Bakgrund: Demenssjukdom är en global sjukdom som ökar i antal insjuknade för varje år. Fysiska och kognitiva förmågor försämras ständigt under sjukdomsförloppet. Det är vanligt att person och/eller personer med demenssjukdom (PMD) drabbas av malnutrition eftersom de glömmer av att äta och hur de ska äta. Vårdpersonalen behöver därför kunskap om hur måltidssituationer för PMD kan anpassas efter de behov som finns och hur matintaget kan ökas. Syfte: Att belysa aspekter av vårdpersonals kunskap kring måltidssituationer för personer med demenssjukdom på särskilt boende. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserat på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Elva artiklar var av kvalitativdesign och fyra artiklar var av mixad design. Databaserna som användes vid artikelsökning var CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: Ett huvudresultat visade att vårdpersonalen behövde mer kunskap vid måltidssituationer för att bidra med ökat matintag hos PMD. Genom att vårdpersonalen anpassade måltidssituationer i enlighet med PMD förmågor kunde behoven lättare tillfredsställas. Vårdpersonalen tog hänsyn till bland annat möblering, ljud, ljus och servering för att minska oönskade stimuli vid måltidssituationer för PMD. Slutsats: Vårdpersonalen hade kunskap men inte tillräcklig för att kunna utföra en optimal omvårdnad till PMD. Behoven bland PMD är många och kunskapsbrist hos vårdpersonalen råder. Kunskapsbristen hos vårdpersonalen om måltidssituationer blir tydliga då PMD inte har tillräckligt matintag för att upprätthålla en god nutritionsstatus. / Background: Dementia is a global disease that increases for every year. Physical and psychological abilities reduce continuously during the disease course. It is usual that people with dementia is affected by malnutrition since they forget how and when to eat. Healthcare professionals’ need more knowledge about mealtime situations for people with dementia and how to customize their needs about increasing food intake. Aim: To illustrate aspect of healthcare professional’s knowledge about mealtime situations for people with dementia in nursing homes. Method: A literature review based on 15 research articles. Eleven articles were qualitative design and four were mixed design. Used databases were CINAHL and PubMed. Results: A main result showed that healthcare professionals needed more knowledge about mealtime situations and how to provide increased food intake. Healthcare professionals adjust mealtime situations according to the abilities that people with dementia had. Healthcare professionals did consideration about different kind of arrangement to reduce stimuli in mealtime situations for people living with dementia. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals had knowledge about nursing for people with dementia but not enough. The needs among people living with dementia are many and the lack of knowledge in healthcare professionals' work is not approval. In mealtime situations the lack of knowledge about optimal nutrition status among people with dementia and surrounded by healthcare professionals' is not clearly to sustain.

Many children with emotional and/or behavioral disorders also present with speech and language disorders (Baker & Cantwell, 1982; Prizant et al., 1990). Children with attention deficits, in particular, have shown a much higher incidence of speech and language disorders than does the general population (Camarata et al., 1988; Cantwell & Baker, 1987) . Traditionally, school speech-language pathologists have been responsible for conducting mass screenings to determine which children should be further evaluated for speech and language disorders. An increasing number of school districts are relying on teacher referrals to determine which children require speech-language evaluations. It was hypothesized that if teachers were able to identify children with attention deficits, these children may be appropriate for referral to speech-language pathologists for speech and language evaluation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the School Situations Questionnaire-Revised {SSQ-R) {Barkley, 1991) in identifying children in the second grade, aged 7:0 to 8:11, who are speech and/or language disordered. This study sought to answer the following primary question: is there an association between the diagnosis of speech and/or language disorders {SLD), and detection by the SSQ-R as at risk for attention and behavior disorders {ABD)? The sample population consisted of 91 students from six second-grade classrooms who met the selection criteria. The SSQ-R, a rating scale designed for teachers to rate behavior related to attention and concentration, was used by classroom teachers to evaluate the subjects to determine if they were at risk for attention and behavior disorders. These results were tabulated along with the number of children diagnosed with speech and/or language disorders in this population. Chi Square analysis showed no significant association for the two measures. It was found that of the 11 SLO subjects, 3 of them, or 27%, were also ABO. Only 3 of the 17 ABO subjects (18%) were also SLO. The 18% of SLO subjects in the ABO population and the 27% of ABO subjects in the SLO group represent a higher percentage of ABD and SLO than is expected in the general population. The higher than average incidence of SLO in the ABO population warrants an awareness of this relationship and the realization that this will impact service delivery. The results of this study indicate that the SSQ-R is not an appropriate measure for teachers to use in determining which children in their classroom would benefit from an assessment for speech and/or language disorders. The high number (82%) of children identified by the SSQ-R as ABD who were not SLD would identify many children who did not require speech and language evaluation. Conversely, the high number (73%) of children not identified as ABD who were SLD by the SSQ-R would neglect many children who require speech/language intervention. The results of this study are not to discount previous research that has suggested an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and speech and language disorders. It is likely that an association exists, but the present study was not able to demonstrate a significant correlation.

