Bakgrund: Prostatacancer är den näst vanligaste cancersjukdomen hos män. Sexuell dysfunktion är en vanlig komplikation efter prostatacancerbehandling som drabbar den sexuella hälsan. Flertalet män har frågor angående sexuell hälsa och sjuksköterskan bör därmed agera utifrån ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt. Syfte: Att belysa den sexuella hälsan bland män efter behandling av prostatacancer. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie tillämpades för kandidatuppsatsen. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar användes i studien. Artiklarna granskades flera gånger för att sedan jämföras och analyseras genom innehållsanalys. Resultat: De framkom tre kategorier och åtta underkategorier. Den första kategorin som identifierades var ”Sexuell dysfunktion och efterföljande konsekvenser”. Den andra var ”Mannens intima relationer förändrades”. Den sista kategorin som uppkom var ”Mannens behov av stöd och information”. Sexuell dysfunktion kan resultera i att män upplever en förändrad självbild och påverkat psykosocialt mående. Mannens intima relationer kan förändras. Män kan därför uppleva behov av stöd och information från sjuksköterskan. Konklusion: Den förändrade sexuella hälsan hos mannen kan ge komplexa efterföljder som kan påverka mannens psykosociala mående och relationer. Vidare forskning om mäns sexuella hälsa kan behövas för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna ge tillräcklig information och stöd efter prostatacancerbehandling. / Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer disease among men. Sexual dysfunction is a common post treatment complication that affects sexual health. The majority of men have questions about sexual health and nurses should act based on person-centred approach. Purpose: To enlighten the sexual health among men post prostate cancer treatment. Method: A general literature review was applied to the bachelor´s thesis. Ten scientific articles were used during the study. The articles were reviewed several times and compared and analysed through content analysis. Results: Three categories and eight subcategories emerged. The first identified category was “Sexual Dysfunction and following consequences”. The second was “The man’s changed intimate relationships”. The last category was “The man’s need for support and information”. Sexual dysfunction can result in that men experience a change in self-image and affected psychosocial well-being. The man’s intimate relationship can change. Men may therefore need support and information from nurses. Conclusion: A change in men’s sexual health can have complex consequences that affects the man’s psychosocial well-being and relationships. Further research about men’s sexual health may be needed for the nurse to be able to provide sufficient information and support post prostate cancer treatment.

Gender equality and ensuring the equal rights of women and girls is the fifth United Nations Sustainable Development Goal set for 2030. Access to quality reproductive healthcare and information is a critical aspect of gender equality, including access to information about family planning and contraceptives. However, there are many barriers that impact a woman’s access to contraception in rural sub-Saharan Africa, such as financial constraints, supply shortages, stigma, and misconceptions. Through and African Feminist lens, this study examines how these perceived barriers intersect with each other, and how they negatively impact women’s access to family planning and their perceived value of contraceptives in Luweero, Uganda. This qualitative study analyzed data collected from healthcare workers at one private clinic and one public clinic that offer family planning services in four focus group discussions in Luweero, Central Region, Uganda. Two focus group discussions were held in each clinic. Coded transcripts were analyzed using a reflexive methodology through an African Feminist lens. Most of the responses indicated that financial constraints experienced either by the clinic or the women significantly impact access family planning. Healthcare workers and Village Health Teams (VHTs) reported that funding constraints impact their ability to reach the clients with the resources they need in the rural areas, and clients in rural areas are often not able to afford the cost of family planning methods, especially when considered with the hidden costs of contraception. Social barriers were also discussed, and the participants explained that barriers such as stigma, misconceptions, lack of knowledge, religiosity and cultural values impact women’s motivation or ability to access contraceptive methods. Side effects also have a significant role to play in women’s ability or motivation to navigate through these perceived social barriers. Participants determined that increased funding for transportation for VHTs, consistent funding for free contraception, and expanded sensitization efforts that particularly target men would be some of the most impactful methods they can adapt to address some of these barriers. This study demonstrates that increasing women’ access to contraception in rural Uganda requires increased state funding for sensitization efforts and subsidized contraceptive methods. Social barriers can be more deeply understood and addressed by the international development community through an African Feminist lens, which explores modern contraceptives in the Ugandan context in a more culturally, socially and historically conscientious way.

