Este trabalho versa sobre a organização, análise e historicização da memória das Mal-Amadas através dos experimentos cênicos antipatriarcais praticados ao longo de vinte e seis anos. Esse grupo de teatro feminista foi criado para responder com arte ao sofrimento e à dor de mulheres em atendimento na Casa Beth Lobo, uma política pública de apoio à mulher em situação de violência doméstica. O estudo atende a uma perspectiva feminista e de gênero com olhar especial para o feminismo radical e os seus pressupostos, partindo de uma reflexão sobre a natureza e a origem da opressão das mulheres. Está organizado com Introdução, Memória, Poética do Desmonte I (1992-1999) - período que diz respeito à relação institucional com a Prefeitura de Diadema - e Poética do Desmonte II (2012-2018) - quando estabelece uma parceria com o CIM - Centro Informação Mulher, organização feminista do movimento de mulheres. Nesta pesquisa foram relatados desde o funcionamento do grupo à nomeação dos procedimentos que deram origem às criações de peças teatrais, peça-jogo, performance, desagravos, apartes, instalações e interpelações, indicando as etapas do processo, bem como apontando as práticas de repertório e arquivais, uma concepção de Diana Taylor (Estudos da Performance). O épico-performativo é um modo híbrido que orienta a produção das Mal-Amadas desde a sua origem. O intuito deste estudo, portanto, é confirmar a validade da Poética do Desmonte, teatralidade das Mal-Amadas na construção de um Teatro Feminista de viés libertário em defesa da vida das mulheres. / This work deals with the organization, analysis, and historicization of the Mal-Amadas memory through the scenic antipatriarchal experiments practiced during twenty-six years. This feminist theater group was created to respond with art to the suffering and pain of women in attendance at Casa Beth Lobo, a public policy to support women in situations of domestic violence. The study responds to a feminist and gender perspective with a special look at radical feminism and its presuppositions, starting from a reflection on the nature and origin of women\'s oppression. It was organized from an Introduction, Memory, \"Poetics of Desmonte I\" (from 1992 to 1999), which relates to the institutional relationship with the City Hall of Diadema and \"Poética do Desmonte II\" (from 2012 to 2018), when it establishes a partnership with the CIM - Women Information Center, a feminist organization of the women\'s movement. In this study, it was reported from the group \'s operation to the naming of the procedures that gave origin to the creations of theatrical pieces, play - game, performance, reparations,dramatic speeches, installations and interpellations, indicating the stages of the process, as well as pointing out the \"repertoire practices and archival\", a conception of Diana Taylor (Performance Studies). The epic - performative is a hybrid mode, which guides the production of \"mal-amadas\" from its origin. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to contextualize, justify, to confirm the validity of the Poetics of Dismantling, the theatricality of the \"mal -amadas\' in the construction of a Feminist libertarian theater in defense of women\'s lives.

This research explores the use of memories of past school experiences to help identify unnamed and unchallenged incidents of oppression that occurred in elementary and high school. What are the implications for educators when past school experiences indicate that racism, classism, sexism, homophobia, and other harmful practices took place, but went unexamined and unclaimed as such? Three inter-related reflective analyses are used to investigate the experiences of teacher candidates, the thesis author, and practicing teachers to fully explore this query. <p>The first section examines teacher candidates reactions to anti-oppressive education. Negative reactions by students are most often defined by scholars as resistance. This section reflects on the strengths and weaknesses of this definition. The memories students shared about their past schooling suggest looking beyond the current scope of theories that define negativity as resistance. The second section includes a retrospective analysis of the authors past school experiences where oppressive practices went unidentified and unchallenged as such. In the third section, Narrative Inquiry is used to gather stories from practicing teachers whose memories also indicate unnamed examples of oppression. Participants identify school memories that helped shape their current teaching practices and enhanced their commitment to addressing racism, classism, sexism and other issues in schools today.

This research explores the use of memories of past school experiences to help identify unnamed and unchallenged incidents of oppression that occurred in elementary and high school. What are the implications for educators when past school experiences indicate that racism, classism, sexism, homophobia, and other harmful practices took place, but went unexamined and unclaimed as such? Three inter-related reflective analyses are used to investigate the experiences of teacher candidates, the thesis author, and practicing teachers to fully explore this query. <p>The first section examines teacher candidates reactions to anti-oppressive education. Negative reactions by students are most often defined by scholars as resistance. This section reflects on the strengths and weaknesses of this definition. The memories students shared about their past schooling suggest looking beyond the current scope of theories that define negativity as resistance. The second section includes a retrospective analysis of the authors past school experiences where oppressive practices went unidentified and unchallenged as such. In the third section, Narrative Inquiry is used to gather stories from practicing teachers whose memories also indicate unnamed examples of oppression. Participants identify school memories that helped shape their current teaching practices and enhanced their commitment to addressing racism, classism, sexism and other issues in schools today.

