Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SIRLEY APARECIDA DE SOUZA.pdf: 844461 bytes, checksum: c93a7b21150e21ee426145575ffd95bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-20 / This is a research about modern human reality and reveals a web of contradictions, challenging a lot of researchers in education to address the issue of youth. The research aimed to discuss one of the most debated phenomenon in contemporary society, a kind of manifestation of youth violence that occurs inside and outside the school walls, called bullying. Participated in this research youth of high school graduates of the Military School Multipurpose Model Vasco dos Reis, with aged between 16 and 18 years. In this Military College case, we have to considering the process of militarization it was gone through, as well, two fields rise: the educational - established by the State of Goiás Education System and the Military field - established by the State of Goiás Military Police Command. The social space is used for different movement s domination and power; symbolic violence materializes in disciplinary regulations that predict (warnings, suspension and expulsion), this way the pedagogical action exerted by the school will be decisive. So pretty straightforward, most young people interviewed recognized having suffered or committed some type of bullying. It should also emphasize the line of research that guides the research: Education, Culture and Society. With this research, I try to establish a bridge within teachers, students, education professionals and general public, the studies of Bourdieu. For this, I used technical research procedures and observation, questionnaire and interview. Even are made references to authors who discuss the topic nationally and internationally. It was evidenced in this study, the perceived violent practices among young people behind a curtain of strict disciplinary elements adopted by teaching agents of Military College, in the secret of classrooms, in the most various forms of invisible coercion, it was Bourdieu called symbolic violence. / Este é um trabalho de investigação acerca da realidade humana moderna e revela uma trama de contradições, desafiando um grande número de pesquisadores da área de educação a focar a questão da juventude, o que comprova a importância da referida temática. A pesquisa se propôs a discutir um dos fenômenos mais debatidos na sociedade contemporânea, um tipo de manifestação de violência juvenil que ocorre dentro e fora dos muros da escola, chamado bullying. Participou desta pesquisa jovens concluintes do ensino médio do Colégio Militar Polivalente Modelo Vasco dos Reis, com idades entre 16 e 18 anos. No caso deste Colégio Militar, vale considerar o fato de o mesmo ter passado por um processo de militarização assim, dois campos sociais e de poder se impõem: o campo educacional estabelecido pelo Sistema de Ensino do Estado de Goiás e o campo Militar estabelecido pelo Comando da Polícia Militar do Estado de Goiás. Nesse espaço social são utilizados diferentes movimentos de dominação e luta de poder; a violência simbólica materializa-se nos regulamentos disciplinares, que preveem sanções (advertências, suspensão, expulsão), desse modo, a ação pedagógica exercida pela escola será determinante. De modo bastante objetivo, grande parte dos jovens entrevistados reconheceram já haver sofrido ou cometido algum tipo de bullying. Importa ainda ressaltar a linha de pesquisa que pauta o trabalho: Educação, Cultura e Sociedade. Com esta pesquisa, procuro estabelecer mediação colocando ao alcance de professores, estudantes, profissionais da educação e público em geral os estudos de Bourdieu como fundamento teórico para melhor compreender a violência escolar na modalidade bullying, para tanto, me utilizei dos procedimentos técnicos da pesquisa como a observação, o questionário e a entrevista. São feitas ainda referências a autores que discutem a temática em âmbito nacional e internacional. Ficou evidenciado, nessa pesquisa, que as práticas violentas percebidas entre os jovens por trás de uma cortina de elementos disciplinares rigorosos adotados pelos agentes pedagógicos do Colégio Militar, acontecem no recôndito das salas de aula, nas mais variadas formas invisíveis de coação, o que Bourdieu chamou de violência simbólica.

