This study analyses and discusses the evolution of the word bitch in Twitter discourse between the years 2010 and 2020. From its beginnings as a derogatory term used to criticise women’s appearance and behaviour in 2010 to being used as an empowering term for women to find a sense of community in 2020, this study notes the significant meanings identified in a specialised social media corpus.

This paper discusses three aspects: heteronormativity, the gender stereotypes and attitudes towards gender that can be found in teaching materials for reading in the Spanish subject at upper secondary level in Sweden. The corpus for this study is a selection of anthologies and novels that are published in the Spanish language in Sweden. In order to identify heteronormativity, gender stereotypes and attitudes towards gender of the characters and narrators, the corpus is examined according to a number of variables such as sex, age, marital status, social class, and nationality, as well as theories and concepts such as hegemonic masculinity, androcentricity, homosociality, sexist attitudes (misogyny and misandry), the gender contract and binary opposition systems. The data will be presented in both quantitative and qualitative terms, and the outcome of this analysis will highlight the presence of gender stereotypes where the presence of female characters is minimal while the dominant presence of male characters establishes the norm, so that it is the stories of male characters that describe the world. Female characters do not participate in the public sphere; they are represented as mothers, sisters or daughters. They are seen as sexual objects who do not have a voice. Nevertheless, few cases of sexism (misogyny and misandry) are found in the corpus, and there are even cases of transgression that weaken the stereotype of the submissive woman, as well as cases of transgression where men express their feelings.

In English the personal pronouns are morphologically marked for grammatical number, whilst the third-person singular pronouns are also obligatorily marked for gender. As a result, the use of any singular animate antecedent coindexed with a third-person pronoun forces a choice between he and she, whether or not the biological sex of the intended referent is known. This forced choice of gender, and the corresponding lack of a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun where gender is not formally marked, is the primary focus of this thesis. I compare and contrast the use of the two main candidates for epicene status, singular they and generic he, which are found consistently opposed in the wider literature. Using corpus-based methods I analyse current epicene usage in written British English, and investigate which epicene pronouns are given to language-acquiring children in their L1 input. I also consider current prescriptions on epicene usage in grammar texts published post-2000 and investigate whether there is any evidence that language-external factors impact upon epicene choice. The synthesis of my findings with the wider literature on epicene pronouns leads me to the conclusion that, despite the restrictions imposed on the written pronoun paradigm evident in grammatical prescriptivism, singular they is the epicene pronoun of British English.

Superiority, control, and dominance theories of disparaging humor were reviewed, and sexist humor was studied as representative of the field. The effects of educational level and sex of subject on the judgment of humor in sexist material were investigated, utilizing a set of 50 cartoons and jokes devised to approximate overlapping standard curves on the dimensions sexist content and humor. Subjects were 71 males and 73 females, comprising 84 undergraduates and 60 doctoral graduate students. Each subject performed a forced Q sort of the jokes, with 104 rating for humor and 40 rating for sexism to establish content weights. Subjects' rankings, age, sex, and educational level were recorded upon completion of the task. Significant negative correlations were found between educational level and judgment of humor in sexist material, and female subjects judged sexist material to be significantly less funny than males. Some support was indicated for existing theories.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-27T13:36:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Carpes Camargo.pdf: 924315 bytes, checksum: d600ff2df906c5b397eb041b38dc98ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-27T13:36:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Carpes Camargo.pdf: 924315 bytes, checksum: d600ff2df906c5b397eb041b38dc98ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-17 / Nenhuma / Esta tese problematiza as relações de gênero num campo que há muito tempo foi, e ainda é, considerado de “predomínio” masculino: a área da Técnica em Agropecuária, com o objetivo de identificar como docentes do Curso Técnico em Agropecuária do IFRS – Câmpus Bento Gonçalves compreendem as relações de gênero que se estabelecem entre as alunas e os alunos durante o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. O processo metodológico perpassou a análise documental sobre os livros de Atas do Conselho Consultivo e da Cooperativa Escolar e de Trabalho dos Alunos do Colégio de Viticultura e Enologia; a realização de entrevista semi-estruturada e a realização de quatro Grupos de Discussão dos quais três serão analisados neste estudo. Fizeram parte dos Grupos de Discussão, docentes que atuam no Curso Técnico em Agropecuária do IFRS – Câmpus Bento Gonçalves e que têm formação na área técnica. Sendo assim, de 87 docentes do câmpus, 12 participaram deste estudo, focando a problemática central em como ensinar jovens no curso técnico em agropecuária levando em consideração a formação técnica de quem ensina no curso. Os resultados indicam que a educação segue sexista na forma como o ensino técnico é encarado. A visão naturalizada dos gêneros, em que as meninas/mulheres são descritas como atenciosas, organizadas e concentradas, numa relação oposta à compreensão de que os meninos/homens são fortes, desorganizados, determinados, confirma de uma certa forma que o feminino, apesar da coragem de se fazer presente nessas escolas, deve ter o seu lugar porque é diferente e essa diferença acaba desprestigiando, desvalorizando e esmaecendo o vigor criativo e a potência de aprendizagem que elas possuem. Por outro lado, ao admitir o ingresso da primeira estudante feminina em 1959, a instituição despertou a curiosidade sobre outras mulheres de virem a estudar nessa escola técnica, abrindo caminhos e possibilitando, por meio das memórias individuais e coletivas evocadas nessa tese, que o olhar se tornasse menos rígido sobre as janelas da história que se abrem para as relações de gênero. / This thesis discusses gender relations in a field that was, and still is, considered to be "predominantly" male: in the area of Technical Agriculture, aiming to identify how teachers of the Technical Course in Agriculture IFRS - Campus Bento Gonçalves understand gender relations that are established between the male students and the female students during the process of teaching and learning. The methodological process had the document analysis on the books of Minutes of the Advisory Council and the School Cooperative and Students’ Papers of the College of Viticulture and Enology; conducting semi-structured interviews and conducting four discussion groups of which three will be analyzed in this study. Teachers who work in the Technical Course in Agriculture IFRS - Campus Bento Gonçalves and have training in the technical area were part of the discussion groups. Therefore, from 87 campus teachers, 12 participated in this study, focusing on the central issue of how to teach young people the technical course in agriculture taking into account the technical training of those who teach the course. The results indicate that education continues sexist in the way technical education is viewed. A naturalized view of the genres, in which girls/women are described as thoughtful, organized and concentrated, in an opposite relation to the understanding that boys/men are strong, disorganized, certain, confirms in a way that the female, despite the courage to do this in these schools, should have its place because it is different and this difference ends discrediting, devaluing and fading the creative force and the power of learning they have. On the other hand, by allowing the admission of the first female student in 1959, the institution aroused the curiosity about other women to come to study in this technical school, opening paths and allowing, through individual and collective memories evoked in this thesis my view to become less rigid about the story windows that open to gender relations.