<p>Abstract</p><p>In English usages such as mankind and job titles ending in -man (fireman, chairman) when referring to people in general are considered sexist. Sexist language makes a distinction between women and men and it can exclude, trivialize or diminish women. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the sexist or non-sexist use of occupational terms in The San Diego Union Tribune and The Daily Aztec. The questions that were investigated were how the newspapers used affixed terms ending in –man and -woman, if they added female/woman/lady to refer to women, but also how they referred to traditional female professions (nurse, midwife). The study was conducted by hand by using a textual analysis, which was both qualitative and quantitative in nature. The study showed that the newspapers primarily use non-sexist occupational terms and avoid using female markings, even when reference is being made to women who have traditional male professions. The sexist usage that was most common was the affixed terms ending in –man and –woman. One conclusion that could be drawn was that The San Diego Union Tribune follows The Associated Press Stylebook’s policy about the usage of coined words such as chairperson and spokesperson.</p>

In everyday life women are exposed to sexist language. Terms and usages that exclude or discriminate women are referred to as sexist language. This takes into account that one presumes that maleness is the standard, the norm, and that femaleness is the non-standard, or the exception. The aim of this paper was to find whether gratuitous modifiers such as girl, lady, female and woman are used more frequently than the male markings and whether girl is used to a wider extent than boy to denote an adult. The aim includes two aspects of sexist language. Firstly, the aspect of calling women girls and men men, called non-parallel treatment. Secondly, the fact that it is more common for unmarked terms to refer to males while when referring to females a marked term is needed. As primary source for the study the Time Corpus was used, which is an online corpus containing over 100 million words and ranges from 1923-2007. The conclusion of this essay was that the female sex is more commonly marked and that woman/women are the most commonly used premodifiers. Gender markings most likely apply to occupations and labels which are thought of as either typically male or female. Furthermore, it was found that girl was used to a wider extent than boy to denote an adult. In addition, the results presented a possible change of trends where girl referred to a child to a larger extent in contemporary English.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, tem por fim analisar as representaÃÃes sociais do gÃnero feminino nas piadas de mulher loira e propÃe-se como objetivo estudar as estratÃgias lingÃÃstico-discursivas empregadas e de que forma elas contribuem para a manutenÃÃo de um discurso machista que sustenta o estereÃtipo mulher loira como burra e sexualmente disponÃvel. O corpus para a pesquisa foi obtido atravÃs da internet, considerando como requisito bÃsico a determinaÃÃo de certos lugares enunciativos, que orientariam a anÃlise. Para tal estudo, alÃm de considerarmos a abordagem de Moscovici acerca das representaÃÃes, buscamos a base teÃrica proveniente da AnÃlise do Discurso francesa, priorizando as contribuiÃÃes de Maingueneau acerca da polifonia e cena enunciativa, categorias estas que nos permitiram uma anÃlise mais apurada quanto Ãs marcas deixadas no discurso, a construÃÃo de cenas no espaÃo discursivo e a manifestaÃÃo de um espaÃo interdiscursivo e de que formas estes concorriam para a formaÃÃo dessas representaÃÃes. O estudo das representaÃÃes atravÃs do exame das piadas se deve ao fato de que consideramos que estas se tornam importantes disseminadoras de representaÃÃes e estereÃtipos, rentÃveis para uma anÃlise lingÃÃstica e discursiva, tal como a proposta. Este estudo se justifica nÃo sà por estar entre um universo de poucos trabalhos sobre o estudo de cunho humorÃstico, mas pela abordagem que faz, ao partir da polifonia e da cena enunciativa para examinar o funcionamento das piadas e a questÃo das representaÃÃes sociais voltadas para a figura da mulher loira. Dessa forma, os resultados obtidos poderÃo apontar novos caminhos a serem trilhados na lingÃÃstica, anÃlise do discurso ou outro campo da ciÃncia que precise encontrar na linguagem a resposta para seus questionamentos no que se refere à relaÃÃo entre representaÃÃes, estereÃtipos e piadas / ABSTRACT This qualitative research intends to analyse the Social representations of the female gender in jokes concerning blondies, in order to study the discourse-language strategies used and how they work for keeping a sexist discourse which provides for a stereotyped image of that woman as &#8213;stupid&#8214; and sexually available. The corpus for this research comes from the internet, considering as a basic requirement the determination of spaces of enunciation which guides the analysis. For this study, besides taking into account Moscoviciâs approach on representations, we focus on the theoretical basis from the French Discourse Analysis, highlighting Maingueneauâs views concerning polyphony and scene of enunciation, which enabled us to develop a more accurate analysis of the discourse marks, the building up of a scenery in the discourse and the manifestation of an interdiscoursive space and the way they led to give birth to the representations. The study of representations in jokes is due to the fact that we consider them important vehicles for representations and stereotypes alike,being profitable for both a linguistic and discoursive analysis as it is our proposal. This research becomes important not only for being one among a universe of a few ones, concerning humour, but also for its approach on polyphony and scene of enunciation to understand about the way jokes function and the matter of the social representations involving the character of the blonde woman. The results of this research may point out new horizons to be discovered in Linguistics, Discourse Analysis and other fields of knowledge which need to find in language the answers to their inquiries, in terms of relating representations, stereotypes, and jokes