Desde seu descobrimento, o fenômeno de silenciamento gênico por RNA (RNAi) rapidamente se tornou uma técnica amplamente estudada e utilizada nos mais diversos aspectos da biologia molecular. Uma destas possibilidades é sua aplicação no campo da entomologia agrícola, mais especificamente para o controle de insetos-praga como uma alternativa de alta eficiência, especificidade e com impacto ambiental reduzido. Por meio da geração de plantas transgênicas expressando RNAi para genes essenciais de insetos-praga específicos, a ingestão destas moléculas de RNAi pelo inseto mediante herbivoria pode resultar no silenciamento do respectivo gene, resultando em fenótipos que podem variar entre perda de apetite, infertilidade ou até a morte. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo provar a viabilidade de aplicação desta técnica para a interação Tomateiro x Tuta absoluta, cultura de grande expressão econômica e social no mercado nacional e internacional e que é amplamente atacada por esta praga, com prejuizos que podem alcançar a ordem dos 100% da produção. Por meio da clonagem de genes ortólogos essenciais descritos na literatura e de genes altamente expressos nos primeiros estádios larvais, após a caracterização transcriptômica em escala do inseto, foram realizados ensaios de alimentação contendo moléculas de dsRNAs que possuíam estes genes como alvo. Também, foi realizado a transformação genética de tomateiro cultivar \"Micro-Tom\" com dois destes genes (V-ATPase A e Arginina kinase) para a realização de ensaios de herbivoria. Com os resultados obtidos nestes experimentos, foram mostradas sólidas evidências da viabilidade da técnica de RNAi para o controle de Tuta absoluta, evidenciado pelo silenciamento gênico específico observado no inseto e consequentemente os efeitos nocivos deste silenciamento. / Since their discovery, the phenomenon of gene silencing by RNA ( RNAi ) has rapidly become a widely studied and used technique in the molecular biological field. One of these possible applications is in the entomology field, more specifically for the control of insect pests, as a high efficiency, specificity and with reduced environmental impact alternative. Through the generation of transgenic plants expressing dsRNA targeting essential insect genes, their ingestion by the insect and consequently the uptake of the silencing RNA, may result in specific gene silencing, resulting in a variety of phenotypes that can range from loss of appetite, infertility to death. In this context, this study aimed to prove the feasibility of this technique to control tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in tomatoes plant, a major crop worldwide and seriously attacked by this pest, with losses that can reach 100%. For the present work, orthologous genes from successfully cases of insect gene silence described in the literature, was selected together with highly expressed genes in the early larval stages of T. absoluta, chosen after the insect molecular characterization and used in feeding assays with dsRNAs molecules to targeted these genes. Also, genetic transformation of the \"Micro-Tom\" tomato cultivar with two of these genes (V-ATPase and Arginine kinase) was conducted for testing in an herbivore assay. With these two approaches was possible to get solid evidences of the feasibility of the RNAi technique to control this insect, evidenced by specific gene silencing observed and its consequent effect on pest phenotype.

