Slogans can be attributed as a way in which to communicate a brand's message to its key consumer. An effectively established brand amongst targeted consumers can in turn generate profitability and ever further promote the brand. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of advertisements that employ vague or precise cosmetic product brand slogans among both male and female consumers. Ultimately, the end goal of marketing is to make a sale. Additionally, the purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the length of a slogan is an influential factor on the participant's motivation to purchase a cosmetic or skincare product. Data was collected through the use of survey in an online social media format, in order to test the effectiveness of different lengths of slogans for slogan recall, brand recall, brand awareness and purchase intention. Prior research and hypotheses were used to predict the concept that shorter more concise or precise slogans in this study would heighten the levels of all measured variables in the study, slogan recall, brand recall, brand awareness and purchase intention. The results of this paper conclude overall vague slogans have the potential to reach higher levels of slogan recall ability , brand recall and the intent to purchase, on the contrary shorter more precise slogans affect brand awareness at a greater level than the lengthier slogans.

Notre travail consiste à étudier les affiches publicitaires trilingues au liban et leur effet sur le public libanais qui constitue une société hétérogène regroupant des couches sociales, intellectuelles et communautaires très variées. il semble aussi intéressant d'étudier les messages très connotés des slogans crées, qui semblent ne fonctionner qu'au liban car ils reflètent la vie sociale et communautaire complexe du pays. le travail de recherche couvre une période spécifique délimitée dans le temps. on revient un an en arrière, vers l'année 2009, l'année des dernières élections législatives, dont les campagnes publicitaires sont parmi les plus mobilisées dans l'histoire du pays. cette mouvance et cette mobilisation politique et publicitaire représentées par la guerre des paroles de la publicité ont émergé durant les élections parlementaires confrontant loyalistes et opposants au régime politique.l'importance de la question se manifeste par l'influence et les effets des médias sur les individus. on va tenter de répondre aux questions suivantes. les affiches ont-elles le même effet sur les différentes tranches sociales dans le pays ? a qui s'adresse-t-on quand on décide de communiquer avec certaines langues plutôt qu'avec d'autres ? / Our thesis is based, in the first part, on the will of showing the originality behind the advertising communication and most specifically the electoral billboards by relying on a cultural analysis presented through multiculturalism and multilingualism, anchored in the Lebanese habits and know-how. This specificity has brought us to carry out a research work based on the conciliation between theory and practice in the fields of semiotics and sociolinguistics. We have based our study on the works of Charles Sanders Peirce for the analysis of the first part of the corpus taking into consideration the sign, the representamen and the interpretant in the billboards as well as the connotations and denotations that can be interpreted differently according to the visions of the world of each receptor. In the second part, we have chosen to observe and analyze the lebanese bilingualism in the world of advertising. Hence, the spot is based on the creation of a bilingual scenario accompanied with obvious and even exaggerated gestures by a Lebanese advertiser in order to show a stereotyped Lebanese across a Lebanese emigrant. The work we have undertaken is a work of language analysis beyond the only linguistic forms through a study of the speech in situation, undertaken by the gestures that accompany the speech of the comedian during all the sequences of the spot.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAEL - Miriam Bacha Miranda Barbosa.pdf: 276143 bytes, checksum: 008df24f7b3ca01af2813f1a0bc3c8aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-16 / This research aims to study the advertising slogan in its linguistic and communicative aspects in order to understand how and why it reaches the readers and remains in their memory making them easily identify the product that is being advertised. The slogan reminds us of an iceberg top, by the few words that comprise it, yet making it possible for the reader to retrieve a huge submerged universe, as it is the biggest part of that ice block. Cook (1992) says that what is not said in a discourse is what is the most important, because it reflects what people assume to be the truth and admit to be correct. This way, the role of the shared knowledge becomes particularly significant because many advertisements turn to intertextual references built from the writers /readers shared experiences. Cook (1992) says that current advertisements are less worried about listing the products objective properties than about connecting them with some other entity, effect, person, etc., in order to make it possible to fulfill the featureless product with the desired features. This relation between the fictional world characters and the addressee is based on the assumption that there is enough shared knowledge to establish a feeling of intimacy, trust and informality. Downing (2003) says that the advertising discourse, by means of linguistic choices and context features - important factors in the determination of specific relations between addresser and addressee - can create an illusory world in which made up necessities can