Le développement durable est devenu une notion structurante du champ social. Il est au centre de trois volets, chacun répondant aux crises qui ont touché le monde contemporain : le social, l’économique et l’environnement. Or, l’environnement est repris allègrement par les acteurs sociaux, et cela même aux dépens du social. Pourtant, ce volet est primordial dans la mesure où une réforme des rapports de pouvoir est essentielle à la résolution de la crise écologique.Or, si le volet social est élipsé au profit du volet environnement qui est verbalisé, la société qui se met en marche selon un « développement durable » est donc réduite à « respecter l’environnement ». S’ensuit une naturalisation dangereuse des rapports sociaux, et surtout des plus « naturels » d’entre eux, les rapports sociaux de sexe. Loin d’une réforme des rapports sociaux, le développement durable engendre une révolution naturaliste du sexe et du genre.Nous avons donc étudié les représentations sociales du développement durable au sein d’une collectivité territoriale pour révéler leur dynamique. En effet, celle-ci est exemplaire en matière de développement durable. Par ailleurs, elle est parcourue d’un fort clivage entre services technique et administratif, qui est aussi sexué puisque l’un est composé d’hommes et l’autre de femmes. Nous verrons comment l’objectivation du développement durable dans l’environnement assied la proéminence du technique et des hommes sur l’administratif et les femmes, mais aussi une naturalisation des rapports sociaux de sexe. / Sustainable development has become a structural notion of the social field. It’s at the cross of three volets, each of them answers to crises that impacted the contemporary world : social, economic and environment. But, the environment one is cheerfully used by social actors, at social one’s expense. Nevertheless, this volet is essential insofar as a reform of power relationships is necessary to ecological crise’s solution. But, if the social volet is silent to the advantage of the environment volet which is verbalized, the society which leans against a “sustainable development” is reduced to “respect the environment”. It follows that social relationships are naturalized, and above all the more natural of them, social relationships of sex. Far from a reform of social relationships, sustainable development generates a naturalist revolution of sex and gender.We studied social representations of sustainable development into a french local authority to come to light their dynamic. Indeed, this former is exemplary in sustainable development empowerment. Otherwise, it’s made of a strong dichotomy between technical and administrative departments, which is sexual because the first is composed of men and the second of women. We’ll see how sustainable development’s objectivation in environment confirms the domination of technical and men on administrative and women, and moreover a naturalisation of social relationships of sex.

This thesis explores the construction and use of the hijra figure in fictional literature. It argues that hijras are utilised as both symbols of deviance and central points around which wider anti-sociality circulates. In order to contextualise these characters and offer a deeper understanding of the constructed nature of their representations, this thesis works with four frames of reference. It draws respectively on Hindu mythology (chapter one), the Mughal empire and its use of eunuchs, which the authors of fiction use to extend their representations of hijras (chapter two), British colonialism in India and its ideological frameworks which held gender deviance to be a marker of under-civilisation (chapter three) and the postcolonial period, in which hijras continue to fight for their rights whilst attempting to survive in an increasingly marginal social position (chapter four). Examining the literary material through the lens of these four frameworks shows, historically, the movement of the hijras in the public imaginary away from being symbols of the sacred to symbols of sexuality and charts the concurrent shift in their level of social acceptance. In terms of their literary representations, it is seen that authors draw upon material informed by each of the four frameworks, but never in simple terms. Rather, they work imaginatively but often restrictively to produce an injurious or detrimental image of the hijras, and they apply multiple historical frameworks to the same narratives and individual characters, with the result of marking them as timeless figures of eternal otherness. The image of hijras as sacred beings in Hindu mythology is recast as them being terrifying figures who are liable to curse binary-gendered citizens if their extortionate demands are not met (chapter one). The political prominence of Mughal eunuchs and their position as guardians of sexual boundaries and purity become treasonous political manipulation through the enactment of secret plots, often involving sexual violence, to impact on political events (chapters two and three). The criminalisation of hijras as a means of pushing them out of public visibility becomes naturalised anti-sociality and a shadowy existence at the social margins (chapter three). Finally, in a public environment which has both seen a major increase in campaigns for hijra rights and acceptance, but which has met with fierce opposition, the hijras are overburdened with associations which render them as hyperbolic and ultimately unsustainable figures (chapter four). Ultimately, these constructions facilitate sensationalised storylines set in the criminal underworld. Whilst the thrilling nature of these stories has the potential to capture a readership, this comes at the expense of the hijra characters, who are rendered as inherent criminals, sexual aggressors and wilfully anti-social. Campaigns to protect hijras as a third-gender category, guarantee their legal rights and end their criminalisation for the first time since 1860 have been publicly prominent since 2001; these campaigns are now coming before parliament and formal decisions are expected imminently. Examining understandings of hijras outside of their communities is thus politically timely and necessary for disrupting the cycle of overburdening them as society's gendered scapegoats, contributing to a project of more nuanced understandings necessary for their social integration.

Thesis (PhD) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1997. / Bibliography : p. 253-267.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Victoria University (Melbourne, Vic.), 2008.