A presente pesquisa tem como contexto linguístico dois bairros da cidade de Jundiaí, formados inicialmente por imigrantes italianos. Desse modo, buscamos responder a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: como a língua italiana, por meio da memória e do sentimento de pertencimento, se faz presente nas representações sociais das comunidades dos bairros Traviú e Colônia? Este trabalho se justifica pelo fato de, ainda, não existirem pesquisas com base científica sobre as variedades linguísticas das comunidades acima destacadas. Portanto, a tese tem como objetivo central realizar um estudo nesse local para analisar os processos de silenciamento e substituição, oriundos dos contatos entre a língua materna (o português), e língua de imigração (as línguas minoritárias de diferentes regiões da Itália que ali chegaram com os imigrantes). A análise tem como base a modalidade oral, coletada por meio de entrevistas com os descendentes, e a escrita, com base nos poucos registros escritos e preservados, nas variedades da língua italiana ou na língua italiana standard. Os resultados deste trabalho são apresentados com base nas particularidades evidentes nos excertos analisados, em relação às pesquisas referentes ao contato linguístico entre a língua materna brasileira e as línguas dos imigrantes, em nosso caso o português brasileiro e as variedades da língua italiana. Conjuntamente, faz parte desta investigação uma reflexão sobre as dissertações, delimitadas à análise lexical, coordenadas pelo Programa de Língua, Literatura e Cultura Italianas, da Universidade de São Paulo, para destacarmos um estudo que apresente outras possibilidades de estudar as confluências, o silenciamento, a substituição e o quadro atual desses acontecimentos nas comunidades discursivas analisadas. Para tanto, nosso referencial teórico está embasado nos conceitos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, iniciados por Michel Foucault, sistematizados por Michel Pêcheux e, no Brasil, a contribuição de Eni Pulcinelli Orlandi. Nas análises do corpus de nosso estudo, verificamos que o processo lento de silenciamento das variedades da língua italiana se afirma com a falta de interlocutores, no entanto, o sentimento de pertencimento, a memória e a busca pela ascendência, têm contribuído para o estudo da língua italiana standard, apresentando um quadro que procura valorizar e registrar o que ainda se faz presente nas comunidades discursivas dos bairros Colônia e Traviú, de Jundiaí SP. Dados que, assim, formam o patrimônio linguístico imaterial com sentidos e valores não substituídos por outros signos linguísticos em tais comunidades. / This research sets its linguistic context in two districts of the city of Jundiaí, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Such districts were initially formed by immigrants of Italian descent. Thereby, we seek to answer the following research question: how is the Italian language, by means of memory and the feeling of belonging, present in the social representations of the communities of these districts of Traviú and Colônia? This research is relevant due to the fact that, so far, no scientifically based research has been made on the linguistic varieties in the communities aforementioned. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to study the processes of silencing and substitution arising from the contact between the mother tongue (Portuguese), and the immigrants languages (several varieties of the Italian language from different minorities coming from different parts of Italy). This analysis is based on the oral modality, collected through interviews conducted with descendants, and through the writing modality, based on the few preserved written samples of the Italian varieties or the standard Italian. The results presented here are based on the specificities found in the excerpts analyzed, concerning researches on the linguistic contact between the Brazilian mother tongue and the immigrants languages, or, for us, the Brazilian Portuguese and the Italian language varieties. It is also part of this research, considerations on the dissertations which are limited to the lexical analysis, under the coordination of the Program of Italian Culture, Literature and Language in the University of São Paulo, so as to bring into focus a study that presents other possibilities for studying the convergences, the silencing, the substitution and the current status of such events in the discursive community studied. For such purpose, our theoretical framework is based on the French School of Discourse Analysis, which began with Michel Foucault and was systematized by Michel Pêcheux and which counts with the contributions of Eni Pulcinelli Orlandi in Brazil. In the analyses of the corpus studied we found that the slow process of silencing of the Italian language varieties occurs through the lack of interlocutors, although, the feeling of belonging, the memory and the research of ancestry have been contributing to the studies of the standard variety of the Italian language, revealing a scenario where it is sought to value and register what is still present in the discursive communities in the Colônia and Traviú districts. Such data thus, constitutes the immaterial linguistic heritage with meanings and values that are not substituted by other linguistic signs in those communities.

