National movement and local demands indicated the necessity of training programs for child care workers (herein referred to as CCW's) in Oregon. In 1966, the "First National Survey of Children's Residential Institution" was done by Pappenforst & Kilpatrick. This survey showed that the primary concern of directors of children's institution was the quality of CCW's. A national conference was held in Cleveland in 1967 to study the characteristics essential to excellent performance and make recommendations for training programs of CCW's in residential treatment for children.There have been numerous expressions of the demands for training programs in Oregon by directors of agenciesas well as the Oregon Association of Child Care Workers. (herein referred to as OACCW). The objective of this research was to study residential child care in Oregon as a service delivery system, and to study the manpower element of the system in relation to the development of a feasible training program for CCW's serving now or in the future in various private or public residential child care agencies in Oregon.

The alumni survey conducted at Portland State University School of Social Work by second year students had two purposes. One purpose was to fulfill the research practicum requirements of a Masters of Social Work degree by providing experience in the area of applied survey research. The other was to provide a data base for future alumni research at the school.

Job status and salary inequities between men and women have only recently been documented (Kravetz 1976). The federal government, over the past few decades, through various acts and executive orders, has created legislation to prohibit discrimination based on race, sex, color, religion or national origin in all employment practices. The question is to what extent this legislation has permeated social service agencies and affected their employment patterns, particularly with respect to administrative positions. In 1976, the Women's Issues Committee of the Oregon Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), addressed this question by initiating a study of social work employment in Oregon. The first part of the study examined the salaries and positions of NASW members in this state. The second part of the study was designed to study more specifically the employment patterns of women MSWs in Oregon's social service agencies. Under the auspices of the Women's Issues Committee, the second part of the study was designed and conducted by eight graduate students at the School of Social Work at Portland State University. One objective of the study was to find out the proportion of men and women filling the management positions in local social service agencies. But the primary purpose of the study was to examine the management-executive employment patterns in agencies before and after affirmative action programs were instituted. An attempt was then made to determine the effects, if any, of such programs. It was hoped that the results would clarify how agencies implement their affirmative action programs, the effects of implementation, and the barriers to the employment of women in management positions.

Child and youth care workers (CYCWs) provide intervention and support to children and youth in child and youth care centres (CYCCs) The purpose of this study was to investigate CYCWs’ knowledge and perceptions of attachment difficulties of children residing in CYCCs and to provide suggestions for social work support. The study adopted the Attachment Theory and Circle of Courage Theory. Drawing on qualitative methodology, 16 participants employed in CYCCs in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan region, South Africa were purposively selected for in-depth, qualitative interviews. The eight-step data analysis method by Tesch (in Creswell, 2014:198) was used. To ensure trustworthiness of the findings, the researcher mainly used Guba’s model cited in Krefting (1990:214–222).The researcher adhered to prescribed ethical considerations. The study recommended that child and youth care as a profession should be recognised and supported to ensure quality services to children with attachment difficulties living in CYCCs. / Social Work

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Barns trauma är allt annat än enkelt- sekundär traumatisering hos socialarbetare Child trauma is anything but simple- social workers affected by secondary traumatization The purpose of this study is to examine how social workers who work with abused children are affected by secondary trauma, what consequences can be caused bysecondary trauma, and how to prevent social workers from developing secondary trauma. The theoretical framework includes Lazarus & Folkman's (1984) coping theory and the Demand-control-support theory (Karasek & Theorell, 1990). This study is a structured literature review but with method features from systematic literature studies. To explore the questions, the process of finding and screening articles included three databases and a manual search. This process started with 91 articles and was deducted to the final 10 articles that met the criteria and were analyzed through a narrative synthesis. The results showed that the following themes: workload and work experience, work environment and organizational factors, and the conflict between work and family life are affecting the risk for social workers to develop secondary trauma. Consequences that were identified included physical, psychological, and other types of consequences. Preventative actions included self-care, coping strategies, and protective factors. These results were discussed in reference to previous research and theoretical framework. To conclude, social workers who work with abused children are at risk of being affected by secondary trauma. The consequences and preventive actions differ depending on the context and person. Thus, finding a blueprint for avoiding and minimizing the risk of developing secondary traumatization does not exist, instead, it is a process where strategies are continually evolving.  Keywords: Secondary trauma, social workers, abused children, work environment. Nyckelbegrepp: Sekundär traumatisering, socialarbetare, våldsutsatta barn, arbetsmiljö. Stacey Carlsten Wordcount: 15845

