Embora o Brasil seja o maior produtor e exportador mundial da lima ácida Tahiti, atualmente, exporta apenas 5% do total produzido. Isso se deve, parcialmente, à falta de qualidade destas limas, caracterizada pela perda da coloração verde da casca, após a colheita. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera modificada, do ácido giberélico (GA) e do permanganato de potássio, isolados e combinados entre si, na conservação da cor verde da casca de limas Tahiti, beneficiadas com cera, fungicida e refrigeradas. Para isso, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito da atmosfera modificada com os filmes: PEBD (30 µm); PEBD (65 µm); Vegetal Pack (18 µm); Cryovac D-955 (15 µm) e Xtend (18 µm). No segundo, avaliou-se o efeito de duas doses de GA (20 e 100 mg L-1) isoladas ou em combinação com dois filmes plásticos selecionados no experimento 1. No terceiro, avaliou-se o efeito do permanganato de potássio isolado e em combinação com GA e filme plástico selecionado no experimento 2. Nos três experimentos foram realizadas avaliações físico-químicas e de composição gasosa no interior das embalagens durante 24 dias a 10 ± 1ºC, mais 6 dias a 20 ± 1ºC e 75 ± 5% de umidade relativa. No final do primeiro experimento, os filmes Vegetal Pack e Cryovac D-955 foram selecionados, pois não promoveram formação de altos teores de aceltaldeído e etanol e possibilitaram baixa perda de massa fresca. Houve maior conservação da coloração da casca nos frutos sob os filmes PEBD, porém, estes resultaram em modificação drástica da atmosfera, com alterações de aroma, coloração da polpa e alta incidência de podridões. No segundo experimento, a dose de 20 mg L-1 de GA foi suficiente para conservar a cor da casca por mais tempo que os frutos sem GA. Os filmes Vegetal Pack e Cryovac D-955 resultaram em frutos com maior ângulo de cor e menor croma que aqueles sem filme plástico. O filme Cryovac D-955 foi selecionado por ser termoencolhível e facilitar o processo de embalagem no packing house. No terceiro experimento, o permanganato de potássio reduziu os teores de etileno no interior das embalagens. A combinação do sache com filme plástico resultou em maiores teores de clorofila e frutos de coloração mais verde. O filme Cryovac D-955 conservou os frutos com 4% a mais de peso, com ângulo de cor maior, luminosidade menor e maior teor de clorofila que os frutos sem embalagem. Os teores de ácido ascórbico e de sólidos solúveis não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos em nenhum dos experimentos. Os frutos acondicionados nos filmes PEBD, no primeiro experimento, resultaram em menores teores de ácido cítrico, devido à alteração drástica da atmosfera interna. Em conclusão, o uso do filme Cryovac D-955 é eficiente na conservação da coloração verde das limas Tahiti beneficiadas com cera, fungicida e refrigeradas. Absorvedores de etileno incrementam a conservação destas limas quando combinados com filme plástico. O ácido giberélico só é efetivo na conservação da coloração verde de limas quando aplicado em frutos verde-oliva brilhante. / Although Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of \'Tahiti\' lime, actually, exports only 5% of total production. This is, in part, because of a lack of quality of these limes, characterized by loss of green skin colour after harvest. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of modified atmosphere, gibberellic acid (GA) and potassium permanganate, alone and combined with each, in the maintenance of green skin \'Tahiti\' limes, processed with wax, fungicide and cold storage. For this, three experiments were carried out. At first, the effect of modified atmosphere was evaluated with the films: LDPE (30 µm), LDPE (65 µm), Vegetable Pack (18 µm), Cryovac D-955 (15 µm) and Xtend (18 µm). In the second, the effect of two doses of GA (20 and 100 mg L-1) alone and combined with two plastic films, selected in experiment 1, was assessed. In the third, the effect of potassium permanganate alone and combined with GA and plastic film, selected in experiment 2, was evaluated. In three experiments, the physico-chemical analysis and the gas composition inside the package for 24 days at 10 ± 1ºC, 6 days at 20 ± 1ºC and 75 ± 5% relative humidity were performed. At the end of the first experiment, the films Vegetable Pack and Cryovac D-955 were selected, because it didnt promote the formation of high levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde and promoted low weight loss. There was greater retention of skin color in the fruits under the LDPE films, but these resulted in drastic modification of the atmosphere, with changes in flavor, the pulp colour