Depending on the previous research on LDHA gene silencing in Rhizopus oryzae CCUG 28959 through introduction of siRNA, a integral vector was constructed by inserting two copies of LDHA gene (by PCR cloning) in a fashion that it can express hpRNA in the transformed fungi, which will trigger the post transcriptional degradation of targeted mRNA through RNA degradation pathway which is known to be quelling in fungi.The vector was successfully designed with the LDHA gene, transformed in to the host organism, and also transferred to its progeny. This helps in maintaining stability of the transformed cell lines. This created vector will be advantageous at this point when compared to the use of siRNA for gene silencing, which is not a stable way. In the future, this vector can be used for down regulating other genes of interest in R. oryzae and can also be used for studying its effect on other metabolic pathways.In this study, Hygromycin resistance to the R. oryzae CCUG 28959 was shown at levels up to 1000 μg/ml, which has not been reported previously. / Program: MSc in Resource Recovery - Industrial Biotechnology

A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) é uma importante cultura na produção de alimentos e energia. Várias espécies de insetos podem causar sérios prejuízos econômicos à cultura da cana-de-açúcar. A broca da cana-de-açúcar (Diatraea saccharalis) é a praga de maior relevância por estar amplamente distribuída nas regiões canavieiras. O silenciamento gênico por RNA de interferência (RNAi) se tornou uma técnica amplamente estudada e utilizada nos mais diversos aspectos da biologia. Uma de suas aplicações é no controle de insetos-praga como uma alternativa de alta eficiência, especificidade e reduzido impacto ambiental. A ingestão de moléculas de RNA dupla fita (dsRNA) com identidade a regiões de genes essenciais de insetos-praga pode resultar no silenciamento destes genes, levando a fenótipos deficientes. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo buscar genes alvos para o silenciamento com potencial para impedir o desenvolvimento normal da D. saccharalis e estabelecer uma forma de entrega do dsRNA eficiente para o teste de genes, visando assim validar o uso da técnica para a espécie. Por meio da clonagem de regiões de genes ortólogos já utilizados como alvo de silencimento em outras espécies de insetos (V-ATPase A, Receptor de Ecdisona e Arginina Kinase), e de genes com função específica identificadas após a caracterização do transcritoma de D. saccharalis (Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase, Neverland e Quitina Sintase) foram conduzidos ensaios de RNAi. Foram realizados ensaios de dose resposta para o gene V-ATPaseem lagartas neonatas, onde a concentração selecionada por causar melhor redução na expressão do gene alvo foi de 2,5 µg µL-1. Esta concentração foi então utilizada em ensaios de alimentação para os outros genes. Os genes V-ATPase A, receptor de Ecdisona, Arginina Kinase, Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase e Quitina Sintase apresentaram redução significativa no número de transcritos em larvas, demonstrando a viabilidade do uso de RNAi em D. saccharalisneonatas. O gene Neverland não demonstrou redução no acúmulo de transcritos nas condições trabalhadas. O gene GFP inicialmente utilizado como controle negativo apresentou variação na expressão de genes alvo, sendo desconsiderado como bom controle para D. saccharalis. O silenciamento dos genes alvo requer quantidades elevadas de dsRNA, superiores aos obtidos por transcrição in vitro, o que limita a viabilidade de ensaios com maiores replicatas e para determinar efeitos biológico. Alternativas de produção de dsRNA devem ser avaliadas para viabilizar a seleção de genes alvo efetivos / Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important crop for the production of food and bioenergy. Many insect species can cause economic losses in sugarcane. The sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis) is the most important sugarcane pest, because it occurs in all production regions. Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) rapidly became a widely investigated approach, adopted in various aspects of biology. One of the potential applications of RNAi is agricultural pest control, as an alternative with high efficiency, specificity and reduced environmental impact. The ingestion of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules with identity to regions of essential genes of the insect-pest can result in the target gene knock-down and, consequently, to deficient phenotypes. In the present work, target genes with the potential to affect the normal development of D. saccharaliswere searched, together with an efficient dsRNA delivery approach to test the target-genes to validate the use of the RNAi in D. saccharalis. Based on degenerated primers, expressed orthologous genes previously tested in other insect species (V-ATPase A, Ecdisone Receptor, and Arginine Kinase) were cloned,whilegenes with specific function (Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase, Neverland, and Chitin Synthase) were identified from an in-house assembled transcriptome of D. saccharalis and cloned. A dose-response assay was conducted using the V-ATPase gene region delivered by droplets to neonate larvae, and the 2.5 µg µL-1dsRNA concentration was selected for further tests. This concentration was then used to deliver the other genes. The dsRNA version from the genes V-ATPase A, Ecdisone Receptor, Arginine Kinase, Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase and Chitin Synthaseexhibited a significant reduction in the accumulation of transcripts, indicating the viability of RNAi to D. saccharalis in 1st instar larvae. The Neverland gene was not silenced by RNAi in the used conditions. The dsRNA of the Green Fluorescent Protein gene, used as negative control appeared to affectother gene targets. Target gene silencing require large amounts of dsRNA, more than what is achievable by in vitro transcription, which limits the viability to conduct large assays with more replicates and to determine biological effects. Alternatives to produce dsRNA need to be evaluated to enable the selection of effective target genes

Eukaryotes have developed stringent regulatory mechanisms that control cell division and ensure proper chromosome segregation. Maintaining genome integrity is especially important during meiosis, the specialised cell division programme in the germline that generates haploid gametes. As these cells transmit genetic information to the next generation, the consequences of meiotic errors are not restricted to an organismal level, but can directly impact the fitness of the offspring. Mammals display a high degree of sexual dimorphism in meiosis with regard to the stringency of regulatory mechanisms. This manifests in a relatively high degree of maternally-derived aneuploidies due to weaker checkpoint control in females, whereas more rigorous checkpoints in males frequently perturb fertility. Mouse models of aneuploidy often exhibit complete male sterility and early germ cell arrest, preventing the study of aneuploidy during late and post-meiotic stages in males. In this thesis, we have used the trans-chromosomic mouse model, Tc1, which carries a single copy of human chromosome 21 (HsChr21) and show that, unlike other aneuploid mouse strains, the Tc1 mouse can successfully passage the exogenous human chromosome through male meiosis and generate aneuploid offspring. Our investigations have shown that the presence of the aneuploid human chromosome causes spermatogenic defects due to an arrest at the first meiotic division. Despite this impairment, we found an unexpectedly high number of aneuploid gametes in Tc1 males and the majority of males were able to produce aneuploid offspring, albeit at a lower frequency. Transmission of HsChr21 through the male germline was less efficient compared to female germline transmission, but allowed us to study the impact of male germline-associated chromatin remodelling on the transcriptional deployment of HsChr21 in the offspring. This revealed that, despite fundamentally different developmental dynamics, male- versus female-germline passage result in indistinguishable transcriptional and regulatory phenotypes. An important pathway in the male germline involves the expression of piRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs that are commonly found in the germline of animals where they defend cells against transposable elements. Profiling the expression of small RNAs in the Tc1 mouse showed that conserved human piRNA clusters can be successfully transcribed by the mouse piRNA machinery. In addition, we detected Tc1-specific piRNA sequences that were neither present in human nor mouse, mapping to a human-specific repeat element. In line with the previously observed activation of human-specific repeat elements in the Tc1 mouse, this suggests that novel transcripts arising from human repeats can trigger an adaptive piRNA response, thereby demonstrating the plasticity of this pathway to newly invading repeat elements. Transcriptional profiling of spermatogenic cell populations on a single-cell level allowed us to generate an atlas of gene expression over the course of spermatogenesis and dissect meiotic silencing dynamics in the presence of aneuploidy. Transcriptional silencing during meiosis occurs in response to unpaired chromosomes and, in male germ cells, affects the sex chromosomes due to their largely unpaired nature. We found that the presence of HsChr21 has no impact on the silencing of chromosome X, however, the two chromosomes display drastically different silencing patterns with HsChr21 showing a much weaker repression. Taken together, this study revealed a higher than expected tolerance for aneuploidy in the mouse male germline thus allowing the characterisation of meiotic checkpoint mechanisms, the meiotic silencing response to unpaired chromosomes as well as piRNA expression in the presence of an exogenous human chromosome.

DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development and transcriptional repression of genes and retrotransposons during embryo development and in somatic cells. The patterns of DNA methylation are established by de novo DNA methyltransferases, which are regulated by developmental signalling and require access to chromatin. Besides DNA methyltransferases, other proteins have recently been implicated in DNA methylation, such as the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler LSH. The absence of LSH in mouse embryos leads to defects in DNA methylation and development. In relation to this, mutations in LSH have been found to cause Immunodeficiency-Centromeric instability-Facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by centromeric instability and CpG hypomethylation of centromeric satellite repeats, and is most often caused by mutations in the catalytic domain of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B. LSH is essential for developmentally programmed de novo DNA methylation of large chromosomal domains including promoters of protein coding genes and repetitive sequences. Importantly, fibroblasts derived from chromatin remodeling ATPase LSH-null mouse embryos, which lack DNA methylation at transposons and specific gene promoters, are capable of re-establishing normal patterns of DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing of misregulated genes upon re-expression of LSH. The ATP hydrolysis by LSH is essential for its function in gene silencing and de novo DNA methylation. However, the molecular mechanisms of LSH-dependent gene silencing and de novo DNA methylation are yet unclear. Here we use an inducible system that enables controlled expression of LSH in Lsh-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to follow chromatin dynamics, transcriptional silencing and establishment of de novo DNA methylation. This conditionally reversible Lsh knockout cellular system allowed us to study the order of events occurring immediately after LSH restoration in MEF cell lines in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of LSH-dependent gene silencing. We have demonstrated that LSH upon its restoration localises to the promoters of LSH-dependent loci leading to a mild decrease in the occupancy of H3, which reinforces the previously shown role of LSH as a chromatin remodeler. Simultaneously, there is removal of acetyl groups from H3 tails when LSH is bound to these target regions, which might be facilitated by the interaction of HDACs with LSH. The removal of H3Ac marks is followed by deposition of H3K9me2 by G9a/GLP histone methylases at the same time point when misregulated genes are silenced. This suggests that LSH creates a suitable substrate for G9a/GLP promoting gene silencing. Surprisingly, transcriptional repression occurs without acquisition of DNA methylation at the promoters of these loci. This order of events implies that LSH plays a role as a chromatin remodeler leading to changes in chromatin structure and modifications that facilitate epigenetic gene silencing without DNA methylation in the initial period when LSH is restored in MEF cell lines. Furthermore, deposition of H3K9me2 by the G9a/GLP complex is critical for silencing of specific genes, but not for repetitive elements such as IAPs. The histone modification H3K27me3 seems to play a transitory role in the silencing of IAP retrotransposons in the absence of G9a/GLP activity. In conclusion, this work has demonstrated that changes in chromatin modifications leading to a transcriptionally repressive chromatin state can be established in somatic cells by the chromatin remodeler LSH without acquisition of DNA methylation. This suggests that the primary role of LSH is to promote changes in chromatin structure and modifications that lead to gene silencing and not DNA methylation, which most likely occurs as a consequence of transcriptional silencing.

