Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.

Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.

Há uma história paralela que acompanhou a vida do sistema social capitalista: a história da ocupação e recuperação de fábricas por trabalhadores. E esse fenômeno se coloca, cada vez mais, com o potencial de abrir novos caminhos para a classe trabalhadora. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de contribuir na prática para o desenvolvimento desse movimento por meio da construção de análises jurídicas passíveis de auxiliar coletivos operários que tenham ocupado ou que se proponham a ocupar empresas em crise. Apesar de termos ciência de que a atuação das instituições jurídicas não é neutra, e têm um caráter contraditório e classista, ainda assim é necessário que os embates jurídicos sejam travados, e, para isso, a classe trabalhadora necessita de formulações jurídicas progressistas. São quatro as problemáticas jurídicas centrais enfrentadas pelas ERTs: a) a licitude da greve de ocupação; b) a necessidade de reconhecimento da gestão operária no procedimento de falência e recuperação empresarial; c) a necessidade, em médio e longo prazo, de estabilização jurídica do ente coletivo, por meio da constituição de uma forma jurídica adequada e d) a carência, em geral, de outras políticas públicas específicas, especialmente as que possibilitem o acesso a crédito. Considerando esse quadro, este trabalho tem dois focos específicos: em primeiro lugar, desenvolver um estudo acerca das bases constitucionais que podem ser utilizadas para o enfrentamento de todas as questões jurídicas. E, em segundo, propor solução a uma das questões mais espinhosas: a da licitude da greve ativa aquela que se dá com ocupação para produzir. Na primeira parte, concluímos que os três princípios constitucionais que têm relação fundamental com as questões jurídicas que emergem nesses processos o princípio da função social da propriedade, o princípio do valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa e o princípio do direito ao trabalho têm o efeito de proferir mandamentos para os agentes jurídicos no sentido de criar leis, desenvolver políticas públicas, proibir a realização de atos contrários e interpretar o sistema normativo de modo a favorecer o desenvolvimento das recuperações. Depois, concluímos que a greve de ocupação passiva ou ativa será lícita se deflagrada no interior de determinados contextos e respeitando certas condições. A greve ativa, em especial (aquela que se dá com a intenção de produzir), será lícita, a partir de um confronto com os princípios da Constituição à luz da Teoria dos Direitos Fundamentais, se for deflagrada como resposta a uma crise aguda na empresa, gerada por má gestão ou acompanhada de atos de má-fé empresarial, que são atos que implicam numa violação grave das responsabilidades sociais estabelecidas pela ordem jurídica para o controlador de bens de produção. / There is a parallel story that accompanied the capitalist social system: the story of the occupation and recovery of factories by workers. And this phenomenon arises, increasingly, with the potential to open new ways for the working class . This paper aims to contribute in practice to the development of this movement through the elaboration of legal analyzes wich can aid workers who have occupied or intend to occupy companies in crisis . Although we are aware that the role of legal institutions is not neutral and have a contradictory and classist character, it is still necessary that the legal struggles are fought , and, therefore , the working class needs progressive legal formulations. There are four central legal issues faced by CRW\'s: a) the legality of the strike occupancy; b) the need for recognition of workers\'management in the insolvency and corporate recovery procedure; c ) the need , in the medium and long-term, of legal stabilization of the collective being, through the establishment of an appropriate legal form and d) the need, in general, of other specific public policies, especially those that provide access to credit. Considering this context, this paper has two specific focuses: first, develop a study on the constitutional bases that can be used to cope with all legal matters . And, second, to propose solutions to one of the thorniest issues: the legality of the active strike - one that occurs with occupancy to produce. In the first part, we conclude that the three constitutional principles that are fundamental to the legal issues that arise in these cases - the principle of the social function of property, the principle of the social value of work and free enterprise and the principle of right to work - have the purpose of uttering commands for legal agents to create laws, develop public policy, prohibit the performance of contrary acts and interpret the legal system to promote the development of recoveries. Then, we conclude that the sit-in strike - passive or active - will be legal if triggered within certain contexts and subject to certain conditions. The active strike, in particular (the one that has the intention of producing), will be lawful, from a confrontation with the principles of the Constitution to the Theory of Fundamental Rights, if triggered in response to an acute crisis in the company generated by mismanagement or accompanied by acts of corporate malfeasance, wich are acts that imply a serious breach of social responsibilities established by law for the controller of production assets.