, convirtiéndose así en modelo de proyecto de promoción de la salud en un entorno familiar. / Introduction: In the district where this project was carried out (Miraflores), diarrheal diseases and obesity, which are caused by inefficient of hand hygiene and incorrect eating habits, are the main causes of morbidity. To this antecedent now is added the pandemic due to the COVID -19, that has caused thousands of human losses. Project description: Based on stakeholder analysis, Participatory Community Diagnostics and prioritization of problems, the main objective was to implement favorable habits to improve physical health of the Murata Yamamoto family against COVID. Theoretical sessions and demonstrative workshops were carried out with digital tools, elaboration of educational material and evaluation instruments such as questionnaires and checklists. All the achievements were recorded during supervision, monitoring and a final evaluation. Evaluation Results : The efficacy obtained was 100% among the family members in application of hand washing techniques, food disinfection, use of biosafety barriers . In addition, as a frequent habit a balanced diet was incorporated. The management of favorable knowledge in hygiene and diet was 100% among all the members. Conclusions: This intervention project on members of the Murata Yamamoto family was successfully carried out and it was possible to implement favorable habits to enhance physical health, turning this model of promotion project into a family environment. / Trabajo de investigación

Introducción: Esta intervención se realizó en el distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho, el cual según la DIRIS - Lima Centro, tiene altos índices de morbilidad en cuanto a salud oral. Debido al actual contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 se buscó promover hábitos en salud oral bajo estas nuevas condiciones en una familia conformada por 9 personas. Descripción del proyecto: Partiendo de un diagnóstico participativo comunitario, análisis de involucrados y priorización de problemas, se buscó promover hábitos favorables a la salud oral en los integrantes de la familia Miranda Medina durante el periodo de abril a junio del 2020. Se buscó mejorar la práctica de higiene oral y disminuir el consumo de alimentos cariogénicos. Se establecieron actividades como sesiones educativas, demostraciones y socialización de afiches educativos; se supervisaron los avances mediante el registro de horarios de frecuencia de cepillado y diarios dietéticos; para las evaluaciones se elaboraron listas de cotejo y cuestionarios. Se utilizaron indicadores de proceso y de resultados. Evaluación de Resultados: La frecuencia de cepillado varió en promedio de 1 - 2 veces/día a 3 veces/día y todos realizaban correctamente la técnica de cepillado. Asimismo, el 100% de los involucrados logró manejar conceptos de salud oral y dieta. En cuanto a dieta, el consumo de promedio de golpes de azúcares diarios bajó de moderado a bajo. Conclusiones: La intervención directa en un entorno familiar alcanzó resultados satisfactorios en hábitos favorables de cepillado y dieta. / Introduction: This intervention was carried out in the district of San Juan de Lurigancho, which according to DIRIS - Lima Centro, has high rates of morbidity in terms of oral health. Due to the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was sought to promote oral health habits under these new conditions in a family made up of 9 people. Project description: Based on a participatory community diagnosis, stakeholder analysis and prioritization of problems, it was sought to promote habits favorable to oral health in the members of the Miranda Medina family during the period from April to June 2020. It sought to improve the practice oral hygiene and reduce the consumption of cariogenic foods. Activities such as educational sessions, demonstrations and socialization of educational posters were established; Progress was monitored by recording brushing frequency schedules and diet diaries; checklists and questionnaires were prepared for the evaluations. Process and result indicators were used. Evaluation of Results: The brushing frequency ranged on average from 1 - 2 times / day to 3 times / day and all performed the brushing technique correctly. Likewise, 100% of those involved managed to handle concepts of oral health and diet. Regarding diet, the consumption of average daily sugar hits fell from moderate to low. Conclusions: The direct intervention in a family environment achieved satisfactory results in favorable brushing and diet habits. / Trabajo de investigación

El trabajo que se presenta a continuación tiene como propósito analizar la implementación de metodologías de trabajo colaborativo como; el Building Information Modeling ( BIM), Sesiones de ingeniería concurrente(ICE) y la aplicación de buenas prácticas, en busca de gestionar adecuadamente los proyectos antes de su ejecución (etapa de diseño). Asimismo, se analiza el valor agregado en la información suministrada por herramientas BIM, dirigido a los beneficios económicos para las empresas que comienzan a desarrollarse, en el que se apoyan distintas actividades procesos y técnicas, correspondientes a una correcta y efectiva análisis de índices de los proyectos realizados con y sin BIM, para que en el futuro pueda ayudar a tomar decisiones antes y durante la ejecución de los proyectos por parte de las gerencias de proyectos. Se presenta un caso de aplicación en un proyecto de tipo edificación en el cual se ha implementado la metodología, llevando a la práctica lo planteado a lo largo del desarrollo del proyecto. El estudio evidencia aportes significativos en la etapa de evaluación de costos y tiempos, logrando incrementar la confiabilidad en el desarrollo del proyecto, tomando decisiones antes de su ejecución contribuyendo de la mejor forma en la construcción del proyecto. / The purpose of the work presented below is to analyze the implementation of collaborative work methodologies such as; el Building Information Modeling ( BIM), Concurrent engineering sessions (ICE) and the application of good practices, in order to properly manage the projects before their execution (design stage). Likewise, the value added is analyzed in the information provided by BIM tools, aimed at the economic benefits for the companies that are beginning to develop, in which different processes and techniques activities are supported, corresponding to a correct and effective analysis of indexes of the projects carried out with and without BIM, so that in the future it can help to make decisions before and during the execution of the projects by the project managers. A case of application is presented in a building-type project in which the methodology has been implemented, putting into practice what was proposed throughout the development of the project. The study evidences significant contributions in the stage of evaluation of costs and times, managing to increase the reliability in the development of the project, making decisions before its execution contributing in the best way in the construction of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

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