The rapid postharvest deterioration of the roots, known as postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD), has been a major problem to the utilisation and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as a food and industrial crop. PPD usually occurs within two to three days after harvest and it is characterised by a blue-black discoloration of the roots, which renders the roots unpalatable and unmarketable. Scopoletin, which is synthesised de novo and released from its glucoside, scopolin, during PPD, plays a central role in this discoloration response. Interconversion of scopoletin and scopolin, which is catalysed by scopoletin-glucosyltransferase (scopoletin-GT) and scopolin-beta-glucosidase (scopolin-BG), regulates homeostasis of scopoletin in the cells. However, how this interconversion contributes to root discoloration development is poorly understood. In the present study, we identified and characterised cassava genes for the enzymes that are responsible for the interconversion of scopoletin and scopolin, subsequently manipulated their expression in transgenic cassava through scopoletin-GT RNAi gene silencing and scopolin-BG overexpression constructs. These approaches would potentially alter scopoletin and scopolin content in the root, thereby affecting PPD response. A BLAST search for homologous cassava genes revealed that scopoletin-GT and scopolin-BG are encoded by multiple genes, most of which belong to glucosyltransferase family-1 (GT1) and glycosyl hydrolase family-1 (GH1), respectively. Scopoletin-GT-down-regulated and scopolin-BG overexpressed transgenic cassava lines showed reduced not only scopolin but surprisingly also scopoletin, and delayed PPD. Additionally, other coumarins esculetin and esculin were also identified and both scopoletin-GT, MeSGT1, and scopolin-BG, BGLU23, were up-regulated during PPD development at day 4 and day 2, respectively. Our study reveals that disrupting the interconversion of scopoletin and scopolin by inhibiting scopoletin-GT and overexpressing scopolin-BG led to the decrease of both scopoletin and scopolin content and delayed PPD in cassava. These findings provide useful insights into the role of interconversion of scopoletin and scopolin in cassava PPD response and may suggest alternative ways to tackle PPD.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado discute, através de autores enraizados nas artes visuais e também em outras arenas, como a sociologia e a antropologia, as relações interpessoais em dois trabalhos coletivos e colaborativos de arte, focando nos papéis que cada agente exerce nas produções e questionando se há a presença de suas particularidades sociais e culturais nestas práticas. Focando-se nos coletivos Sopapo de Mulheres, de Porto Alegre, e Dulcinéia Catadora, de São Paulo, ambos compostos por mulheres, a presente dissertação questiona como estas duas práticas agregam às suas agendas as peculiaridades, os devires de cada agente, e como estas negociações possibilitam trabalhos de arte pautados na colaboração e protagonismo de suas integrantes. Buscando diálogos com outros trabalhos em arte colaborativa realizados em território brasileiro, são levantados pressupostos a respeito da progressiva produção de trabalhos de teor colaborativo em zonas periféricas no país, bem como as modificações que seus locais de origem e inserção sofrem após agenciamentos que modificam partilhas comuns, rearranjando papéis e criando novas audiências. / This master research discuss, through authors from the visual arts and other areas, such as sociology and anthropology, the interpersonal relationships in two collective and collaborative works, focusing in the roles that each one practice in the productions and questioning if their social and cultural peculiarities are present in these activities. Focusing in the collective groups Sopapo de Mulheres, from Porto Alegre, and Dulcinéia Catadora, from São Paulo, both formed by women, the present master thesis question how these two groups assemble to their agendas the particularities, becomings, of each person, and how these negotiations enable art works based in the collaboration and leading role of its members. Pursuing a dialogue with other studies about collaborative art made in Brazil, assumptions are raised about the progressive production of collaborative works in the country’s suburb zones, as well as the transformations that their origin and context place suffer after agency services modify ordinary distributions, rearranging roles and creating new audiences.

