This thesis is an investigation into the impact of design elements on human behavior as explored through the design of a library. A library was chosen for its role in the community and because of the diverse group of users a library affects. A library, defined as a collection of things, is also a metaphor for the role memory plays in determining the emotive response a person has to their surroundings. Memory acts as collection of internal associations and, when engaged through sensory experience, memory dictates an emotional reaction to a space based on previous experiences. This project is a discovery of how to engage the senses and the memory in order to evoke an emotive response. / Master of Architecture

Aujourd'hui, les outils de lithographie utilisés dans l'industrie arrivent à leur limite de résolution en simple exposition. Pour continuer à diminuer les dimensions, il faut utiliser des techniques de double exposition, mais cela entraîne une explosion des coûts de fabrication. Cette thèse se focalise sur les aspects de modélisation de deux techniques, Sidewall Image Transfer et Directed Self-Assembly, qui sont pressenties pour permettre à l'industrie de continuer la réduction des dimensions des transistors, tout en minimisant les coûts. / Today, the lithographic tools used in industry came to their resolution limit in single patterning. In order to continue the reduction of dimensions, it is necessary to use double patterning, but this increase drastically the cost of manufacturing. This thesis focus on the modelisation aspects of two techniques, Sidewal Image Transfer and Directed Self-Assembly, that can help the industry continuing making transistors even smaller, while keeping the costs manageable.

La première cause de handicap neurologique chez l’adulte en France est l’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC). L’AVC est la principale cause de l’hémiplégie et peut conduire à des séquelles lourdes telles que des difficultés à se lever et s’asseoir. A ce jour, il n’existe pas de dispositif d’aide au passage assis-debout (PAD)/debout-assis (PDA) permettant le déplacement en position debout adapté aux sujets hémiplégiques.La conception de ce type de dispositif est l’objectif du projet VHIPOD. L’absence d’études sur le PAD/PDA avec aide des sujets hémiplégiques invite à explorer deux types d’aides : ancrage fixe et ancrage mobile. Une première campagne d’expérimentation a permis de mesurer le PAD/PDA de 18 sujets sains et 11 sujets hémiplégiques droits dans différentes conditions : avec/sans ancrage fixe, avec/sans écharpe d’immobilisation et pour différentes positions de l’ancrage fixe. Ce travail a permis de montrer la contribution d’un ancrage fixe sur le PAD/PDA (ex. réduction des moments articulaires aux genoux) et de montrer que la position de l’ancrage fixe influence le PAD/PDA (ex. une position du côté gauche/sain augmente l’appui sur le membre inférieur gauche). Une deuxième campagne d’expérimentation a permis de mesurer le PAD/PDA avec ancrage mobile de 7 sujets sains et 10 sujets hémiplégiques gauches. Ce travail a permis d’identifier la différence entre les sujets hémiplégiques et les sujets sains (ex. les sujets hémiplégiques gauches sont plus asymétriques que les sujets sains) et de comparer les résultats du PAD/PDA avec ancrage mobile à ceux du PAD/PDA avec ancrage fixe (ex. l’asymétrie des sujets hémiplégiques est augmentée pour le PAD/PDA avec ancrage mobile. / Stroke is the first cause of neurological handicap for adults in France. It is the principal cause of hemiplegia and could lead to major consequences as to have difficulties to stand up, to sit down or even to walk/move.Nowadays, there’s no device adapted to assist hemiplegic persons to stand up, to move while standing up and to sit down. The creation of this type of device/vehicle is the aim of VHIPOD project. The absence of studies on the assisted sit-to-stand (STS) for hemiplegic persons invites to investigate two type of assistance : fixed anchor and moving anchor. Two series of experimentation have been conducted. The first experimental device allowed the sit-to-stand/stand-to-sit measurements for 18 healthy subjects and11 right hemiplegic subjects in different conditions : with/without a fixed anchor, with/without an arm sling and for different anchor position. The analysis of the results showed the contribution of a fixed handgrip (ex. reduction of the knee joint moments) and the influence of the handgrip position on the movement (ex. a position on the left/healthy side increases the effort on left lower limb.). The second experimental device allowed the sit-to-stand/stand-to-sit measurements for 7 healthy subjects and 10 left hemiplegic subjects. The analysis of the results allowed us to describe the sit-to-stand/stand-to-sit with moving anchor, to compare the two populations (ex. Left hemiplegic subjects have a more asymmetrical movement then healthy subjects) and to compare the STS with moving anchor to the STS with fixed anchor (ex. The asymmetry of hemiplegic subjects was higher for the STS with a moving anchor).