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-10T14:12:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 barbarapalmeirarossi.pdf: 2217094 bytes, checksum: 480750f65d038294f2e4a6574e13bcd7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T13:34:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barbarapalmeirarossi.pdf: 2217094 bytes, checksum: 480750f65d038294f2e4a6574e13bcd7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T13:34:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbarapalmeirarossi.pdf: 2217094 bytes, checksum: 480750f65d038294f2e4a6574e13bcd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / INTRODUÇÃO: A escoliose idiopática (EI) é a maior causa de deformidade na coluna de adolescentes. A eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs) tem sido considerada um instrumento válido para avaliação da ativação elétrica entre os músculos paravertebrais, entretanto poucos autores se dedicaram a estudar a ativação dos músculos longuíssimo lombar (Long), iliocostal (Ilio) e glúteo médio (Gme), durante atividades dinâmicas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ativação elétrica dos músculos Long, Ilio e Gme, nos lados côncavo (Cv) e convexo (Cx) da coluna lombar de adolescentes com EI, durante os movimentos de levantar, sentar e durante a marcha além de correlacionar essa ativação com o ângulo de Cobb. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, aprovado pelo CEP/UFJF (Parecer nº 2.253.351) no qual foram avaliados 15 adolescentes, destros, diagnosticados por meio de raio-X para medida de ângulo de Cobb com EI lombar entre 10 e 32º. A atividade muscular foi avaliada por meio da EMGs (EMGSystem®), sendo que os eletrodos de superfície foram colocados sobre os músculos Long, Ilio e Gme. Um footswitch foi posicionado sob o calcâneo para marcação temporal juntamente com a EMGs, com sinais captados durante 1 min. Os sinais foram processados com MATLAB e calculada a amplitude RMS. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre as amplitudes RMS nos lados Cv e Cx, no Long, durante o movimento de levantar (P=0,026), sentar (P=0,015) e na marcha, no início da fase de apoio (P=0,007). No Ilio do lado Cx pode-se observar correlação com o ângulo de Cobb, durante o movimento de levantar (P=0,003, r=0,71) e sentar (P=0,03, r=0,55). CONCLUSAO: Existe assimetria no recrutamento do Long nos movimentos de levantar, sentar e durante a marcha. Além disso, pode-se observar correlação entre o Ilio do lado Cx e o ângulo de Cobb. / INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the major cause of deformity in the adolescent spine. Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been considered a valid instrument for the evaluation of electrical activation among the paravertebral muscles. However, a few authors have studied the muscles activation of the Longissimus lumbar (Long), Iliocostalis (Ilio) and Gluteus Medius (Gme) during dynamic activities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the electrical activation of the Long, Ilio and Gme muscles on the concave (Cv) and convex (Cx) sides of the adolescents lumbar spine with IS during the standing, sitting and walking movements and to correlate this activation with the Cobb angle. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 15 adolescents, right-handed, diagnosed by means of x-ray to measure Cobb angle with lumbar IS between 10 and 32º. EMGs were recorded using surface electrodes placed on Long, Ilio and Gme muscles. The footswitch was placed under the calcaneus for temporal marking in parallel with the EMGs for 1 min. The signals were processed in MATLAB and the RMS amplitude was estimated. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the Cv and Cx sides, in the Long muscles during the standing movement (P=0.026) and during sitting movement (P=0.015). On gait, there was a significant difference in Long, at the beginning of the support phase (P=0.007). Ilio muscle on the Cx side presented a correlation with the Cobb angle, during standing (P=0.003, r=0.71) and sitting (P=0.03, r=0.55). CONCLUSION: There seems to be an asymmetry in Long muscle recruitment during standing and sitting, and at the beginning of the support phase. In addition, the Ilio correlates with the Cobb angle during standing and sitting.