Abstract In English usages such as mankind and job titles ending in -man (fireman, chairman) when referring to people in general are considered sexist. Sexist language makes a distinction between women and men and it can exclude, trivialize or diminish women. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the sexist or non-sexist use of occupational terms in The San Diego Union Tribune and The Daily Aztec. The questions that were investigated were how the newspapers used affixed terms ending in –man and -woman, if they added female/woman/lady to refer to women, but also how they referred to traditional female professions (nurse, midwife). The study was conducted by hand by using a textual analysis, which was both qualitative and quantitative in nature. The study showed that the newspapers primarily use non-sexist occupational terms and avoid using female markings, even when reference is being made to women who have traditional male professions. The sexist usage that was most common was the affixed terms ending in –man and –woman. One conclusion that could be drawn was that The San Diego Union Tribune follows The Associated Press Stylebook’s policy about the usage of coined words such as chairperson and spokesperson.

This thesis studies Italian journalists' perceptions and experiences of the use of gendered language in the representation of women in the Italian press. Previous research has shown that Italian media misrepresent women by producing gender stereotypes. This is, to a certain extent, related to language: Italian is considered to be a gender language, meaning that every noun, pronoun and adjective have a gender. The research questions that guide this study are: what are the Italian journalists' perceptions and experiences of gender in the articles they write?  What is the place and role of language in the journalists' evaluation of gender equality in news? What are the reasons behind the journalists' use of language when they write a piece about a woman? Using an ethnographic approach, 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed following the journalistic culture perspective proposed by Hanitzsch (2007). The results show that there are many different approaches to gender, from the one suggesting to neglect gender as a category at all in the news production, to the one that sees gender as a category that is newsworthy as such and a starting point for an article. Also the role of language is interpreted in very different ways. On one side there is the idea that, compared to the gender gap being a broader social problem, language is secondary; on the other, language is considered to be able to drive a change in the society. Finally, also the reasons behind the journalists' use of language are diverse: the ethical codes do not apply to all the journalists or reveal a lack of guidelines that oblige journalists to rely on their morality, gender sensitivity, or interest to the topic of gender equality; or on the newspaper's own guidelines. The readers' assumed expectations, as well as the kind of journalism (with its requests in terms of time and space) influence the use of language with regard to gender equality. The results show also that, beside some context-dependent elements, which make Italy a specific case, there are some universal considerations that can be made. In particular, basing on these universal elements, the addition of a linguistic dimension to journalistic cultures (Hanitzsch, 2007) is suggested. In this dimension, it will be proposed to include two levels: the influence of language on social reality and the influence of journalism on language.

The purpose of this study is to gain comprehensive knowledge about gender-discriminatory practices within advertising used in Sweden. This research intends to convey this to the reader through completing the following objectives. Firstly, to showcase how advertisers portray both genders in sexist ways. Secondly, how the advertisers react to the guilty verdicts made by the Reklamombudsmannen. This investigation focuses on the work of  the Swedish foundation “Reklamombudsmannen”. Their task is to promote and maintain ethics in the Swedish market by communicating ethical decisions, training and guidance offered to advertisers. This theoretical research consists of theories about gender research, gender stereotypes and sexist advertising. The analysis evaluates five of Reklamombudsmannen’s verdicts for sexist advertising from the year 2021. These five advertisements will be interpreted through a rhetorical and semiotic qualitative content analysis applying concepts such as logos, ethos, pathos, connotation and denotation will be used. The results indicate clearly that the advertiser's use different kinds of sexist, gender stereotypical or discriminating portrayals of both genders. However, the study can state that the female sex is significantly more objectified than the male. Furthermore, the commonality between each advertiser was the disagreeance of Reklamombudsmannen’s guilty judgements in denying the usage of discriminating content within their advertisements.

As people become aware that society treats women unfairly, they also perceive related shortcomings in the way that Modern English references women. For example, many have objected to the so-called generic he, the third-person masculine pronoun employed to refer to a person of unknown gender, and provided several alternatives, few of which have been widely adopted. Nonetheless, change is evident in the case of they becoming an increasingly common solution to refer to a person of unidentified gender. The intentional reform of the Modern English language, both in the past and present, has been a result of people's reactions to what is often perceived as a bias or a deficiency with what is possible to say given the words at their disposal. The rhetorical significance of reform is profound, and scholars continually broach the subject from the perspective of different disciplines. Explored here are the approaches of three of those fields, feminism, linguistics, and rhetoric; how each reacts to and even influences reform is an important part of the study. What is evident is that, regardless of the particular field, reform remains a force of change, even while it may not be broadly recognized. Further, traditional grammatical rules provide an insufficient means for tackling inequalities in Modern English, and are in part responsible for such imbalance. As such, writers must be aware of the present expectations of their audience and the situation of particular words.