Des travaux de didactique des mathématiques, conduits par Briand, ont permis de montrer l’existence de connaissances spécifiques d’organisation dans le domaine des problèmes concernant le dénombrement et les opérations arithmétiques, connaissances qui relèvent de ce que Brousseau a appelé l’énumération. Cette thèse montre que ces « connaissances d’énumération » ne sont spécifiques ni au champ numérique, ni même aux mathématiques. Elles se retrouvent dans de nombreuses situations scolaires et présentent un caractère transdisciplinaire. L’étude de la situation fondamentale de l’énumération permet d’exhiber de nouvelles variables et de compléter l’étude des stratégies. Une nouvelle définition de l’énumération est proposée, permettant d’unifier la description des difficultés rencontrées. Le caractère transdisciplinaire de l’énumération est étudié dans le domaine scolaire « français ». Les situations étudiées dans ce cadre permettent d’intégrer la dimension de l’écrit dans la description de ces connaissances. Du point de vue méthodologique, des analyses a priori successives montrent comment les modifications de point de vue permettent de faire évoluer le modèle, proposant notamment une nouvelle modélisation du traitement / Research work on mathematics education, carried out by Briand, have shown the existence of specific knowledge in the field of numerical problems, involving counting or arithmetic operations, which reveal what Brousseau has named “enumeration”. This thesis shows that enumeration’s knowledge are not specific to the numerical field, neither to mathematics. This knowledge can be founded in many scholar situation and show an interdisciplinary character. The study of the fundamental situation is down, which allows to unify the description of the subject’s difficulties. The interdisciplinary character is studied in the scholar field of language. The study of these situations in this context allows us to incorporate the dimension of writing in our descriptions of the knowledge. Considering metrology, theses analyses show how modifications of point of view enable an evolution of the model, allowing in particular of new modeling of treatment.

Cette thèse vise à questionner le processus de médiation sémiotique mis en place lors de l'utilisation de un artefact technologique, dans des séquences d'enseignement qui ont pour objectif l'apprentissage des notions de variable, fonction et graphe de fonction. <br />Elle se développe selon trois axes de recherche principaux : <br />I. la conception de séquences d'activités en partant du cadre inhabituel de la géométrie dynamique, rendu possible par l'environnement Cabri-géomètre. En offrant une modélisation des objets géométriques en tant qu'objets variables, ce cadre peut conduire à une appréhension dynamique et co- variationnelle des notions visées. <br />II. La réflexion théorique sur l'articulation possible entre les deux cadres théoriques qui ont guidé la conception des séquences : inspirée par Vygotskij et particulièrement développé en Italie et celui de la « Théorie des situations didactiques » élaborée en France par Brousseau. <br />III. L'analyse du rôle de l'enseignant dans le processus de médiation sémiotique lors de l'orchestration de discussions collectives. En fait, à l'intérieur du processus de médiation sémiotique, l'enseignant occupe une place critique et cruciale. Par la proposition de tâches spécifiques, il organise l'accès aux signes et, par une orchestration adéquate des discussions collectives, il soutient leur internalisation éventuelle de la part des élèves.

In this paper we compare the behaviour of adverbs of frequency (de Swart 1993) like usually with the behaviour of adverbs of quantity like for the most part in sentences that contain plural definites. We show that sentences containing the former type of Q-adverb evidence that Quantificational Variability Effects (Berman 1991) come about as an indirect effect of quantification over situations: in order for quantificational variability readings to arise, these sentences have to obey two newly observed constraints that clearly set them apart from sentences containing corresponding quantificational DPs, and that can plausibly be explained under the assumption that quantification over (the atomic parts of) complex situations is involved. Concerning sentences with the latter type of Q-adverb, on the other hand, such evidence is lacking: with respect to the constraints just mentioned, they behave like sentences that contain corresponding quantificational DPs. We take this as evidence that Q-adverbs like for the most part do not quantify over the atomic parts of sum eventualities in the cases under discussion (as claimed by Nakanishi and Romero (2004)), but rather over the atomic parts of the respective sum individuals.