be originated. In this way, Sperber & Wilson (1986) say that implicatures perform an important role in advertising language. They can be defined as contextual assumptions that the speaker/writer hopes the receiver fulfills. This study has analyzed slogans which, in their great majority (70% of the total), were awarded the Top of Mind 2005 because they were able to achieve a high level of recall by consumers. The methodology we used in this analysis was the Systemic Functional Linguistics, developed by Halliday (1994; 2004). The data analysis was done including the ideational and interpersonal metafunctions from Halliday (1994) and the enacted and projected roles from Thompson & Thetela (1995). / Esta pesquisa propõe-se a estudar o slogan publicitário nos seus aspectos lingüísticos e comunicacionais para entender como e por que ele atinge o leitor e fica gravado em sua memória, fazendo-o identificar rapidamente o produto que anuncia. O slogan lembra a ponta de um iceberg, pelas poucas palavras de que é constituído, mas que possibilita ao leitor a recuperação de um vasto universo, submerso, como o é a maior parte daquele bloco de gelo. Cook (1992) diz que o não dito no discurso é o que mais importa, porque reflete o que as pessoas tomam por verdadeiro e admitem ser o certo. Neste sentido, o papel do conhecimento compartilhado torna-se particularmente significativo, já que muitas propagandas recorrem a referências intertextuais que constroem a partir das experiências compartilhadas dos interlocutores. Para Cook (1992), as propagandas atualmente estão menos preocupadas com a listagem de propriedades objetivas dos produtos do que com a sua ligação com entidades, efeitos, pessoas, etc., que possibilitem preencher o produto sem-características com as qualidades desejadas. Essa relação entre as personagens do mundo ficcional e o destinatário é baseada na pressuposição de que existe uma quantidade suficiente de conhecimento compartilhado para determinar um sentimento de imediatismo, confiança, informalidade e intimidade. Downing (2003) afirma que o discurso publicitário, através de escolhas lingüísticas e características de contexto, fatores considerados importantíssimos na determinação de relações específicas entre emissor e receptor, consegue criar um mundo ilusório em que necessidades fictícias podem ser originadas. Nesse sentido, para Sperber & Wilson (1986), as implicaturas desempenham um papel importante na linguagem da propaganda. Elas podem ser definidas como pressuposições contextuais que o falante desejoso de uma grande relevância espera que o ouvinte preencha. Neste trabalho foram analisados slogans que, na sua maioria (70% do total), receberam o prêmio Top of Mind de 2005, por terem alcançado um alto grau de memorização pelos consumidores. A metodologia utilizada para esta análise foi a lingüística sistêmico-funcional, desenvolvida por Halliday (1994; 2004). A análise dos dados foi feita incluindo as metafunções ideacional e interpessoal de Halliday (1994) e os papéis desempenhados e atribuídos de Thompson & Thetela (1995).

La présente thèse est dédiée à l'étude du slogan publicitaire russe moderne, son fonctionnement en tant que formule laconique et frappante dans le cadre de l'analyse du discours. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps à l'histoire du slogan russe, à son évolution à travers des faits linguistiques qui étaient différents suivant telle ou telle époque de l'histoire russe. Comme le but du slogan publicitaire est d'agir sur le consommateur potentiel, une grande partie de notre travail est consacrée à l'étude de l'aspect rhétorique : la classification et les champs d'application des différentes figures du discours, y compris des figures innovantes pour les slogans russes, telles que les constructions segmentées, les jeux de mots et leurs différents types, les phrases nominales, etc. Dans la dernière partie de notre thèse, nous nous focalisons sur l'aspect pragmatique et montrons le slogan dans une perspective interculturelle, en construisant une pragmatique du traduire. Nous regroupons différents procédés de transformation pragmatique nécessaires pour l'obtention d'un slogan adapté à la langue et à la culture cibles et définissons la transcréation comme processus et résultat du travail du traducteur de slogans, afin d'éviter les phénomènes d'inadéquation lexicale, sémantique, syntaxique ou culturelle. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of modern advertising slogans in Russia, and its function as a laconic and striking formula in the field of discourse analysis. We focus initially on the history of Russian advertising slogan, including its evolution discussed through a comparative study of linguistic facts associated with a given period of Russian history. Since the end goal of an advertising slogan is to influence a potential consumer's buying decision, a crucial part of our study is dedicated to the analysis of the rhetoric aspect of advertizing slogans: classification and analysis of application scope of various figures of speech, including forms of slogans that are innovative for Russian advertising, for example, segmented structures, word play and its varieties, nominative phrases, etc. In the last part of our thesis we focus on pragmatic aspect and show the slogan in the frame of cross-cultural communication, by building up the concept of translation pragmatics. We gather and provide a list of different pragmatic transformation devices that are aimed to adapt the source slogan to the cultural perception of the target audience. We define transcreation as a process and a result of a translator's work and insight that permits to avoid the inadequacy phenomena on lexical, semantic, syntactic, and cultural levels.