Domestic violence occurs in our society on a daily basis. This entails that children are both exposed to and witness violence in their home. Domestic violence is considered one of the most serious risks to children's health and development. It is therefore important to protect children against this violence. The purpose of this study has therefore been to gain an increased understanding of how social workers' view investigations concerning children who have experienced domestic violence. The aim of this study has also been to investigate social workers' perceived experiences of the opportunities and limitations they have to protect these children. In this study, a qualitative method of semi-structured interviews has been used to interview five social workers'. To analyze the results of the study, previous research, the ecology of human development theory by Bronfenbrenner, and Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats were used. The study found that social workers' have clear procedures that they follow in cases of violence, and that these can provide security for both the social workers' and the families. The social workers also describe that it is important to map risk factors in children's lives, as well as to be aware of their own prejudices when meeting with the families. The social workers' also describe that they can draw attention to various consequences in both the short and long term, which children develop due to the violence. In order to prevent these consequences, it is therefore important that social services become aware of children who experience domestic violence as early as possible. The study also found that the social workers' in their work can identify and promote individual protective factors for these children. The social workers' also present opportunities and limitations that affect their discretion while working with children who have experienced domestic violence. Limitations that are highlighted are insufficient interventions, parents who do not admit violence, parents who do not want to receive interventions and expectations. Opportunities presented are the social workers' motivational work and experiences.

Work-related stress has become common in recent years. Many academic studies point out that social workers in the social services experience a lack of time and limited resources in the workplaces in which these social workers are employed. This leads to work-related stress among a large section of the social workers. The purpose of this study is to shed light on social workers´ experiences of work-related stress and how this stress can affect the social workers´ work, private life and health. To answer the study's questions, we have adopted a qualitative methodology and interviewing as a data collection method. In this regard, we have interviewed six social workers who work in the social services within two different municipalities in Sweden. In addition, we have used an analysis method called content analysis. The conclusion is that work- related stress can affect social workers' work in social services, private life and physical and mental health in a negative way. In addition, the empirical study partly confirms the theory and the previous research used in this paper, but we have also found deviating answers that differ from the previous research. Our study has shown that two interviewed social workers did not have experience that work-related stress had a negative effect on their practical work. A few have also said that their health and private life were not negatively affected by the work-related stress, which indicates a need for further research regarding the subject of work-related stress in the Swedish social services, to inquire into why some social workers experience work- related stress and why some do not.

Thesis (M.A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The need for school social work was first recognised in the 1940s in South Africa. And in recent years, researchers have shown interest in understanding social workers in school settings. In pursuit of adding to knowledge, the researcher undertook a study to look at the perceptions of school principals and circuit managers on the need for school social workers in Mankweng, Limpopo province. The ecological theory by Bronfenbrenner laid the foundation for this research. The study was driven by a qualitative methodology and a descriptive design; where ten (10)participants were selected purposefully and interviewed in Mankweng, Polokwane. The interviews were semi-structured and used an interview guide. The thematic content analysis method was considered to make sense of the data gathered through interviews and observations. The study post analysis found that in schools, learners encounter hurdles, social workers play diverse roles, and those social workers are a prerequisite in school settings. In the light of these findings, the researcher came to recommendations that: government should employ and place social workers in all public schools, and that the South African Council for Social Service Profession should promote more specialisation of school social workers to defeat social problems in our schools.

Socio-culturally diverse students with disabilities are underrepresented in gifted and talented programs. This study investigated the differences in educators' referral and placement decisions based on a students' disability label, socio-economic status (SES), and ethnicity. Two hundred and eighty five educators' (classroom teachers, school counselors, school psychologists, and school social workers) across a Florida school district participated in the study. Educators' were randomly assigned to treatment and control case vignettes that described a student with emotional/behavioral disabled (EBD) and gifted characteristics. Treatment case vignettes explicitly stated the students' disability label, socio-economic status, and ethnicity. Control case vignettes described of the student examined and did not mention the disability label, ethnicity, or socio-economic status of the student. After reading the case vignette, participants responded to a two-item questionnaire that explained their referral and placement decisions of the student described in the vignette. Participants responses to the two item questionnaire were indicated by selecting one of six choices: strongly agree, slightly agree, agree, disagree, slightly disagree, and strongly disagree. Reponses were the dependent variables being measured. A three-way factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to measure the differences in educators' referral and placement decisions based on a student's disability label, socio-economic status, and ethnicity. Results indicate educators' awareness of a students' disability label, socio-economic status, and ethnicity influence referral decisions. Implications are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.