Doctor Legum - LLD / According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, women account for 48% of the refugees globally. "Persecution" is the central tenet in the refugee definition, but the ensuing jurisprudence was initially developed from the male experience. Therefore, the phallocentric nature of international and domestic refugee regimes mean that women's experiences of persecution are often marginalised, first, in their country of origin, and secondly, by the States from whom they seek refuge. Thus, the patriarchal conceptualisation of persecution exists in the content, interpretation and application of refugee law. The critical analysis of international refugee law, together with a comparative study between South Africa and Canada's refugee regimes, confirms that this conceptualisation impacts negatively on the manner in which gender-related asylum claims are assessed. This thesis argues for a reconceptualisation of refugee law through feminist scholarship, to investigate, question and expose the patriarchy residing in refugee laws and processes, and to theorise how gender-related persecution should be determined. Refugee jurisprudence has generally established that gender is socially constructed and based on sex which is biological and unchangeable The arrangement of sex and gender as immutable constructs enable the subordination of women, and within the refugee discourse, underpins gender related persecution specifically. Therefore, the reconceptualisation of sex and gender into malleable and dynamic concepts facilitates a paradigm for the protection of refugee women. The dominance theory and the deconstruction theory, together with feminist methods are used to conceptually explore the construction of sex and gender, recognising how the intersection with other identities, such as race and class, influence the understanding of sex and gender in refugee discourse. This thesis argues that the current construction of sex and gender together with the strategies that are increasingly used by governments to prevent refugees from crossing the borders, mean that asylum-seekers generally, and women, specifically are not receiving adequate protection. The xenophobic rhetoric of officials together with the enactment of restrictive refugee legislation, collectively result in South Africa and Canada creating and maintaining the illegal status of asylum-seekers.

Incel är ett relativt nytt begrepp som står för ”involuntary celibacy” och syftar i denna studie till män som lever i ett ofrivilligt celibat. Denna grupp ses framför allt i de digitala miljöerna och är en del av manosfären. Vad som kännetecknar dessa män är att de besitter starka antifeministiska tankar. De anser att feminismen motarbetar såväl biologiskt betingade skillnader mellan könen samt traditionella könsroller. Enligt en ny forskningsrapport har det framkommit att Sverige kan betraktas som ett av världens mest inceltätaste länder. Trots detta finns det lite forskning som utgår från ett svenskt perspektiv om incels. Vår studie bygger på en kvalitativ metod, med ett hermeneutiskt angreppssätt. Vi vill med vår studie öka förståelsen för hur diskussioner om normativa föreställningar kring kön och genus konstrueras på det svenska diskussionsforumet Flashback Forum. Vi utgår från ett sociologiskt perspektiv med fokus på genussystem och hegemonisk maskulinitet. Analysen har gjorts i en incelrelaterad diskussionstråd på Flashback Forum där vi har använt oss av tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att det förs liknande diskussioner på svenska Flashback Forum som det görs på internationella incelforum. Flashbackmedlemmarnas konstruktioner av normer är byggda på samhällets normer, dock mer extrema. Resultatet visar även att flera medlemmar anser att kvinnor har fått mer makt och att de sociala strukturerna i samhället har förändrats till det sämre. / Incel is a relatively new phenomenon that stands for "involuntary celibacy". This group of men are primarily in the digital environments, and they are a part of the manosphere. Characteristic for these men is their strong anti-feminist beliefs. They believe that feminism counteracts both biologically conditioned differences between the sexes and traditional gender roles. New research shows that Sweden is one of the most incel-dense countries in the world. Despite this, there is little research from a on a Swedish perspective. Our study is based on a qualitative method, with a hermeneutic approach. The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of how discussions about normative ideas about sex and gender are constructed on the Swedish discussion forum Flashback Forum. We have used a sociological perspective with a focus on gender systems and hegemonic masculinity. The analysis has been done in an incel-related discussion thread on Flashback Forum where we have used thematic analysis. The results show that discussions on Flashback Forum are similar to discussions held on the international incel forums. The Flashback Forum members' constructions of norms are built on society's norms, but they are more extreme. The results also shows that several members believe that women have gained more power and that the social structures in society have changed for the worse.

No description available.