Without question, it is apparent that organizations are predominantly dependent on the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to conduct their daily operations. As a result, information is rapidly flowing throughout the workplace and being exchanged at a rate unlike ever before. Unfortunately, this rapid flow of information has increased the potential for information overload to occur among employees. Through a phenomenological based approach, this study explored the experiences of information overload that occur as a result of CMC use in the workplace, from the subjective point of view of ten participants. Findings indicated that the experiences described among these participants can be understood through the examination of four descriptive themes: Constant Communication, Unpredictability, Miscommunication, and lastly Increased Workload and Responsibilities. Furthermore, two theories: Media Richness Theory (MRT) and Social Influence Theory (SIT), served as the theoretical framework for this study.

Im Rahmen eines Seminars über „Möbel als historische Quelle“ am Institut für Kunstgeschichte der Universität Leipzig im WS 2005/06 unter der Leitung des Verfassers wurde Sebastian Jung, Student der Kunstgeschichte, angeregt, eine Hausarbeit anzufertigen mit dem Thema ,,Gibt es geböttcherte Möbel? Eine Spurensuche in der Niederländischen Malerei“. Einige der folgenden Überlegungen entstammen dieser Arbeit. Die Gewerke der Tischler, Schnitzer, Drechsler und Zimmerleute sind holzverarbeitende Berufe, die immer auch Möbel angefertigt haben. Vom Böttcherhandwerk ist dies nicht bekannt, sieht man einmal von modernem Kneipeninterieur „im Böttcherstil“ ab. Das Besondere der Böttcherei ist, dass die einzelnen Holzteile – Dauben genannt – ohne Holzverbindungen nur mittels Reifen zusammengehalten werden. Dies benötigt eine regelmäßige Pflege durch den Nutzer, zum Beispiel durch das Nachschlagen der Reifen. Ist dies nicht gegeben, schwindet das Holz, die Reifen werden locker und es besteht so die Gefahr, dass alles auseinander fällt. Es handelt sich also bei geböttcherten Dingen um relativ empfindliche und pflegeintensive Gegenstände.

Author: Bc. et Bc. Barbora Pyšková Title: Elektromyographic analysis of differences in selected excercises on pommel horse and riding horse Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to measure the activity of selected muscles, expressed as the percentage value of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), during excercises performed by both males and females probands. The effect of treatment (on pommel horse vs riding horse) and proband sex on muscle activity was tested. Methods: Maximal voluntary contraction of each muscle (eight in total) was electromyographically measured in each proband, using the test according to Janda. These values were used as a standard to which the values obtained by excercising on pommel horse and riding horse were related. The values were averages of three repeated measurements. The effect of studied factors was tested by analysis of variance. Results: The tested hypotheses were confirmed. The muscle activity during excercises was statistically significantly affected by the factors studied, therefore the variation in measured values is not random. Muscle activity tended to be higher on riding horse than on pommel horse, and in females compared to males. Key words: horse riding, pommel horse, EMG, electromyography, hipotherapy, correct horse sit

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is a highly invasive species throughout the world and considered as one of the most successful agricultural and economical pests. The increase of global trade in fruit and human travel combined with the biology of the medfly has allowed the species to spread from its proposed Afrotropical origin, to a number of locations throughout the world. In the Western Cape various control strategies have been implemented to control medfly populations, including insecticides and more environmentally-friendly techniques such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). In order to be effective, however, an SIT program requires some knowledge of the population structure and the movement of individuals between pest-occupied sites. The identification of sites from which re-invasion is most likely to occur and knowledge regarding the primary routes through which pests are likely to re-establish are critical to ensure successful SIT programmes. To provide this important information to SIT and area-wide pest control programs in South Africa, sampling at two different spatial scales (regional- and fine-scale) in South Africa was undertaken. Regional scale sampling was done at 13 locations in the Western Cape and fine scale sampling was done at 13 locations within the Ceres-valley. All individuals were genotyped at 