and high decay incidence. In the second experiment, the dose of 20 mg L-1 GA was enough to keep the skin colour longer than the fruits without GA. Films Vegetable Pack and Cryovac D-955 resulted in fruit with greater hue angle and lower chroma than fruits without film. The film Cryovac D-955 was selected because it is shrinkable and facilitate the packing process in the packing house. In the third experiment, the potassium permanganate reduced ethylene levels inside the package. The combination of the sachet with plastic film resulted in higher levels of chlorophyll and fruits with a greener. The film Cryovac D-955 retained the fruits with 4% more weight, with greater hue angle, brightness lower and higher chlorophyll content than the fruits without packaging. The levels of ascorbic acid and soluble solids were not affected by treatments in either experiment. Fruits packed in LDPE films, in the first experiment, resulted in lower levels of citric acid, because of the drastic change of the internal atmosphere. In conclusion, the use of film Cryovac D-955 is effective in preserving the green colour of the \'Tahiti\' limes treated with wax, fungicide and storage. Ethylene absorbers enhance the preservation of limes when combined with plastic film. The gibberellic acid is effective in preserving the green colour of limes when applied to fruit with olive brilliant colour.

Embora o Brasil seja o maior produtor e exportador mundial da lima ácida Tahiti, atualmente, exporta apenas 5% do total produzido. Isso se deve, parcialmente, à falta de qualidade destas limas, caracterizada pela perda da coloração verde da casca, após a colheita. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera modificada, do ácido giberélico (GA) e do permanganato de potássio, isolados e combinados entre si, na conservação da cor verde da casca de limas Tahiti, beneficiadas com cera, fungicida e refrigeradas. Para isso, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito da atmosfera modificada com os filmes: PEBD (30 µm); PEBD (65 µm); Vegetal Pack (18 µm); Cryovac D-955 (15 µm) e Xtend (18 µm). No segundo, avaliou-se o efeito de duas doses de GA (20 e 100 mg L-1) isoladas ou em combinação com dois filmes plásticos selecionados no experimento 1. No terceiro, avaliou-se o efeito do permanganato de potássio isolado e em combinação com GA e filme plástico selecionado no experimento 2. Nos três experimentos foram realizadas avaliações físico-químicas e de composição gasosa no interior das embalagens durante 24 dias a 10 ± 1ºC, mais 6 dias a 20 ± 1ºC e 75 ± 5% de umidade relativa. No final do primeiro experimento, os filmes Vegetal Pack e Cryovac D-955 foram selecionados, pois não promoveram formação de altos teores de aceltaldeído e etanol e possibilitaram baixa perda de massa fresca. Houve maior conservação da coloração da casca nos frutos sob os filmes PEBD, porém, estes resultaram em modificação drástica da atmosfera, com alterações de aroma, coloração da polpa e alta incidência de podridões. No segundo experimento, a dose de 20 mg L-1 de GA foi suficiente para conservar a cor da casca por mais tempo que os frutos sem GA. Os filmes Vegetal Pack e Cryovac D-955 resultaram em frutos com maior ângulo de cor e menor croma que aqueles sem filme plástico. O filme Cryovac D-955 foi selecionado por ser termoencolhível e facilitar o processo de embalagem no packing house. No terceiro experimento, o permanganato de potássio reduziu os teores de etileno no interior das embalagens. A combinação do sache com filme plástico resultou em maiores teores de clorofila e frutos de coloração mais verde. O filme Cryovac D-955 conservou os frutos com 4% a mais de peso, com ângulo de cor maior, luminosidade menor e maior teor de clorofila que os frutos sem embalagem. Os teores de ácido ascórbico e de sólidos solúveis não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos em nenhum dos experimentos. Os frutos acondicionados nos filmes PEBD, no primeiro experimento, resultaram em menores teores de ácido cítrico, devido à alteração drástica da atmosfera interna. Em conclusão, o uso do filme Cryovac D-955 é eficiente na conservação da coloração verde das limas Tahiti beneficiadas com cera, fungicida e refrigeradas. Absorvedores de etileno incrementam a conservação destas limas quando combinados com filme plástico. O ácido giberélico só é efetivo na conservação da coloração verde de limas quando aplicado em frutos verde-oliva brilhante. / Although Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of \'Tahiti\' lime, actually, exports only 5% of total production. This is, in part, because of a lack of quality of these limes, characterized by loss of green skin colour after harvest. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of modified atmosphere, gibberellic acid (GA) and potassium permanganate, alone and combined with each, in the maintenance of green skin \'Tahiti\' limes, processed with wax, fungicide and cold storage. For this, three experiments were carried out. At first, the effect of modified atmosphere was evaluated with the films: LDPE (30 µm), LDPE (65 µm), Vegetable Pack (18 µm), Cryovac D-955 (15 µm) and Xtend (18 µm). In the second, the effect of two doses of GA (20 and 100 mg L-1) alone and combined with two plastic films, selected in experiment 1, was assessed. In the third, the effect of potassium permanganate alone and combined with GA and plastic film, selected in experiment 2, was evaluated. In three experiments, the physico-chemical analysis and the gas composition inside the package for 24 days at 10 ± 1ºC, 6 days at 20 ± 1ºC and 75 ± 5% relative humidity were performed. At the end of the first experiment, the films Vegetable Pack and Cryovac D-955 were selected, because it didnt promote the formation of high levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde and promoted low weight loss. There was greater retention of skin color in the fruits under the LDPE films, but these resulted in drastic modification of the atmosphere, with changes in flavor, the pulp colour and high decay incidence. In the second experiment, the dose of 20 mg L-1 GA was enough to keep the skin colour longer than the fruits without GA. Films Vegetable Pack and Cryovac D-955 resulted in fruit with greater hue angle and lower chroma than fruits without film. The film Cryovac D-955 was selected because it is shrinkable and facilitate the packing process in the packing house. In the third experiment, the potassium permanganate reduced ethylene levels inside the package. The combination of the sachet with plastic film resulted in higher levels of chlorophyll and fruits with a greener. The film Cryovac D-955 retained the fruits with 4% more weight, with greater hue angle, brightness lower and higher chlorophyll content than the fruits without packaging. The levels of ascorbic acid and soluble solids were not affected by treatments in either experiment. Fruits packed in LDPE films, in the first experiment, resulted in lower levels of citric acid, because of the drastic change of the internal atmosphere. In conclusion, the use of film Cryovac D-955 is effective in preserving the green colour of the \'Tahiti\' limes treated with wax, fungicide and storage. Ethylene absorbers enhance the preservation of limes when combined with plastic film. The gibberellic acid is effective in preserving the green colour of limes when applied to fruit with olive brilliant colour.

Poor diet precipitates significant social and economic burden, necessitating effective and economical dietary intervention strategies. Current population-level campaigns provide guidelines for living healthily and focus on the impact of lifestyle on chronic disease risk. Behavioural interventions which capitalise on individuals' existing cognitions are likely to be more effective. A programme of work is presented here which evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of an appearance-based dietary intervention approach. This project aims to improve fruit and vegetable consumption by illustrating the associated benefits to skin appearance. The impact of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin colour is assessed (Chapter 6), corroborating previous between-subjects evidence which finds that dermal yellowness (CIE b*) is positively associated with fruit and vegetable intake. This work also discovers that modest within-subject dietary change is sufficient to perceptibly alter skin colour within six weeks (Chapter 7). Perceptual preferences are examined (Chapters 5 to 9), finding that optimally healthy skin colouration is that associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption. Two behavioural intervention trials are conducted (Chapters 6 and 9) to evaluate whether visualising the impact of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin colour motivates dietary improvement. Relative to control groups, participants receiving an appearance-based intervention (in which the above effects are illustrated and explained) reported improvements in diet, particularly when illustrations were performed upon images of one's own face. It may be valuable to disseminate such an intervention at a population level, though a number of further longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the wider effectiveness of this approach.