<p>The purpose with this dissertation is to study the Intersex phenomenon in South Africa, meaning the interplay between the dual sex and gender norms in society. Hence, the treatment by some medical institutions and the view of some non-medical institutions upon this ‘treatment’, have been studied in relation to the Intersex infant’s human rights and citizenship rights. The thesis has moreover also investigated how young Intersex children are included/excluded and mentioned/not mentioned within South Africa’s legal system and within UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child.</p><p>Furthermore, because Intersex children are viewed as ‘different’ on two accounts – their status as infants and born with an atypical congenital physical sexual differentiation, the thesis’ theoretical framework looks at the phenomenon from three perspectives – ‘the politics of difference’, human rights, and citizenship rights directed towards infants. The theoretical frameworks have been used to ask questions in relation to the empirical data, i.e. look at how the Intersex infants are ‘treated’ in relation to their status as ‘different’; and also in relation to the concept of being recognized, respected and allowed to partake in deciding whether to impose surgery or not. Moreover, what ‘treatment’ serves the best interest of the Intersex child? This has been done through semi structured interviews.</p><p>In conclusion, some of the dissertation’s most important features are that since the South African society, like many other societies, strongly live by the belief that there are only two sexes and genders, this implies that Intersex infants do not fit in and become walking pathologies who must be ‘fixed’ to become ‘normal’. Moreover, since most genital corrective surgeries are imposed without being medically or surgically necessary, and are generally imposed before the age of consent (18), the children concerned, are generally not asked for their opinion regarding the surgery. Lastly because early corrective surgery can have devastating life lasting consequences, this ultimately means that the child’s human rights and citizenship rights are of a concern. These conclusions do however not ignore the consequences one has to endure for the price of being ‘different’.</p>

<p>Trots att Sverige är ett av de mest jämställda länder i världen är kvinnor kraftigt underrepresenterade i toppositioner i näringslivet. Denna studie analyserar kvinnligt ledarskap inom kooperativa företag. Ledarskap är en process där avsikten är att en person påverkar andra genom sitt handlande oavsett om denne innehar en formell position eller inte. Syftet med studien är att beskriva och illustrera hur kvinnliga styrelseledamöter leder, genom att ge insikt i deras erfarenheter, familjesituation, karriär och deras funderingar kring kvinnligtledarskap. I undersökningen ingick fyra kvinnliga styrelseledamöter i KF. Undersökningen visar att kvinnliga ledare är starka, kompetenta, demokratiska ledare som leder genom kommunikation och samarbete. Det framkom också att kvinnorna ser familjen som potentiell hinder i karriären. Undersökningen visar att bästa vägen till en framgångsrik karriär är att: att skapa ett bra kontaktnät, att våga ta chanser när de kommer upp, att aktivt söka högre positioner och inte vänta på att bli erbjuden de högre tjänsterna, att skaffa en mentor och att lära sig säga nej och inte ta på sig för många arbetsuppgifter som kan leda till utbrändhet.</p> / <p>Despite the fact that Sweden is one of the most equal societies in the world, the women are still underrepresented in the top positions in Swedish business world. This study is about female leadership in cooperative businesses. Leadership is a process where the purpose is to influence others regardless if that person has a formal leadership position or not. The purpose of this study is to describe and exemplify how female leaders in cooperative companies lead by giving insight in their experiences, family situation, career and their opinions about female leadership. For the purpose of the study interviews are conducted with four female board members of The Swedish Cooperative Union. The study shows that female leaders are strong, competent, democratic leaders who lead through open communication and teamwork. Female leaders think that a family is seen as potential obstacle in their careers. The study has shown that the keys to a successful career are: good contacts, taking a chance, actively show willingness and desire to advance, get a mentor, learn to say no and not to risk burning out in the beginning of the career.</p>

Trots att Sverige är ett av de mest jämställda länder i världen är kvinnor kraftigt underrepresenterade i toppositioner i näringslivet. Denna studie analyserar kvinnligt ledarskap inom kooperativa företag. Ledarskap är en process där avsikten är att en person påverkar andra genom sitt handlande oavsett om denne innehar en formell position eller inte. Syftet med studien är att beskriva och illustrera hur kvinnliga styrelseledamöter leder, genom att ge insikt i deras erfarenheter, familjesituation, karriär och deras funderingar kring kvinnligtledarskap. I undersökningen ingick fyra kvinnliga styrelseledamöter i KF. Undersökningen visar att kvinnliga ledare är starka, kompetenta, demokratiska ledare som leder genom kommunikation och samarbete. Det framkom också att kvinnorna ser familjen som potentiell hinder i karriären. Undersökningen visar att bästa vägen till en framgångsrik karriär är att: att skapa ett bra kontaktnät, att våga ta chanser när de kommer upp, att aktivt söka högre positioner och inte vänta på att bli erbjuden de högre tjänsterna, att skaffa en mentor och att lära sig säga nej och inte ta på sig för många arbetsuppgifter som kan leda till utbrändhet. / Despite the fact that Sweden is one of the most equal societies in the world, the women are still underrepresented in the top positions in Swedish business world. This study is about female leadership in cooperative businesses. Leadership is a process where the purpose is to influence others regardless if that person has a formal leadership position or not. The purpose of this study is to describe and exemplify how female leaders in cooperative companies lead by giving insight in their experiences, family situation, career and their opinions about female leadership. For the purpose of the study interviews are conducted with four female board members of The Swedish Cooperative Union. The study shows that female leaders are strong, competent, democratic leaders who lead through open communication and teamwork. Female leaders think that a family is seen as potential obstacle in their careers. The study has shown that the keys to a successful career are: good contacts, taking a chance, actively show willingness and desire to advance, get a mentor, learn to say no and not to risk burning out in the beginning of the career.