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers and selected individuals from the regional scale were sequenced for the mitochondrial gene COI. Our results show that populations at regional- and fine-scale in the Western Cape are characterized by high levels of genetic diversity (HEregional = 0.805; HEfine = 0.803). Little or weak population differentiation was detected at the regional- and fine-scales, suggesting overall high levels of gene flow among sampling locations. These findings were supported by coalescent based methods indicating sufficient levels of gene flow to prevent population differentiation between neighbouring (200m) and distant (350km) populations. However, natural dispersal in C. capitata has been shown to rarely exceed 10 km. As such, high levels of gene flow between distant populations are more likely the result of humanmediated dispersal, linked to the movement of fresh produce within South Africa. This high level of gene flow has important implications for pest management practices, as my results suggests that area-wide pest management should be undertaken at a regional scale, rather than on a farm or valley scale. My results are placed within a management framework, and I argue for more stringent control when fruit are transported within South Africa. Of particular interest for future studies is the investigation of gene flow at broader spatial scales (i.e. the whole of South Africa) and a comparison of the genetic diversity, population differentiation and gene flow patterns of C. capitata with that of Ceratitis rosa will be important to establish a successful pest management strategy in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mediterreense vrugtevlieg (medvlieg), Ceratitis capitata, is ‘n indringerspesie wêreldwyd en word beskou as een van die mees suksesvolle ekonomiese en landbou peste. Die medvlieg het ‘n Afrotropiese oorsprong, maar die toename in wêreldwye handel en reis, gekombineer met die biologie van die medvlieg het gelei tot die verspreiding van die spesie na ‘n groot aantal bestemmings regoor die wêreld. Die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika implementeer tans verskeie strategieë om medvlieg bevolkings te beheer. Hierdie strategieë sluit in die gebruik van plaagdoders sowel as meer omgewingsvriendelike tegnieke soos die Steriele Insektegniek (SIT). Om ‘n effektiewe SIT program te implementeer vereis basiese kennis ten opsigte van die genetiese struktuur van die bevolking sowel as van die beweging van individue tussen verskillende pesvoorkomsgebiede. Die identifisering van areas van waar herkolonisering mees waarskynlik kan plaasvind en kennis in verband met die primêre roetes waardeur pes spesies hervestig, is van kritiese belang om ‘n suksesvolle SIT program te verseker. Medvlieg individue is op twee verskillende ruimtelike skale (streeks- en plaaslike-skaal) versamel om die nodige inligting aan SIT en area-wye pes beheer programme in Suid-Afrika te verskaf. Streeks-skaal individue is by 13 lokaliteite regoor die Wes-Kaap versamel en plaaslike-skaal individue by 13 lokaliteite in die Ceres-vallei. Alle versamelde individue is vir 11 polimorfiese mikrosatelliet merkers gegenotipeer en DNS volgordebepaling van geselekteerde individue vanuit die streek-skaal is gedoen vir die mitochondriale geen COI. My resultate toon dat bevolkings op beide skale gekarakteriseer word deur hoë vlakke van genetiese diversiteit (HEstreeks = 0.805; HEplaaslik = 0.803) en geen of swak bevolkings differensiasie. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat daar hoë vlakke van geenvloei tussen bevolkings is. Hierdie bevindinge word verder ondersteun deur metodes gebaseer op die statistiese eienskappe van die genealogiese verhouding tussen allele onder sekere mutasie en demografiese modelle, wat voldoende vlakke van geenvloei aandui tussen nabye (200m) sowel as verafgeleë (350km) bevolkings om bevolkings differensiasie te verhoed. Natuurlike beweging in C. capitata is egter selde meer as 10 km, sodanig kan die hoë vlakke van geenvloei toegeskryf word aan die verspreiding van individue met menslike hulp, spesifiek in die vervoer van varsprodukte in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie hoë vlak van geenvloei het verreikende implikasies vir pes beheer praktyke, omdat my resultate voorstel dat area-wye pes beheer onderneem moet word op ‘n streeks-skaal eerder as op ‘n plaas-tot-plaas of vallei wye area. Ek plaas my resultate in ‘n bestuursraamwerk, waarin ek streng beheer van vrugtevervoer in Suid-Afrika beklemtoon. Verdere navorsing moet fokus op die ondersoek van geenvloei op ‘n landswye skaal (hele Suid-Afrika) in C. capitata, sowel as die vergelyking van die genetiese diversiteit, bevolkings differensiasie en geenvloei patrone van C. capitata met die van Ceratitis rosa om ‘n suksesvolle pes beheer strategie vir Suid-Afrika te formuleer.