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the association between two market environment factors (industry and nature of market) during the usage of the slogan as part of the corporate visual identity (CVI) of a multinational firm in the domestic market and adjustments of the slogan when firms enter a foreign market. Moreover, this thesis tries to broaden the knowledge about the slogan as an extrinsic brand of origin (BO) cue (in terms of the language). Methodology & Approach: Applying a deductive approach, a mixed method research has been chosen as research strategy, combining methods of both quantitative (content analysis via websites, N=329) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews, N=3) research strategies. Findings: Less than half of the observed sample (42.6%) uses a slogan as a tool for marketing and branding. The industry is significantly associated with the decision whether a company should use a slogan in their CVI. Furthermore, the factors industry and the market (B2B or B2C) are significantly associated with the decision of a slogan adjustment when firms internationalize. Besides that, the concept of country of origin (COO) does not play a significant role in the context of a slogan strategy as many firms mainly adjust the slogan to the foreign language when entering the foreign market. Qualitative interviews revealed that the COO concept depends on the country image and the industry. Moreover, a great share of English slogans in the primal state was found during the content analysis, which have been identified as more unlikely to be adjusted in foreign markets. Research limitations: The amount of the investigated companies as well as taking only one foreign market for each of the companies into consideration limited the sample. Moreover this observation was taken at a present point in time, neglecting possible causes and developments over time. Managerial implications: The findings demonstrated that it is crucial for managers in the context of the slogan to consider the market environments (i.e. industry, nature of market) when they enter a foreign market and when they create one in the domestic market. English slogans might be able to be transferred unchanged to the foreign market. In essence, some industries could trigger benefits by showing their origins in the slogan via their native language. Originality/value: As one of the first papers, the concept of CVI and COO has been combined, focusing on the slogan as an extrinsic cue for customers. Analyzing global companies (N=329) and conducting 3 in-depth interviews as a follow-up, several factors as associations to the usage of slogans and possible adjustments when entering a foreign market have been investigated.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-23T19:41:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariliaCamposSabino_DISSERT.pdf: 1971634 bytes, checksum: c9c4612c83564d8b1ff9421467ea804f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-27T18:43:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariliaCamposSabino_DISSERT.pdf: 1971634 bytes, checksum: c9c4612c83564d8b1ff9421467ea804f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T18:43:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariliaCamposSabino_DISSERT.pdf: 1971634 bytes, checksum: c9c4612c83564d8b1ff9421467ea804f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho, analisamos slogans empresariais coletados na cidade de Natal, no Rio Grande do Norte, compreendendo-os como um padr?o discursivo, isto ?, como um pareamento de forma e fun??o capaz de aglutinar as no??es de tipo textual e g?nero textual. Os trabalhos encontrados at? o momento indicam que a An?lise do Discurso ? a ?rea que mais tem se pronunciado a respeito dos slogans (slogans de produtos, e n?o de empresas, vale salientar), considerando-os, por meio de an?lises apenas formais ou funcionais, como um