Samtidigt som företag försöker bygga relationer till sina konsumenter sker det ibland misstag i kommunikationen som påverkar konsumenternas uppfattning om varumärket. Detta kan exempelvis ske i form av avsiktlig eller oavsiktlig diskriminering i marknadsföring. Tidigare studier har undersökt detta och kommit fram till att reklam ofta diskriminerar människor utifrån bland annat hudfärg, ras och kön. Dock finns det ett gap i litteraturen om hur sådan marknadsföring faktiskt påverkar konsumenter. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att undersöka vilken effekt diskriminerande marknadsföring har på konsumenters attityd, förtroende och lojalitet gentemot ett varumärke. För att genomföra undersökningen tillämpades en kvantitativ insamlingsmetod i form av en enkät. Totalt samlades det in 127 giltiga svar. Resultatet visar att konsumenters attityd, förtroende och lojalitet gentemot ett varumärke påverkas negativt när de exponeras fördiskriminerande reklam. Även ålder visar sig ha en effekt på hur diskriminerandemarknadsföring uppfattas där ju äldre en konsument är, desto mindre diskriminerande uppfattas reklam. Ålder har dock ingen påverkan på hur attityd, förtroende och lojalitet gentemot ett företag påverkas vid exponeringen av diskriminerande marknadsföring. Slutsatsen som dras i denna studie är att diskriminerande marknadsföring har en negativ effekt på konsumenters attityd, förtroende och lojalitet gentemot ett varumärke. Attityd visar sig påverkas mest negativt, följt av förtroende och sedan lojalitet. Denna studie är skriven på svenska. / While companies try to build a relationship with consumers, mistakes may happen in their communication which can affect the consumers’ perception of the brand. This may occur in the shape of intentional or unintentional discrimination in advertising. Prior studies have examined this and stated that people often are discriminated in advertising based on factors like race and gender. There is however a gap in literature as to how this actually affects consumers when they are exposed to discrimination in marketing. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine what impact discrimination in marketing has on consumers’ attitude, trust and loyalty towards a brand. To conduct this study, a quantitative collection method was used in form of an online questionnaire. This resulted in a total of 127 valid answers. The results showed that consumers’ attitude, trust and loyalty against a brand was negatively affected when exposed to discrimination in marketing. Even age showed to have an effect where the older a consumer is, the less discriminatory was the advertisement perceived. Age however did not have an impact on how attitude, trust and loyalty against a brand was affected when exposed to discrimination in marketing. Conclusions for this study is that discriminating marketing has a negative effect on consumers’ attitude, trust and loyalty towards a brand. Whereas attitude was shown to have the most negative effect, followed by trust and loyalty. This study is written in Swedish.

The ownership and demand for fitness trackers, smartwatches, and wrist-worn deviceshave been increasing globally. These devices offer various features such as measuringphysical activity, sleep monitoring, and health-related measurements like heart rate andheart rate variability using PhotoPlethysmoGraphy (PPG). However, research indicatesthat PPG measurements are less accurate on darker skin compared to lighter skin due to thehigher presence of melanin, a light-absorbing substance in dark skin.This thesis addresses the impact of melanin on the accuracy of heart rate measurements ondifferent skin colors using four commercial smartwatches, Apple Watch Series 5, FitbitCharge 2, Xiaomi Miband 3, and Sony mSafety. The study involves analyzing the accuracyof these smartwatches on individuals with varying skin colors while controlling forexternal factors. The collected data from the smartwatches are compared to a referencesensor that uses electrocardiography (ECG) measurements with electrodes placed aroundthe chest. Three different tests are conducted wearing the devices, with no movement,while walking, and with circular hand motions.The tests were conducted on twelve participants representing the 6 different skin typescategorized using the Fitzpatrick scale. With the presented results in this thesis, it wasconcluded