In this paper we compare the behaviour of adverbs of frequency (de Swart 1993) like usually with the behaviour of adverbs of quantity like for the most part in sentences that contain plural definites. We show that sentences containing the former type of Q-adverb evidence that Quantificational Variability Effects (Berman 1991) come about as an indirect effect of quantification over situations: in order for quantificational variability readings to arise, these sentences have to obey two newly observed constraints that clearly set them apart from sentences containing corresponding quantificational DPs, and that can plausibly be explained under the assumption that quantification over (the atomic parts of) complex situations is involved. Concerning sentences with the latter type of Q-adverb, on the other hand, such evidence is lacking: with respect to the constraints just mentioned, they behave like sentences that contain corresponding quantificational DPs. We take this as evidence that Q-adverbs like for the most part do not quantify over the atomic parts of sum eventualities in the cases under discussion (as claimed by Nakanishi and Romero (2004)), but rather over the atomic parts of the respective sum individuals.

En god handhygien är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att förebygga vårdrelaterade infektioner som senare kan orsaka onödigt lidande hos patienten. För patienten innebär detta försenat tillfrisknande och en förlängd vårdtid. Drygt 10 % av patienterna på Sveriges sjukhus drabbas av vårdrelaterade infektioner och kostnaderna för samhället uppskattades bli 3,7 miljarder kronor under år 2009. Flera studier har tidigare belyst hur viktigt det är med en god handhygien i omvårdnadsarbetet och vilka faktorer som påverkar hygienrutinerna. Syftet blev därför att undersöka sjuksköterskors följsamhet av hygienrutiner vid handtvätt, handdesinfektion samt hur väl användandet av handskar i olika vård- och omvårdnadssituationer efterföljs. Som metod användes en strukturerad observation och ett observationsprotokoll fördes av observatörerna. En enkät med ramdata och en öppen fråga delades ut till sjuksköterskorna, där syftet var att få deras syn på begreppet handhygien. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades och bearbetades där det framkom fyra olika kategorier: läkemedelshantering, medicinteknisk hantering, patientkontakt och basal omvårdnad. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskornas tillämpning av hygienrutiner varierade beroende på vilken situation det gällde. Det mest framträdande var att sjuksköterskorna överlag var duktiga på att desinfektera händerna men sämre på att använda handskar. Trots detta visade enkätsvaren att sjuksköterskorna har en kunskap och en medvetenhet om hygienens viktiga betydelse. / Good hand hygiene is one of the most important factors for preventing healthcare associated infections which later may cause unnecessary distress to the patient. It could delay recovery and create a prolonged hospital stay. Over 10 % of all patients in Swedish hospitals suffer of health care-related infections and the cost for the society estimated to be 3, 7 billion SEK in year 2009. Several studies have previously focused on the importance of good hand hygiene in nursing care and factors that could affect hygiene routines. The aim was to investigate nurses' adherence to hygiene practices in hand washing, hand disinfection, as well as how well the use of gloves in various health-care situations are followed. The method used was a structured observation and an observation protocol was conducted by the observers. A survey with the frame data and an open question were distributed to nurses, where the aim was to seek their views on the concept of hand hygiene. The collected data has been analyzed and processed, in which there were discovered four different categories: pharmaceuticals, medical management, patient contact and basic care. The result showed that nurses applications of hygiene practices varied depending on the situation. The most prominent result was that the nurses were generally good at disinfecting their hands but worse to wear gloves. The nurses also had a good knowledge and awareness of the concept hand hygiene.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate what an intervention comprising systematic discussion groups meant in the context of conflicts and cooperation between social care staff and nursing staff, over a period of 7–15 months. The intervention was carried out in four experimental dwellings in special types of housing for elderly and disabled people and in comparison with four similar reference dwellings. Results are based on 27 interviews prior to the intervention and 29 after. The interviewees were managers, registered nurses, enrolled nurses and care assistants and concerned their experiences regarding problematic situations that occurred in their everyday work. The questionnaires (before n=84 and after intervention n=93) used were: sense of coherence, job-satisfaction and burnout and were aimed at investigating staff experiences of working climate and the influence of the intervention. The issues were investigated both before and after the intervention. Observations were used to determine whether they could provide further knowledge about the intervention and thus extend our understanding of the marginal differences in the complementary studies. The phenomenological hermeneutic interpretation of the narratives in the interviews shows that the intervention was important to the experiences of being in problematic situations. The results before the intervention and in reference dwellings are equivalent and elucidate staff members' struggle to retain their self-esteem and to be confirmed by their colleagues. The experimental dwellings narratives show a change from rejecting to confirming communication among colleagues. Moreover, subtle changes are present which point to an emotional closeness where attempts have been made to understand colleagues' perspective and reactions where the residents are the central concern in the narratives. An analysis of the content of the interviews after intervention shows equivalent changes in experimental dwellings and reference dwellings. The analysis shows that the staff's view of problematic situations had been softened and that they viewed their colleagues as less of a hindrances. There were no mentions made of the previously indicated conflicts between social and nursing staff. The results also show that staff members are not afraid to stand by their own ideas of how they should act in various situations. The staff experience of the working climate was positive both before and after the intervention and no significant differences could be seen. What stands out from the observation study is that the groups have different cultures and thus different prerequisites for the intervention. In two of four groups the intervention seemed to give rise to positive meanings regarding the staffs´ understanding of each other, necessary for their successful cooperation, but when the groups are in the ”basic assumption phase” other additional strategies are probably also needed. The marginal differences shown in the other complementary studies can be understood in terms of two of the four groups not perceiving the intervention to any large extent. When the internal group processes are of great importance it is essential to pay attention to culture of the staff groups before the intervention is implemented.