Bakgrund: Sexuell hälsa är en grundläggande hörnsten i alla individers allmänna hälsa och välbefinnande. Den sexuella hälsan påverkas av olika faktorer som sjukdom, ålderdom, normer, kulturella regler och religion. För ett stort antal människor påverkar bristen på kunskap deras sexuella hälsa. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att samtala med patienten om sexuell hälsa. Metod: Uppsatsen är skriven som en litteraturöversikt med kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier. 13 artiklar valdes ut för att sammanställas till ett resultat. Resultat: Brist på kunskap, fördomar, olika religioner och kulturer samt organisatoriska faktorer är exempel på faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans förmåga och möjlighet att samtala om sexuell hälsa. Det finns en vilja bland sjuksköterskor att samtala om sexuell hälsa men det saknas kunskap bland dessa för att kunna hjälpa och stötta sina patienter. Slutsats: Behov av samtal kring sexuell hälsa är stort bland patienter i alla åldersgrupper. Sjuksköterskorna själva upplever att det finns en vilja att samtala kring ämnet men att kunskapsbristen är en stor barriär. Andra faktorer som tabu, fördomar och organisatoriska faktorer förhindrar också samtal kring sexuell hälsa. / Background: Sexual health is a fundamental cornerstone in all individuals’ general health and well-being. Sexual health is affected by various factors such as illness, old age, norms, cultural rules and religion. For a large number of people, the lack of knowledge affects their sexual health. Aim: To describe the nurse's experience of talking to the patient about sexual health. Method: The essay is written as a literature review with qualitative and quantitative studies. 13 articles were selected to be compiled into one result. Findings: Lack of knowledge, prejudices, different religions and cultures as well as organizational factors are examples of factors that affect the nurse's ability and opportunity to talk about sexual health. There is a willingness among nurses to talk about sexual health, but there is a lack of knowledge among them to be able to help and support their patients. Conclusion: There is a great need for conversations about sexual health among patients in all age groups. The nurses themselves feel that there is a willingness to talk about the subject, but the lack of knowledge is a major barrier. Other factors such as taboo, prejudice and organizational factors also prevent conversations about sexual health.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste formen av cancer bland kvinnor världen över. Behandling kan resultera i biverkningar som påverkar den sexuella hälsan. Sjuksköterskor har en central roll i att främja hälsa genom att stödja patienter i hanteringen av sexuella utmaningar i samband med behandlingen.  Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors upplevelse av sexuell hälsa i samband med bröstcancer.  Metod: Litteraturöversikt på sju vetenskapliga originalartiklar med kvalitativ metod från databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed analyserades enligt Fribergs metod. Artiklar söktes fram med sökorden: Sexual Health, Sexuality, Breast Neoplasm och Attitude to Sexuality.   Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre huvudteman: Upplevelse av förändrad kroppsbild, Förändrad sexuell funktion och Upplevelse av skam och stress. Resultaten visar, bland annat, att kvinnor upplever en lägre tillfredställelse av sexuell hälsa. De står inför utmaningar såsom identitetens förlust, smärta vid samlag och upplevelser av stress och skuld. Utmaningarna påverkar självkänsla och relationer.  Slutsats: Kvinnor som drabbas av bröstcancer upplever flera typer av lidande. De möter svårigheter relaterade till kroppsbild och sexuell funktion, till följd av behandling. Detta påverkar den sexuella hälsan negativt och kan ge upphov till psykologiska konsekvenser som rädsla och skam, vilket i sin tur påverkar självkänsla och relationer negativt. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women globally. Treatment can result in side effects affecting sexual health. Nurses have a central role in promoting health by supporting patients in managing sexual challenges associated with treatment.  Aim: To describe sexual health among women with breast cancer.  Method: The literature review is based on seven scientific articles using a qualitative methodology, retrieved from the databases Cinahl and Pubmed being analyzed according to Friberg's method. Articles were searched using the keywords: Sexual Health, Sexuality, Breast Neoplasm, and Attitude to Sexuality.  Results: The results are presented in three main themes: Experience of Altered Body Image, Altered Sexual Function, and Experience of shame and stress. The results show, among other things, that women experience lower satisfaction with sexual health. They are facing challenges such as loss of identity, pain during intercourse, and experiences of stress and guilt. These challenges affect self-esteem and relationships.  Conclusion: Women affected by breast cancer experience multiple forms of suffering. They face challenges related to body image and sexual function, due to treatment. This negatively impacts sexual health and may lead to psychological consequences such as fear and shame, which in turn negatively affects self-esteem and relationships.