that the 4 smartwatches' measurement accuracy does not seem to be dependenton specific skin types. Ranked in terms of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Apple Watchshowed the lowest value, followed by Xiaomi, Fitbit and the mSafety and that the accuracydid not depend on skin color. / Ägandet och efterfrågan av smartklockor har ökat globalt. Dessa enheter erbjuder olikafunktioner som mäter fysisk aktivitet, övervakning av sömn och hälsorelaterade mätningarsom puls och hjärtfrekvensvariabilitet med hjälp av PhotoPlethysmoGraphy (PPG).Forskning har dock visat att PPG-mätningar är mindre noggranna på mörkare hud jämförtmed ljusare hud på grund av den högre närvaron av substansen melanin, ettljusabsorberande ämne.Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka påverkan av melanin på noggrannheten i pulsmätningar på olika hudfärger med hjälp av fyra kommersiella smartklockor: Apple WatchSeries 5, Fitbit Charge 2, Xiaomi Miband 3 och mSafety av Sony. Arbetet inkluderar enanalys av dessa smartklockors noggrannhet på personer med de olika hudfärger samtidigtsom externa faktorer som kan påverka noggrannheten kontrolleras. De insamlade data frånsmartklockorna jämförs med en referenssensor, Polar band, som använderelektrokardiografimätningar (ECG) med elektroder. Tre olika tester utförs med enheterna,utan rörelse, medan man går och med cirkulära handrörelser.Testerna utfördes på tolv deltagare som representerar olika hudtyper kategoriserade enligtFitzpatrick-skalan. Utifrån de presenterade resultaten i denna avhandling drogs slutsatsenatt de fyra smartklockornas mätnoggrannhet inte verkar vara beroende av specifikahudtyper. Rankade i termer av Mean Absolute Error (MAE) visade Apple Watch det lägstavärdet, följt av Xiaomi, Fitbit och mSafety.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOAO_LUIZ_DORNELLES_BASTOS_dissertacao.pdf: 531649 bytes, checksum: 5eec5d3096708d8b6c527a46ec07883c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-18 / The aim of this study was to estimate toothache prevalence and associated factors among adult residents in a Southern Brazilian city, named Pelotas. A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out with individuals aged 20 years and over (n=3353). A multi-stage sampling scheme was adopted, and data collection was performed at participants homes through standardised pre-tested questionnaires. Toothache in the past six months was regarded as the outcome. Socio-economic and demographic data as well as health related behaviours were collected. All analyses were undertaken with a Poisson regression model, following a hierarchical conceptual model. The response rate was 93.5% and toothache prevalence was 17.7% (CI95% 16.0-19.3). Multivariable analyses revealed that toothache was more likely to be reported by those with low educational attainment and low family income. Younger subjects, women and those with black skin colour were also more likely to report toothache. Current smokers and problem drinkers were at increased risk of experiencing toothache in the past six months. The toothache prevalence reported in the present study is not negligible and should stimulate preventive policies and support the planning of local oral health services. / Nos últimos seis meses, cerca de 20% dos pelotenses adultos tiveram dor de dente. Sabe-se que a dor de dente pode causar grande impacto na qualidade de vida, atrapalhando a alimentação, o sono, o convívio familiar e social e a realização de atividades diárias. Em trabalho recente, no qual foram entrevistados 2752 adultos com mais de vinte anos residentes na cidade de Pelotas, revelou-se que quase 20% deles, ou seja, um em cada cinco, apresentou dor de dente nos últimos seis meses. A dor de dente foi mais freqüente nas mulheres, entre os mais jovens, mais pobres e com menor escolaridade. Também as pessoas mais afetadas pela dor eram de cor/raça preta, fumantes, usuários problemáticos de álcool e que consideraram sua saúde bucal como ruim ou muito ruim . A elevada freqüência de dor de dente na população estudada reforça a necessidade de ações preventivas tanto em nível coletivo como individual, cabendo citar a fluoretação das águas de abastecimento e as campanhas e os programas de educação em saúde bucal. Medidas de combate ao tabagismo e ao uso abusivo de álcool também podem ajudar a reduzir a ocorrência de dor nos grupos mais afetados.