High intensity exercise is believed to yield greater results on health and human performance than moderate intensity exercise. Extensive research indicates that not only do high-intensity interval training (HIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) produce significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness and disease, they may be more effective at improving long-term metabolic function, including insulin sensitivity (Si), by producing more mitochondria. Moreover, compliance rates for HIT and SIT participation are reported to be the same or better than traditional moderate intensity exercise. Because lack of time is often cited as major hindrance to exercise participation, SIT is also seen as a time efficient option to improve health and performance. It does appear, however, that repeated sessions of SIT are needed before overall improvements can be measured. SIT protocols employing maximal 30 sec sprints with ~5 min rest [a 1:9 work-to-rest ratio (W:R)], have garnered much of the research focus, while those using minimal rest periods, like Tabata which uses 20 sec sprints and 10 sec rest (2:1 W:R), have been ignored. This may omit a possible SIT option that could influence acute and chronic adaptations. The role of inflammatory cytokines on Si remains an area of continued research. While endurance exercise is thought to create an overall anti-inflammatory environment that stimulates improvement in Si, SIT is often viewed as pro-inflammatory. However, few studies have provided significant insight into cytokine release following SIT, and none haveexplored its impact on Si. In addition, the impact of W:R on cytokine remains speculative at best. Therefore, the examination of the effect of different sprint protocols of similar total work (kJ) on performance, metabolic function, and inflammatory response may provide valuable insight into these adaptive processes.

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar mecanismos pelos quais rearranjos cromossômicos aparentemente equilibrados possam estar associados de maneira causal a determinados quadros clínicos. Para isso estudamos seis translocações cromossômicas aparentemente equilibradas, detectadas em pacientes com malformações congênitas, comprometimento neuropsicomotor ou déficit intelectual. Os pontos de quebra desses rearranjos foram mapeados por hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH). A busca por microdeleções e duplicações genômicas foi realizada por a-CGH. Estudamos duas translocações esporádicas, t(7;17)(p.13;q24) e t(17;20)(q24.3;q11.2), nas quais os pontos de quebra no cromossomo 17 foram localizados, respectivamente, a 917-855 kb e 624-585 kb upstream ao gene SOX9, em segmentos sem genes mapeados. Ambos os portadores apresentavam alterações esqueléticas que indicaram o diagnóstico de displasia campomélica acampomélica. Não foram detectados desequilíbrios cromossômicos submicroscópicos por a-CGH. Essas translocações podem levar à expressão alterada do gene SOX9, ao afetar a região reguladora desse gene. Sequências dos outros cromossomos participantes da translocação, que foram aproximadas ao gene pelo rearranjo, também podem ter afetado sua expressão. O estudo dos rearranjos t(7;17) e t(17;20) forneceu informação para o entendimento da região reguladora do gene. As manifestações clínicas associadas à t(17;20) permitiram redefinir o limite distal do cluster distal de rearranjos do cromossomo 17 associados ao espectro de manifestações clínicas do SOX9. A presença de testículo no portador dessa translocação indicou um elemento conservado candidato a atuar como enhancer do SOX9, para o desenvolvimento do testículo. Duas outras translocações equilibradas estavam associadas a desequilíbrios submicroscópicos em cis aos pontos de quebra. Caracterizamos uma t(10;21)(p13;q22) esporádica associada a atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, microcefalia e espasticidade generaliza. Os pontos de quebra dos cromossomos 10 e 21, foram mapeados, respectivamente, em segmentos de 440 kb e 172 kb. Três genes estão mapeados no segmento que contém o ponto de quebra do cromossomo 10 e três outros, no intervalo delimitado para o ponto de quebra no cromossomo 21. O gene CDNF, que pode ter sido interrompido pelo ponto de quebra do cromossomo 10, é altamente expresso no sistema nervoso. A análise por meio de a-CGH detectou quatro deleções no cromossomo 10 todas de novo, indicando a complexidade do