Bakgrund I dagens samhälle är CSR, samhälleligt ansvarstagande, en viktig fråga för företag. De studier som undersökt medarbetare i företag som arbetar med CSR har visat på ett positivt samband mellan detta arbete och medarbetarnas motivation. Däremot har få kvalitativa studier fokuserat på medarbetaren och ingen studie har tidigare använt meningsskapande som perspektiv för att skapa förståelse om detta fenomen. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att med en komparativ utgångspunkt belysa vilken mening medarbetare skapat i deras arbetsgivares samhälleliga ansvarstagande för att skapa förståelse för betydelsen av arbetsgivares förhållningssätt till samhälleligt ansvarstagande för medarbetares självbild, motivation och organisatoriska engagemang. Metod Studien har antagit en komparativ fallstudiedesign. En kvalitativ metod och en iterativ ansats med deduktiva inslag har använts. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom tre semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare på respektive fallföretag. Slutsatser Medarbetare ser att arbetsgivarens samhälleliga ansvarstagande finns till för att tillgodose medarbetarnas behov av att vara en del av något som gör gott för andra intressenter. Medarbetares motivation och organisatoriska engagemang kan härledas ur deras arbetsgivares samhälleliga ansvarstagande såvida medarbetarna själva tycker att den typen av arbete är viktigt. Detta förklaras av att individens självbild och arbetsgivarens organisatoriska identitet och båda parters underliggande värderingar överensstämmer. / Background In our society, the question of social responsibility is of importance for most companies and it has long been a subject for scholars. Studies of employees in social responsible companies indicate a positive correlation between CSR activities and motivation. However, only a few have focused on the employee and none of the previous studies have used sensemaking as a theoretical perspective to deepen our knowledge and understanding of employees’ behavior within a socially responsible company. Aim The aim of this study is to illustrate, with a comparative approach, what meaning employees have given to their employer’s social responsibility to provide an understanding of the significance of employers’ various approaches to social responsibility for the social identity, organizational engagement and motivation of employees. Methodology The research design is a comparative case study. A qualitative methodology was used with an iterative approach, although the initial approach was deductive. The empirical data was gathered through three semi-structured interviews with employees on each company. Conclusions Employees consider that the purpose of their employer’s social responsibility is to fulfill their need to belong to a company that does good for other stakeholders. Employees’ motivation and organizational commitment may be derived from their employer’s social responsibility if the employees themselves consider these activities important. This is explained by congruence between the individual’s social identity, the employer’s organizational identity and the underlying values of these identities.

The diploma thesis Public sphere in networked society concerns about the relation of public sphere and cyberspace. Cyberspace is defined as new social institution, which is not embodied Habermasian normative ideal of critical public sphere, but in contrary it constitute new forms of inequalities and new forms of fragmentarization and commercialization. Explored are therefore also theories which critically deal with concept of public sphere and better describe the reality of cyberspace. The expansion of Cyberspace and horizontal communication network also relate with transformation of contentious politics. The thesis provides an overview of historical development of new action repertoire of contention - virtual sit-in. As an embodiment of all these societal shifts, which are seen as an elements of change in power balance, is presented Operation Payback orchestrated by hacktivist group Anonymous. Keywords Cyberspace, public sphere, hacktivism, action repertoires, repertoires of contention, virtual sit-in, electronic civil disobedience, Anonymous, Operation Payback

No description available.

Background: Obesity-induced alterations in biomechanics and muscle recruitment during activities of daily living, such as sit-to-stand (STS) are often attributed to increases in adipose tissue (AT) mass. Central or peripheral distribution of AT may differently affect biomechanics and muscle recruitment. Methods: Fifteen healthy, normal weight (BMI 22.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 24.1 ± 4.2 years) subjects volunteered. External loads equivalent to a 5 kg/m2 BMI increase were applied in three conditions: unloaded (UN), centrally loaded (CL), and peripherally loaded (PL). Subjects completed three successful STS movements in a backless chair under each load condition in random order. Motion analysis and lower extremity surface electromyography (EMG) were measured. Results: Compared to UN and CL, PL significantly increased support width during STS. PL also significantly increased maximum trunk flexion compared to CL. Peak and total VM EMG activity were significantly increased during CL, compared to UN and PL. During CL, peak VL EMG activity was significantly greater than UN. Conclusions: Central and peripheral weight gain induce different biomechanical adaptations during STS. Central weight gain increases knee extensor muscle activity during STS independent of biomechanical changes. In contrast, peripheral weight gain increases support width and trunk flexion with minimal EMG changes during STS.