g?nero textual intr?nseco ? ideologia e ? subjetividade. Pretendemos extrapolar o ?mbito da an?lise de um ou outro n?vel, abordando tais textos, simultaneamente, em seus aspectos formais e funcionais. Desenvolvemos, dessa maneira, uma an?lise quali-quantitativa, objetivando, especificamente, analisar as propriedades formais (fon?ticas, morfol?gicas e sint?ticas) e funcionais (sem?nticas, pragm?ticas e discursivas) dos slogans, bem como verificar e quantificar aspectos recorrentes envolvidos em sua constru??o, com vistas a captar padr?es configuracionais subjacentes ? sua forma??o. Tomamos como base a Lingu?stica Funcional Centrada no Uso, que conjuga a tradi??o funcionalista norte-americana, representada por pesquisadores como Bybee (2010) e Traugott (2010), com a Lingu?stica Cognitiva, em especial, a corrente vinculada ? Gram?tica de Constru??es, conforme postula ?stman (2005), dentre outros. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, ratificamos a relev?ncia da interface entre os aspectos formais e funcionais na an?lise dos usos lingu?sticos. / In this paper, we analyze corporate slogans, understanding them as a discursive construction that is, as a pairing of form and function able to unite the notions of textual type and discursive genre. In this way, we developed a qualitative and quantitative analysis, aimed specifically to analyze the formal properties (phonetic, morphological and syntactic) and functional (semantic, pragmatic and discursive) of slogans. Furthermore, we attempted at verifying and quantifying recurring aspects involved in their construction, in order to capture configurational patterns underlying their formation. The data come from slogans collected in products and / or service stores in the metropolitan area of Natal city, Rio Grande do Norte. This research is based on the Cognitive-Functional Linguistics, that conjugates the North American functionalist tradition, represented by researchers as Talmy Giv?n, Paul Hopper, Joan Bybee, Elizabeth Closs-Traugott, with Cognitive Linguistics, in particular, the chain linked to Construction Grammar, as postulated by Adele Goldberg, William Croft e Jan-Olla ?stman, among others. The results ratified the importance of the interface between the formal and functional aspects in the analysis of linguistic uses. These results point to the idea of the slogan as the pairing of form and function on textual / discursive level, in other words, as a discursive construction, constituting as cognitive storage of a scheme / model of textual formation with a specific discursive-pragmatic function.

In my diploma thesis I deal with symbolism of the representation of lion in current marketing. My thesis follows the conviction that animals have been playing the important role since the beginning of human history. On the grounds of this persuasion I suppose that the animal symbolism is very easy to decode for people because of their previous experience. In the first instance I define the relationship between semiotics and marketing in my thesis. After mentioning several types of prior texts I maintain the position that the image of lion and its symbolism are identically perceived on the basis of and according with the symbolism of lion in those prior texts in current marketing as well. During the studying of the "lion" symbolism I use the terminology of some important authors and theoreticians of semiotics - particularly Roland Barthes's levels of denotation and connotation and distinction of a sign to icon, index and symbol according to Charles Sanders Peirce's theory. I also employ the theory of visual rhetorical figures. I end my thesis with a simple questionnaire which is supposed to complete and confirm my assumptions of the comprehension of the image of lion in marketing - hence the lion usually appears as a patriotic symbol, secondly as a protector, thirdly as a strong and fighting animal.