rearranjo. Duas deleções estavam próximas ao ponto de quebra: uma deleção de 973 kb em 10p14 e uma outra de 1,15 Mb em 10p13, mapeadas a 3,27 Mb e 210 kb do ponto de quebra da translocação, respectivamente. Outras duas deleções no cromossomo 10 ocorreram no braço longo: uma deleção de 700 kb em 10q26.13 estaria a 110,10 Mb do ponto de quebra da translocação, mas não conseguimos mapeá-la por FISH; uma outra deleção de 1,66 Mb em 10q26.2-q26.3 foi mapeada a 114,68 Mb do ponto de quebra da translocação. Quatorze genes estão localizados nas regiões das microdeleções. Os genes GPR26, OPTN, CUGBP2 são altamente expressos no sistema nervoso e, assim como o CNDF, podem ser considerados candidatos ao efeito fenotípico. O modelo de chromothripsis, em que o rearranjo resulta de uma série de quebras na dupla fita do DNA, seguida de ligação aleatória dos fragmentos resultantes, pode explicar a formação da translocação t(10;21). Aplicando a-CGH no estudo de uma translocação t(X;22)(q22;q13) esporádica, detectamos duplicações de 490 kb e 570 kb, respectivamente, em 22q13 e Xq22. A análise por FISH revelou que as cópias adicionais desses segmentos estavam localizadas nos pontos de quebra dos cromossomos derivativos X (segmento duplicado de 22q13) e 22 (segmento duplicado de Xq22). Não há genes mapeados no segmento duplicado do cromossomo 22. Um dos 14 genes duplicados no cromossomo X é o PLP1 (proteolipid protein 1), cujas mutações de ponto e duplicações causam a doença de Pelizaeus- Merzbacher, caracterizada pela hipomielinização do sistema nervoso central e afetando quase que exclusivamente indivíduos do sexo masculino. O exame neurológico, incluindo ressonância magnética, mostrou que o quadro clínico da paciente é compatível com o da doença de Pelizaeus-Merzbacher. A análise do padrão de inativação do cromossomo X em linfócitos de sangue periférico da paciente, com base na metilação do gene AR e também citologicamente em metáfases, após incorporação de 5-BrdU, revelou que, na maioria das células, o cromossomo X normal está inativo. Esse padrão de inativação torna as células funcionalmente equilibradas quanto aos segmentos translocados. O PLP1, entretanto, tem uma cópia adicional no cromossomo 22, além das cópias localizadas nos cromossomos X e der(X). Portanto, duas cópias ativas do gene estão presentes nas células da portadora da t(X;22). O mecanismo de formação de rearranjos cromossômicos baseado em bolhas de replicação explicaria a formação de translocações com duplicação em ambos os pontos de quebra, como ocorreu nessa t(X;22). Estudamos também uma aparente t(2;22)(p14;q12) familial que cossegregava com quadro de atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e dificuldade de aprendizado associados a dismorfismos craniofaciais e alterações de mãos. A identificação de duplicações e deleções submicroscópicas, por meio de a-CGH e sua validação por FISH revelaram que se tratava, na verdade, de rearranjo, complexo entre três cromossomos 2, 5 e 22: um segmento de 1,2 Mb de 2p14 inseriu-se no braço curto do cromossomo 5, um evento que pode ter causado a deleção de um segmento de 1,4 Mb em 5p15.1; no cromossomo derivativo der(22) um segmento adicional de 5q23.2- 23.3 inseriu-se no ponto de quebra. Todos os afetados da família eram portadores do der(2) e do der(22). No entanto, o der(5) não segregava com o quadro clínico e foi detectado em um individuo fenotipicamente normal da família. Todos os afetados eram portadores da duplicação de 6,6 Mb do braço longo do cromossomo 5 (5q23.2-23.3). Os 17 genes duplicados são candidatos para o quadro clínico, por aumento da dosagem de seus produtos. Outra alteração comum a todos os afetados foi a haploinsuficiência do gene SLC1A4 mapeado em 2p14 e altamente expresso no sistema nervoso. É interessante que a deleção em 2p14, consequente à ausência do der(5), está restrita aos dois afetados que aparentam tem maior déficit cognitivo. Além do SLC1A4 , quatro genes mapeados nesse segmento CEP68, RAB1A, ACTR2 e SPRED2 podem contribuir para a variabilidade clínica dos afetados. A translocação t(2;5;22) pode ter-se originado a partir de duas quebras no braço curto do cromossomo 2, duas no braço curto e duas outras no braço longo do cromossomo 5 e uma quebra no braço longo do cromossomo 22. As quebras teriam ocorrido simultaneamente em um único evento. Após reunião de extremidades quebradas, formaram-se os cromossomos derivativos. Investigamos por a-CGH uma t(2;16)(q35;q24.1) esporádica