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Sexual dysfunction can lead to a negative impact upon a person’s mental and relational health, including relational and overall distress, poor relationship and sexual satisfaction, and clinical mood disorders such as depression. Moving upstream to identify factors that may predict sexual dysfunction would therefore be beneficial for early intervention in at-risk populations. History of childhood trauma is one such factor that may influence sexual functioning later in life. While adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been less studied in association with sexual dysfunction, there is some evidence to indicate that they may be related. ACEs have been shown to increase the risk of physical and psychological conditions (such as physical inactivity, obesity, heart disease, substance use, depression, and anxiety) which can then impede sexual functioning; further, a study of sex therapy patients found that their ACE scores were significantly higher than those in community samples. Additionally, difficulties in emotion regulation (DERS) may also play an important role in this relationship, as they have been shown to mediate the relationship between ACEs and several subsequent health risks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant relationship between ACEs and sexual problems, and further, if emotion regulation difficulties mediated this relationship. College students (N = 696) were recruited to complete an online survey of their health behaviors. The overall mediated model was significant, F(2, 692) = 5.78, p = .003, but explained only 1.6% of the variance in sexual functioning. Although ACEs significantly predicted both sexual functioning (b = 0.60, t(694) = 3.40, p < 0.001) and DERS (b = 2.08, t(694) = 4.83, p < 0.001), DERS did not significantly predict sexual functioning (b = -0.01, t(694) = -0.63, p = 0.52), and did not emerge as a significant mediator of the relationship between ACEs and sexual functioning (b = -.02, CI [-.08,.05]). Further, in contrast to hypotheses, participants with higher ACE scores actually reported higher sexual functioning relative to participants with lower ACE scores in this sample. Results highlight the complexities of the relationship between ACEs and current sexual functioning. While difficulties in emotion regulation are still likely to be clinically significant for individuals with trauma histories, they do not appear to be a major contributing factor to difficulties in sexual functioning.

Norms are something that affects society, of which we are all aware of. Agenda 2030 and the goals for increased gender equality, sexual health and sexual rights contributes to what now is a more spoken about topic. Norms that affect sexual health is something that we are aware of, but which norms affect people the most is something that is rarely talked about. The previous research is split into two themes, women's respectively men's attitude towards contraceptive methods. The previous research shows that studies have been made within this research area, but the previous research does not show the norms impact on individuals. The purpose of this essay is to study how women in the ages 20-25 years who are sexually active in heteronormative relations feel affected by the society's norms about sexual health and contraceptive methods. The empirical material in this essay is based on eight semi-structured interviews where women have shared their experiences. The collected empirical data have been analyzed based on theoretical concepts from Berger and Luckmann and Hirdman. The theoretical concepts that have been used are objective and subjective reality, socialization, internalization, legitimation and the gender system and the gender contract. The results show that women feel affected by the norms which leads to the sexual health being affected. The experienced norms affect that the women use a hormone-based contraceptive and the attitude towards condom is negative. The conclusions in this study are that the experienced norms affect both women's sexual health and sexual behavior / Att normer är något som påverkar samhället är något vi alla är medvetna om, men sällan pratar om. I och med Agenda 2030 och målen för ökad jämställdhet har sexuell hälsa och sexuella rättigheter blivit ett mer omtalat ämne. Normer som påverkar den sexuella hälsan är något vi vet finns, men däremot talas det sällan om vilka normer det handlar om. Den tidigare forskningen är uppdelad i två teman där kvinnors respektive mäns inställning till preventivmedel presenteras. Den tidigare forskningen visar att studier inom området har gjorts, däremot handlar den tidigare forskningen inte om hur normer påverkar individer. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är därför att undersöka hur kvinnor i åldrarna 20-25 år som är sexuellt aktiva i heteronormativa relationer upplever sig påverkade av samhällets normer kring sexuell hälsa och preventivmedel. Det empiriska materialet i uppsatsen grundar sig i åtta kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer där kvinnor har delat med sig av sina erfarenheter och upplevelser. Den insamlade empirin är analyserad utifrån teoretiska begrepp från Berger och Luckmann samt Hirdman. De teoretiska begrepp som presenteras är objektiv och subjektiv verklighet, socialisering, internalisering och legitimering samt genussystemet och genuskontrakten. Resultatet visade att kvinnorna upplever normer och normerna påverkar deras sexuella hälsa på flera olika sätt. De upplevda normerna påverkar bland annat att de använder sig av ett hormonellt preventivmedel och att inställningen till användning av kondom är negativ. Slutsatserna i studien är att de upplevda normerna påverkar både kvinnors sexuella hälsa och sexuella beteende.

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