Der Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit ist die Einführung in das Forschungsfeld der Thematik Onomastik. Dabei liegt ein besonderes Interesse auf einer namen- und forschungsspezifischen Systematik im Bereich der Namenforschung, dargestellt anhand ausgesuchter theoretischer Grundlagen verschie-dener Onomastikforscher aus der Perspektive der onomastischen Theorie und Methodologie. Des Weiteren werden präzise die für das Forschungsfeld NAME relevanten Begriffe wie Onym, Ökonym, Ergonym, Chrematonym usw. definiert, analysiert und in ihrem Gebrauch mit zahlrei-chen wissenschaftlichen Schriften verglichen. Demzufolge wird die Klärung der Begriffe Waren-, Produkt- und Markenname aus dem Bereich der russischen Alkohol- und Süßwarenindustrie aus rechtlicher, ökonomischer und sprachwissen-schaftlicher Sicht dargestellt und an ausgewählten Beispielen erläutert. Ihre Gestaltungsstrategien werden unter anderem unter der Berücksichtigung des Spannungsfeldes zwischen Globalisierung und Kulturspezifik Russlands näher betrachtet. Es gibt wohl kein anderes Produkt (außer vielleicht Süßwaren), das so ausgeprägt (mit mehr als 250 Marken und 1000 Namen) sowohl national als auch international repräsentiert wird wie russi-scher Vodka. Hier werden im Rahmen der betriebswirtschaftlichen Einordnung neue Tendenzen und Perspektiven des Branding und Naming herausgearbeitet. Darüber hinaus werden sowohl se-mantisch-strukturelle und morphologische Klassifikationen als auch eine detaillierte sprachliche Analyse, Benennungsmethoden in Hinsicht auf Produktnamenbildung und Entwicklungstendenzen auf dem russischen Spirituosenmarkt verdeutlicht. Ein weiterer Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Slogans. Einerseits werden die neuzeitlichen Rahmenbedingungen bei der Werbung beschrieben; andererseits werden die Besonderheiten und Trends der Werbung bzw. Slogans von Produkten erläutert, wie z.B. zu welchen Mitteln die Wer-bemacher heutzutage greifen, um das Produkt möglichst schnell erfolgreich zu vermarkten, auf dem Lebensmittelmarkt durchzusetzen und letztendlich die Kundschaft zum Kauf zu motivieren, ohne die bestehenden gesetzlichen Verordnungen zu verletzen. Auf Basis der vorliegenden Analy-se wird die Slogansprache als eine spezielle Sprache betrachtet, die als Symbiose zwischen größt-möglicher Expressivität und „sprachlicher Sparsamkeit“ fungiert, wobei jede Aussage direkt oder indirekt mit Emotionen und Suggestionen verbunden ist. In einigen Teilen der Arbeit werden auch Beispiele aus dem ukrainischen Korpus als Vergleich herangezogen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einführung 5 1.1 Gegenstand, Struktur und Ziele der Studie 5 1.2 Das Korpus 7 1.3 Der Aufbau der Arbeit 8 2 Onomastik: Rolle und Bedeutung in der Kommunikation 9 3 Name: Definitionen und Funktionen 22 3.1 Definition des Begriffes “Name” 22 3.2 Theoretische Überlegungen zum Namensbegriff 27 3.2.1 Appellativa vs. Eigennamen 32 3.2.2 Name als soziale Tatsache 36 3.2.3 Namen und ihre Funktionen in den sprachlichen Mitteilungen 38 4 Namenkategorische Begriffe 41 4.1 Stellung der Chrematonyme und Ergonyme in der Onomastik 41 4.1.1 Eigenschaften und Funktionen der Chrematonamen 43 4.2 Warennamen 48 4.2.1 Typologie von Warennamen 51 4.2.2 Sind Warennamen Eigennamen? 54 4.2.3 Warennamensystematik (Kommerzielle Nomenklaturen) 54 4.2.4 Bildung der Warennamen 58 4.2.4.1 Bildungstypen der Warennamen nach G. Grundke 61 4.2.4.2 Bildungstypen der Warenamen nach A. Lötscher 62 4.2.4.3 Bildungstypen der Warennamen nach Ch.Platen 63 4.2.4.4 Bildungstypen der Warennamen nach G.Koß 64 4.3 Definitionen und Funktionen des Produktnamens 66 4.3.1 Platz der Produktnamen im Sprachsystem 70 4.3.2 Charakteristik der Produktnamen 72 4.4 Motivation und Assoziation von Warennamen (Benennungsmotive) 74 4.4.1 Die linguistischen Ansätze der Benennungsmotive 78 4.4.2 Einige Beispiele der Benennungsmotive bei russischen Schokoladennamen 85 5 Charakteristik der Vodka- und