cujos pontos de quebra foram mapeados anteriormente por FISH; nenhum gene estava mapeado nos segmentos que continham esses pontos de quebra. Não detectamos desequilíbrios cromossômicos submicroscópicos. A paciente portadora da translocação t(2;16) tinha quatro dígitos nas duas mãos e hexadactilia nos pés. A cerca de 1 Mb do ponto de quebra do cromossomo 2 está mapeado o gene IHH, que atua no desenvolvimento dos membros. A translocação pode ter interrompido elemento regulador do IHH ou separado o gene de elemento(s) regulador(es), levando à alteração de sua expressão e ao fenótipo. Este estudo fornece evidência adicional da importância da busca de desequilíbrios cromossômicos submicroscópicos em associação com rearranjos aparentemente equilibrados. Em três das seis translocações estudadas - t(10;21), t(2;22), t(X;22) - foram detectados desequilíbrios cromossômicos submicroscópicos em cis aos pontos de quebra, que podem ser responsáveis pelas manifestações clínicas dos portadores. Este estudo ressalta ainda a importância da técnica de FISH na análise dos desequilíbrios cromossômicos detectados por array, permitindo determinar a relação entre as perdas ou ganhos de segmentos submicroscópicos e os rearranjos equilibrados. A caracterização de rearranjos equilibrados neste estudo também contribuiu para sugerir mecanismos para sua formação / This study aimed at identifying mechanisms that lead to phenotypic abnormalities in carriers of balanced chromosomal rearrangements. We studied six apparently balanced chromosomal translocations detected in patients with congenital malformations, intellectual impairment or neuropsychomotor delay. Breakpoint mapping of apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and cryptic genomic imbalances were investigated by array comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH). We studied two sporadic translocations, t(7;17) (p13;q24) and t(17;20) (q24.3,q11.2). The breakpoints were located on chromosome 17, respectively, 917-855 kb and 624-585 kb upstream the SOX9 gene. There are no genes mapped to these segments. Patients had skeletal abnormalities that led to the diagnosis of acampomelic campomelic dysplasia. No submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances were detected by a-CGH. These translocations can alter gene expression by directly disrupting regulatory elements or by a position effect. The translocation t(7;17) and (17;20) provided additional information regarding the regulatory region of SOX9. The clinical manifestations associated with the translocation t(17;20) allowed the redefining of the limits of the distal breakpoint cluster of rearrangements on chromosome 17, which are associated with SOX9-related disorders. A conserved element was identified as a candidate SOX9 enhancer for testis development. Two additional sporadic translocations were associated with submicroscopic imbalances in cis to the breakpoints: t(10;21) and t(X;22). The translocation t(10;21)(p13;q22) was present in a girl with delayed motor development, microcephaly and generalized spasticity. The breakpoints on chromosomes 10 and 21 were mapped to 440 kb and 172 kb segments, respectively. Among the genes mapped to these breakpoint regions, only CDNF on chromossome 10, is highly expressed in the nervous system. Four de novo deletions on chromosome 10 were identified by a-CGH, revealing the complexity of the rearrangement. Two deletions were located at the vicinity of the translocation breakpoint: a 973 kb deletion on 10p14 and a 1.15 Mb deletion on 10p13 located, respectively, 3.27 Mb and 210 kb distal to the translocation breakpoint. Two other deletions were detected on the long arm of chromosome 10: a 700 kb deletion on 10q26.13, located 110.10 Mb distal to the translocation breakpoint, which we could not mapped by FISH; and a 1.66 Mb deletion on 10q26.2-q26.3, located 114.68 Mb distal to the translocation breakpoint. Fourteen genes are mapped to the microdeletion regions. Among these genes, GPR26, OPTN, CUGBP2 are highly expressed in the nervous system and, together with CNDF, are candidates for having clinical effects. The chromothripsis model, in which rearrangements result from a series of simultaneous double-stranded breaks followed by random joining of chromosomal fragments, might explain the formation of this t(10,21) translocation. Applying a-CGH to the apparently balanced translocation t(X;22)(q22;q13) carried by a girl, we detected duplicated