L'introduction de systèmes d'aide à la conduite dans les voitures a de nombreuses conséquences, notamment sur le comportement des conducteurs et leur interaction avec le véhicule. Le gain de sécurité recherché lors de l'introduction de systèmes d'aide peut s'en trouver menacé. Pour évaluer la sécurité réelle en résultant, les simulateurs de conduite présentent une alternative sûre et peu coûteuse. Ce travail doctoral s'appuie sur des études expérimentales menées sur des simulateurs de conduite avec différents systèmes d'aide. Une première partie expérimentale porte sur l'assistance au contrôle longitudinal : la familiarisation des conducteurs avec un Forward Collision Warning lors de situations critiques a été étudiée. Une deuxième partie expérimentale porte sur l'assistance au contrôle latéral : le comportement des conducteurs avec un Lane Departure Warning et un Lane Keeping Assistant a été étudié, notamment lors d'une situation d'évitement d'obstacle d'urgence. Cette partie expérimentale a été réalisée sur un simulateur statique et sur un simulateur dynamique. Les résultats obtenus sur les deux simulateurs ont alors été mis en perspective, afin de discuter de l'intérêt de la restitution de mouvements pour l'étude du comportement des conducteurs en présence de systèmes d'aide à la conduite.

From recent year(2008), restaurant, retailing, credit card services industry have began focusing on frequency reward promotion activity to increase business and customers¡¦ loyalty. How do consumers like the activities? Actually, not all customers can be rewarded from their accumulated frequency. Failure of the accumulated frequency to obtain reward may cause consumers negative emotions. And, eventually the bad feeling impacts on their attitude toward the store. The current research developed two types of consumer emotional scale in adjective and in Chinese idioms . Through a 3x2x2 factorial design, 84 participants, 42 students and 42 rank-and -file people, took parts in the experiment, while 3 situations of frequency activities, 2 types of reward, and 2 kinds of business were manipulated, and two categories of criterion measure, emotion and attitude towards store, were implemented. ¡]1¡^Customers who get reward promotion will have higher positive emotions than who failed to redeem. ¡]2¡^People with high degree of loss, in the activities have much negative emotions, comparing to these without. ¡]3¡^Consumer emotions will affect the consumer's willingness to repeat purchase, likening and emotional attitude towards the store. ¡]4¡^Different industry will moderate the effect of redemption situations on consumer emotion. ¡]5¡^The original product type frequency rewards, in certain condition, may solicit more positive emotion than other type of product reward. Keywords: frequency promotion activities, redemption situations in promotion, consumer emotion, measurement for emotion