Am 01.04.2013 ist in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine neue Straßenverkehrsordnung (StVO) in Kraft getreten, die Frauen gleichermaßen ansprechen soll wie Männer. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Frage, inwieweit die sprachliche Gleichbehandlung der Geschlechter in der StVO tatsächlich umgesetzt werden konnte. Auf Grundlage einer Online-Befragung wird zudem die öffentliche Einstellung zu den in der StVO primär verwendeten Formen genderneutraler Sprache untersucht.

This study identified the types of sexist language that appear in ESL textbooks by Thai authors. The study analyzed the ESL textbooks by Thai authors sold at the Chulalongkorn University bookstore during spring 2007. It was a qualitative case analysis of fifteen ESL textbooks covering the beginning, intermediate, and advanced levels of ESL instruction. The study used feminist criticism to discover what gender roles are sanctioned as appropriate in ESL textbooks by Thai authors and if the language used supports or challenges patriarchy. The results of this study show that sexist language is present in the textbooks and that the textbooks contain content that promotes sexist assumptions concerning gender roles. As a whole, the language and examples used in ESL textbooks by Thai authors support patriarchy.

Theories and research in the field of disparaging humor were reviewed, and sexist humor was studied as representative of this field. The relationships of sex-role identification, self-esteem, and attitudes toward women to the judgement of humor in sexist material were investigated. The Scale of Sexist Humor, developed for this investigation, utilized a set of 50 cartoons and jokes devised to approximate overlapping standard curves on the dimensions of sexist content and humor. Subjects were 57 males and 70 female undergraduate students. Each subject performed a forced Q^-sort of the cartoons and jokes, thereby rating them on a five-point scale of funniness, then completed instruments designed to evaluate sex-role identification (the Personal Attributes Questionnaire), self-esteem (The Texas Social Behavior Inventory), and attitudes toward women (the Attitudes Toward Women Scale), A demographic information sheet was also obtained from each subject to utilize in ancillary analysis.

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The purpose of this study has been to analyze the language of the popular lyrics of the seventies to determine if sexism is used to communicate in various musical genres. Three manifestations of sexist language developed by the Sexism in Textbooks Committee of Women at Scott, Foresman have been used in this study. The lyrics analyzed include 100 lyrics selected from songwriter-singers noted as articulate musical artists of the seventies, 90 songs reaching the "Top Ten" charts (1970-1978), and the top 100 songs of 1978. Chapter I defines sexism and explains three manifestations of sexist language. Chapter II includes examples from seven talented lyricists which illustrate sexism. Chapter III presents an evaluation of sexism in the "Top Ten" lyrics (1970-1978). Chapter IV reveals changes in stereotypic language appearing in the 1978 top 100 lyrics. Chapter V offers summaries and reasons for the findings.