segments on 22q13 and Xq22, encompassing 490 kb and 570 kb, respectively. FISH analysis revealed that the additional copies were located to the breakpoints of the derivative X chromosome (22q13 duplicated segment) and of the derivative 22 chromosome (Xq22 duplicated segment). No genes are mapped to the duplicated segment of chromosome 22. One of the 14 duplicated genes on the X chromosome is PLP1 (proteolipid protein 1). PLP1 point mutations and duplications cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, characterized by hypomyelination of the central nervous system, and affecting almost exclusively males. Neurological examination of the patient, including MRI showed that her clinical manifestations were compatible with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. The pattern of X chromosome inactivation was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes, based on the AR gene methylation, and cytologically, in metaphases spreads, after 5-BrdU incorporation, and showed that the normal X chromosome was the inactive one in the majority of cells. This pattern of X inactivation makes cells functionally balanced for the translocated segments. A copy of the PLP1 gene, however, is present on chromosome 22, in addition to the copies located on the chromosomes X and der(X). Thus, two active copies of the gene are present in the cells, irrespective of the X-inactivation pattern. A mechanism based on replication bubbles can explain the formation of translocations with duplication at the breakpoints, such as this t(X;22). An apparently balanced familial translocation t(2;22)(p13;q12.2) was detected in association with learning disability and craniofacial and hand dysmorphisms. The combination of a-CGH and FISH revealed that the rearrangement, identified by Gbanding as a two-break balanced translocation, was a more complex three-chromosome rearrangement: a segment from chromosome 2 was inserted into chromosome 5 short arm, an event that probably caused a 5p15.1 deletion; on chromosome 22 a segment from 5q23.2-23.3 was inserted into the breakpoint. Chromosomes der(2) and der(22) were present in all affected individuals. However, the der(5) did not segregate with the clinical phenotype, and was detected in a phenotypically normal individual. The 6.6 Mb duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5 was the imbalance common to all affected individuals. The 17 genes in this region are candidates for the clinical phenotypes through dosage effect. In addition, common to all affected individuals is the haploinsufficiency of SLC1A4, a gene highly expressed in the nervous system, which is encompassed by the deletion on chromosome 2. Interestingly, learning disabilities were more pronounced in those patients who also carried chromosome 2 deletion. CEP68, RAB1A, ACTR2 and SPRED2, mapped to this deleted segment, might contribute to the variability of the clinical phenotype in the family. The translocation t(2;5;22) might have originated from a series of simultaneously occurring brakes, two on the short arm of chromosome 2, four breaks on the short arm and two on the long arm of chromosome 5, and one break on the long arm of chromosome 22. We also investigated by a-CGH a sporadic translocation t(2;16)(q35;q24.1) whose carrier had hand and feet defects. Submicroscopic imbalances were not detected. Previously performed FISH delimited the breakpoints segments on chromosomes 2 and 16, which encompassed no genes. The IHH gene, which is involved in limb development, is located approximately 1 Mb upstream chromosome 2 breakpoint. Therefore, the translocation might have disrupted a regulatory element of IHH or, alternatively, separated the gene from a regulatory region, thus altering IHH expression. This study provides further evidence for the occurrence of submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances in association with apparently balanced rearrangements. In three out of six translocations - t(10,21), t(2;5;22), t(X;22) - cryptic duplications/deletions in cis to the breakpoints were detected, which might account for the clinical manifestations of the patients. This study also highlights the importance of FISH in the analysis of genomic imbalances detected by array in determining how losses and gains of submicroscopic segments relate to the rearranged chromosomes. The characterization of the balanced translocations in this study also contributed to suggest mechanisms for their formation