Schokoladenamen als Warennamen 91 5.1 Charakteristik der Kosmetiknamen als Produktnamen 94 5.2 Produktnamen in der Süßwaren-, Kosmetik- und Spirituosenindustrie in Russland vor und nach 1985 96 5.2.1 Die Schokoladenamen 98 5.2.2 Die Vodkanamen 102 5.2.3 Die Kosmetiknamen 112 5.3 „Snickerisierung: Konsum zwischen Verwestlichung und Nationalisierung“ 115 6 Detaillierte linguistische Analyse russischer Vodkanamen 117 6.1 Ein kurzer Überblick über die morphologische Struktur des Markennamens 117 6.2 Zu Produktnamen (am Beispiel von Vodkanamen) 122 6.3 Vodka und seine Attribute 125 7 Produkt- und Markenpolitik 132 7.1 Markenpolitik 132 7.2 Markennamen, Markenarten und ihre Funktionen 133 7.2.1 Marke in Russland 136 7.2.2 Die Besonderheiten des russischen Konsumgütermarktes 140 7.2.3 Konsumtrend in Russland: Westlich ist gut, russisch ist besser 144 7.3 Die „Suche“ nach dem richtigen Produktnamen 151 7.4 Produktnamen und Gesetz oder die rechtliche Seite eines Markennamens 155 7.5 Warennamen als Geschäftsmittel (oder -einheit) 160 7.6 Kreativität bei der Namensgebung der heutigen Zeit (am Beispiel der Tätigkeit mancher russischen Agenturen) 167 8 Werbung 172 8.1 Aufbau der Werbung 177 8.1.1 Einige relevante Werbeziele 179 8.1.2 Sprach- und Wortzeichen in der Werbung 183 8.2 Etappen der russischen Werbung im Kurzüberblick 190 8.2.1 Das Werbegesetz 193 8.2.2 Das Sprachgesetz in der Werbung in Russland 196 8.3 Definition und Funktion der Werbeslogans 202 8.3.1 Werbeslogans und ihre Formen 206 8.4 Lexikalische Aspekte der Bildung von Slogans 209 8.4.1 Stilisierte Phraseologie 218 8.5 Das Bekanntmachen und Einprägen des Warennamens im Slogan 223 8.6 Das Einprägen des Slogans im Ganzen 228 8.6.1 Stilistisch-syntaktische Merkmale der Slogans 228 8.6.2 Semantische Figuren und Stilmittel 245 8.7 Das Wortbildungssystem bei Produktnamen in ihrer Funktion als Werbenamen 247 9 Resümee 260 10 Literaturverzeichnis 264 10.1 Internetressourcen 276 11 Tabellenverzeichnis 278 12 Abbildungsverzeichnis 278

This study delves into Ukrainian wartime songs of resistance that were inspired by the ‘Russian warship’ slogan. Langer (1953) believes that songs can express emotions that language alone fails to convey. Dynamic interaction of music and lyrics slows down, arrests, and intensifies images and moods. Through a rhetorical analysis grounded in Sellnow and Sellnow’s (2010) model, this paper explores epideictic purpose of the selected songs by studying linguistic and aesthetic symbols, with the focus on a semiotic analysis of intertextuality.  The findings reveal the diverse perspectives on resistance in three distinctive songs. Botashe’s composition inspires people to resist by making fun of and demeaning the enemy. Sage’s composition draws a comparison between Russians and Ukrainians, underscoring the quiet dignity of the latter. Finally, Burla’s composition makes an emotional appeal, focusing on pain of betrayal, sadness of loss, and readiness to bury the brother turned enemy. Given the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, the exploration of music’s role in this context remains underexplored. This study contributes to our understanding of the emotive power of music in disseminating messages of resistance and opens doors for future research on music activism in times of conflict.

Éternel objet de polémique, la publicité française, comme miroir social, consolide aussi notre lien social. L'examen de son élément langagier, le slogan, peut apporter beaucoup à la sociologie. Dans la perspective d'une socialité langagière et sous la forme du jeu de langage, sa dynamique linguistique se révèle comme une nouvelle manifestation semi-consciente d'un désir de transgresser les règles et d'être ensemble. Son style et son climat reflètent finalement baroquisme et hédonisme comme air du temps. Il semble urgent que la sociologie ne dédaigne plus la publicité : peu de phénomènes sociaux sont aussi révélateurs pour dire l'esprit du temps.