Há uma história paralela que acompanhou a vida do sistema social capitalista: a história da ocupação e recuperação de fábricas por trabalhadores. E esse fenômeno se coloca, cada vez mais, com o potencial de abrir novos caminhos para a classe trabalhadora. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de contribuir na prática para o desenvolvimento desse movimento por meio da construção de análises jurídicas passíveis de auxiliar coletivos operários que tenham ocupado ou que se proponham a ocupar empresas em crise. Apesar de termos ciência de que a atuação das instituições jurídicas não é neutra, e têm um caráter contraditório e classista, ainda assim é necessário que os embates jurídicos sejam travados, e, para isso, a classe trabalhadora necessita de formulações jurídicas progressistas. São quatro as problemáticas jurídicas centrais enfrentadas pelas ERTs: a) a licitude da greve de ocupação; b) a necessidade de reconhecimento da gestão operária no procedimento de falência e recuperação empresarial; c) a necessidade, em médio e longo prazo, de estabilização jurídica do ente coletivo, por meio da constituição de uma forma jurídica adequada e d) a carência, em geral, de outras políticas públicas específicas, especialmente as que possibilitem o acesso a crédito. Considerando esse quadro, este trabalho tem dois focos específicos: em primeiro lugar, desenvolver um estudo acerca das bases constitucionais que podem ser utilizadas para o enfrentamento de todas as questões jurídicas. E, em segundo, propor solução a uma das questões mais espinhosas: a da licitude da greve ativa aquela que se dá com ocupação para produzir. Na primeira parte, concluímos que os três princípios constitucionais que têm relação fundamental com as questões jurídicas que emergem nesses processos o princípio da função social da propriedade, o princípio do valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa e o princípio do direito ao trabalho têm o efeito de proferir mandamentos para os agentes jurídicos no sentido de criar leis, desenvolver políticas públicas, proibir a realização de atos contrários e interpretar o sistema normativo de modo a favorecer o desenvolvimento das recuperações. Depois, concluímos que a greve de ocupação passiva ou ativa será lícita se deflagrada no interior de determinados contextos e respeitando certas condições. A greve ativa, em especial (aquela que se dá com a intenção de produzir), será lícita, a partir de um confronto com os princípios da Constituição à luz da Teoria dos Direitos Fundamentais, se for deflagrada como resposta a uma crise aguda na empresa, gerada por má gestão ou acompanhada de atos de má-fé empresarial, que são atos que implicam numa violação grave das responsabilidades sociais estabelecidas pela ordem jurídica para o controlador de bens de produção. / There is a parallel story that accompanied the capitalist social system: the story of the occupation and recovery of factories by workers. And this phenomenon arises, increasingly, with the potential to open new ways for the working class . This paper aims to contribute in practice to the development of this movement through the elaboration of legal analyzes wich can aid workers who have occupied or intend to occupy companies in crisis . Although we are aware that the role of legal institutions is not neutral and have a contradictory and classist character, it is still necessary that the legal struggles are fought , and, therefore , the working class needs progressive legal formulations. There are four central legal issues faced by CRW\'s: a) the legality of the strike occupancy; b) the need for recognition of workers\'management in the insolvency and corporate recovery procedure; c ) the need , in the medium and long-term, of legal stabilization of the collective being, through the establishment of an appropriate legal form and d) the need, in general, of other specific public policies, especially those that provide access to credit. Considering this context, this paper has two specific focuses: first, develop a study on the constitutional bases that can be used to cope with all legal matters . And, second, to propose solutions to one of the thorniest issues: the legality of the active strike - one that occurs with occupancy to produce. In the first part, we conclude that the three constitutional principles that are fundamental to the legal issues that arise in these cases - the principle of the social function of property, the principle of the social value of work and free enterprise and the principle of right to work - have the purpose of uttering commands for legal agents to create laws, develop public policy, prohibit the performance of contrary acts and interpret the legal system to promote the development of recoveries. Then, we conclude that the sit-in strike - passive or active - will be legal if triggered within certain contexts and subject to certain conditions. The active strike, in particular (the one that has the intention of producing), will be lawful, from a confrontation with the principles of the Constitution to the Theory of Fundamental Rights, if triggered in response to an acute crisis in the company generated by mismanagement or accompanied by acts of corporate malfeasance, wich are acts that imply a serious breach of social responsibilities established by law for the controller of production assets.

This thesis investigates if Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks constitute a valid form ofcivil disobedience online. For this purpose a multi-dimensional framework is established,drawing on Brownlee’s paradigm case and classical theory of civil disobedience. Threedifferent examples of DDoS attacks are then examined using this framework - the attacksfrom the Electronic Disturbance Theater in support of the Zapatista movement;Anonymous’ Operation Payback; Electrohippies’ attack against the World TradeOrganization. Following the framework, none of these DDoS attacks are able to constitute acivilly disobedient act online. The thesis then goes on and identifies four key issues, drawingon the results from the examples: The loss of 'individual presence', no inimitable feature ofDDoS attacks, impeding free speech and the danger of western imperialism. It concludes thatDDoS attacks cannot and should not be seen as a form of civil disobedience online. Thethesis further proposes that online actions, in order to be seen as civilly disobedient actsonline, need two additional features: An 'individual presence' of the protesters online tocompensate for the remoteness of cyberspace and an inimitable feature in order to berecognizable by society. Further research should investigate with this extended framework ifthere are valid forms of civil disobedience online.

Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.