O HLB tem sido uma das principais doenças responsáveis pelos prejuízos econômicos enfrentados na citricultura mundial. Essa doença é associada a três espécies de bactérias de colonização restrita ao floema das plantas, as quais são transmitidas pelo psilídeo Diaphorina citri. Uma vez que na?o ha? medidas curativas para a doenc?a, o manejo baseia-se em medidas preventivas incluindo o controle do inseto vetor. O silenciamento gênico por interferência de RNA (RNAi) é uma nova ferramenta biotecnológica no controle de pragas, pois, proporciona uma ação eficiente e gene-espécie específica. Entretanto, essa tecnologia depende de análises de expressão gênica com genes de referência adequados e estáveis. Este trabalho buscou selecionar e validar a estabilidade da expressão de seis genes de referência potenciais de D. citri sob diferentes condições experimentais e avaliar a biologia deste inseto em plantas transgênicas de laranja doce expressando dsRNA do gene DcV-ATPase-A visando o seu controle. Para isso, foram avaliados: 1) a estabilidade de seis genes candidatos a referência: fator de elongação 1alfa (EF 1-α), actina (ACT), gliceradeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH), proteina ribossomal L7 (RPL7), proteina ribossomal L17 (RPL17) e alfa tubulina (TUB), através de diferentes algorítimos matemáticos: Delta Ct, NormFinder, BestKeeper e Genorm em cinco estádios de desenvolvimento (Ninfas de 1° e 2° ínstar; Ninfa de 3° ínstar; Ninfas de 4° e 5° ínstar , Adulto de 1 dia; Adulto de 10 dias) e dois hospedeiros (Citrus sinensis e Murraya paniculata). O ranquamento final dos genes foi obtido através do RefFinder e a validação dos mesmos através do gene V-ATPase-A; 2) a sobrevivência de psilídeos adultos alimentados em plantas transgênicas; a biologia da D. citri em plantas transgênicas expressando o dsRNA do gene DcV-ATPase-A; e a expressão relativa deste gene. Recomenda-se a utilização de dois genes de referência quando consideram-se diferentes hospedeiros e fases de desenvolvimento distintas. Para análise de expressão gênica, independentemente da fase de desenvolvimento do inseto, quando utiliza-se M. paniculata como hospedeiro de criação, recomenda-se a utilização dos genes GAPDH e RPL7, enquanto que para C. sinensis sugerem-se os genes GAPDH e EF 1-α. Os bioensaios demonstraram a internalização pelo inseto das moléculas de dsRNA/siRNA produzidas pelas plantas transgênicas e o potencial de redução da expressão do gene alvo pelo RNAi. Apesar da ausência de fenótipo letal em psilídeos adultos alimentados nas plantas transgênicas, alterações significativas na duração, sobrevivência e longevidade foram verificadas em D. citri quando esta desenvolveu seu ciclo biológico nas plantas que expressam dsRNA do gene DcVAPTase-A. / HLB has been one of the main diseases responsible for the economic losses faced in the citriculture worldwide. This disease is associated to three species of colonization bacteria restricted to the phloem of the plants, which are transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. Since there are no curative methos for the disease, management is based on preventive methods including vector insect control. Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) has been presented as a new biotechnological tool in pest control, since it provides a efficient and especific gene-specie control. However, this technology depends on analyzes of gene expression with suitable and stable reference genes. Thus, this work aimed to select and validate the stability of the expression of six potential reference genes of D. citri under different experimental conditions and to evaluate the biology of this insect on sweet orange transgenic plants expressing dsRNA of DcV-ATPase-A gene aiming their control. In order to do this, it was evaluated: 1) the stability of six candidate reference genes: elongation factor 1 alpha (EF 1-α), actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7), ribosomal protein L17 (RPL17) e alpha tubulin (TUB), through different mathematical algorithms: Delta Ct, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Genorm in five developmental stages and two hosts (Citrus sinensis and Murraya paniculata). The final rank was obtained through the RefFinder and validated by the V-ATPase-A gene; 2) the survival of adult psyllids fed on transgenic plants; the biology of D. citri in transgenic plants expressing dsRNA of the DcV-ATPase-A gene; and the relative expression of this gene. According to our results, two reference genes are recommended when different hosts and different developmental stages are considered. For gene expression analysis, regardless the insect developmental stage, when using M. paniculata as a breeding host, it is recommended to use GAPDH and RPL7 genes, whereas for C. sinensis GAPDH and EF 1-α are indicated. The bioassays demonstrated the insect\'s internalization of the dsRNA / siRNA molecules produced by the transgenic plants and the potential for reducing the target gene expression by RNAi. Despite the absence of lethal phenotype in adult psyllids fed to transgenic plants, significant changes in duration, survival and longevity were observed for D. citri when it developed its biological cycle in plants that express dsRNA of the DcVAPTase-A gene.