Previous studies have shown that physical attractiveness is one of important aspects in mate choice. Facial traits perceived as attractive may be linked to potential mate quality, or more precisely to their reproductive potential, health and ability to invest in his mate and offspring. Mating with individuals with more reactive immune system could lead to higher reproductive success and thus it is possible that visual cues facilitating detection of such traits may have evolved. The main aim of the present thesis was to test a possible association between the reactivity of the immune system response to foreign antigens (stimulated by vaccination) and facial attractiveness perceived by opposite sex individuals. Further, we investigated visual changes occurring during immune system activation. We did not find any association between measures of reactivity of immune system and perceived facial attractiveness. However, participants with activated immune system were rated as significantly less attractive and were significantly paler. Overall, our results suggest that people are sensitive to visual cues to current health status but not to overall quality of the individual. Key Words Facial attractiveness, mate choice, sexual selection; heterozygosity; symmetry; immune system, antigen; disease-avoidance,...

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Horticultrure)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / The current South African ‘Hass’ type avocado cultivars are inadequate to enhance competitiveness, cultivar diversity and profitability. In an effort to ensure competitiveness and maintain sustainability, the Agricultural Research CouncilInstitute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-ITSC) as one the South African Avocado Industry’s (SAAI) main stakeholder, has bred and selected new superior ‘Hass’ type avocado selections. However, the cold storage potential and associated physico-chemical ripening properties of these selections (‘Jalna’, ‘OA 184’ and ‘Balboa’) have not been documented. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold storage on internal and external physico-chemical ripening variables of the new ‘Hass’ type avocado selections. New ‘Hass’ type avocado fruit maturity was evaluated using moisture content, thereafter, harvested, sorted, graded and stored under two temperature regimes (2.0°C and 5.5°C) for 28 days to simulate export conditions. The experiment was a completely randomised factorial design with three treatment factors; temperature regimes (2.0°C and 5.5°C), days to ripening and ‘Hass’ type avocado selections fruit and control (commercial ‘Hass’) replicated three times. After withdrawal from cold storage, fruit were ripened at ambient temperature and evaluated for electrical conductivity, external chilling injury, fruit water loss, skin colour change, ripening percentage, firmness, respiration rate and seed:fruit weight ratio. Results indicated that treatment factors had no significant effect on moisture content (P=0.733) and chilling injury (P=0.776). Treatment factors had a significant effect on electrical conductivity (P=0.004), skin colour parameters; eye colour (P<0.001), hue angle (P<0.001), lightness (P=0.011) and chroma (P=0.042). Selection ‘Jalna’ fruit started changing colour whilst in storage (2.0°C and 5.5°C). Furthermore, ‘Hass’ type avocado selection fruit followed a declining pattern for lightness, chroma and hue angle in agreement with commercial ‘Hass’. Moreover, results indicated that treatment factors had a significant effect (P<0.001) on respiration rate, fruit firmness, ripening percentage and seed:fruit weight ratio. Selection ‘Jalna’ and ‘OA 184’ desynchronised mesocarp softening with exocarp due to genetically non-softening exocarp. Treatment factors had no significant effect (P=0.998) on fruit water loss during ripening. Selection ‘OA 184’ fruit showed export potential due to its good storage, ripening physico-chemical and shelf-life properties. Studies on cold sterilisation would add more value on generated scientific information, as such would enable the SAAI to gain access to high paying export markets. In addition, the selections should be planted and evaluated in other avocado producing region

This study was carried out during the spring of 2013 in Cape Town, South Africa with a Minor Field Study (MFS) scholarship funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). South Africa is a country with a complex society due to the still recent history of Apartheid. South Africa faces great challenges with the gap between rich and poor, high unemployment and deep expertise gaps between the white minority and the historically disadvantaged coloureds and black majority. As a result the contemporary situation is extensive segregation and difficulties for the multicultural population to conduct a common cultural identity. The aim of this study was to find out how four South African issues of international fashion magazines deals with the representation of black, white and coloured people. Furthermore, to find out how South African women from socially diverse areas experience and perceive this representation. Quantitative content analysis, connotative and denotative picture analysis and the conduction of interviews was made in order to reach a result. Consequently, it turned out that the investigated magazines do not present a fair and equal representation of the South African society, hence highly over representing the white minority in each magazine. Additionally, South African women do not describe the fashion magazines as presenting an equal representation of race, neither that a reality based ideal is being conveyed.