Bakgrund: Fysisk aktivitet har visat sig ha en positiv effekt för både den psykiska och fysiska hälsan. Den kan minska psykiska problem som oro, stress och depression, samt fysiska åkommor som blodtryck, stroke och diabetes. Fysisk aktivitet är numera en allt mer vedertagen metod för att behandla fysiska och psykiska besvär. Individer med ADHD har vanligen problem med hyperaktivitet, impulsivitet, uppmärksamhet, sociala beteenden och kognitiva förmågor.Syfte: Att undersöka den vetenskapliga litteraturen för att få belägg för vilka effekter fysisk aktivitet kan ha för symptom hos individer med ADHD.Metod: I denna systematiska litteraturstudie återfanns via sökningar i databaserna PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct och PsycINFO artiklar som sedan granskades utifrån en bedömningsmall.Resultat: Fysisk aktivitet upplevdes ha en positiv effekt för hyperaktivitet och uppmärksamhetsproblem samt visade sig minska risken för sociala beteendeproblem hos individer diagnostiserade med ADHD. Vidare påvisades att oavsett regelbundenhet eller omfattning av fysisk aktivitet en positiv effekt för kognitiva förmågor hos individer diagnostiserade med ADHD.Konklusion: Den vetenskapliga litteraturen visar att fysisk aktivitet troligen har en positiv effekt för ett flertal symptom hos individer med ADHD. Dock krävs ytterligare forskning i ämnet. / Background: Physical activity has been shown to have a positive impact for both mental and physical health. It may reduce psychological problems such as anxiety, stress and depression, and physical issues like high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes. Physical activity is now an increasingly accepted method to treat physical and mental disorders. Individuals with ADHD usually have problems with hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention, social behavior and cognitive abilities.Aim: To investigate the scientific literature for evidence about the effect of physical activity on symptoms in individuals with ADHD.Method: In this systematic literature review articles where found through the databases PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct and PsycINFO witch was later surveyed based on an assessment template.Results: Physical activity was perceived to have a positive effect for hyperactivity and attention problems and appeared to reduce the risk of social behavior problems in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. Furthermore, it was shown that regardless of frequency or extent of physical activity a positive effect was shown on cognitive abilities in individuals diagnosed with ADHD.Conclusion: The scientific literature shows that physical activity is likely to have a positive effect for a variety of symptoms in individuals with ADHD. However, further research on the subject is required.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This essay has examined how the administrative courts evaluate boys and girls in relation to the Swedish Care of Young Persons (Special Provisions) Act (1990:52). This was examined using a qualitative social constructionist comparative design and analyzed using Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, gender theory and Foucault’s theory of power. The findings have demonstrated that gender-based disparities exist in court rulings. Girls are frequently viewed as victims, and their behavior is often associated with their sexuality, with the latter being used as a justification for risk assessment. By contrast, the presumptions that connect boys’ actions to their mindset and compulsion for destructiveness are used to evaluate them. In comparison to girls, boys exhibit a higher degree of normalization and acceptance of anti-social behavior. The study's findings demonstrate that there are indications that the courts do not treat boys and girls equally, and as a result, not everyone is treated equally. The study encourages further studies on the subject to demonstrate and amend current gender-biased legal systems. / Uppsatsen har undersökt hur Förvaltningsdomstolar bedömer pojkar och flickor som är aktuella för 3 § Lagen om vård av unga (1990:52), LVU. Detta har gjorts med en kvalitativ jämförande design och analyserats med Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys, Foucaults maktteori och genusteori med en utgångspunkt från socialkonstruktionismen. Resultatet visar att genusskillnader finns i förvaltningsrättens domskäl. Flickor tenderar att betraktas som offer och deras beteende kopplas ihop med deras sexualitet där sexualiteten används som ett argument vid fastställandet av risk för den unge. Pojkarna bedöms i stället utifrån andra premisser där deras beteenden kopplas ihop med deras inställning och deras motståndskraft mot destruktivitet. Normbrytande beteenden normaliseras och accepteras i högre grad hos pojkarna än hos flickorna. Studiens resultat visar att det finns indikationer på att domstolarna inte behandlar flickor och pojkar på samma sätt och därmed bedöms olika. Undersökningen uppmanar till fortsatta studier om ämnet för att påvisa och förändra nuvarande genusbundna rättssystem.

Self-concept is the individual's subjective view of themselves. It impacts interaction with others and, in turn, further the development of the self. Cultural aspects, gender differences, and psychiatric and substance use disorders further impact the subjective view of the self. Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) is a model rooted in interpersonal theory and the interpersonal circle that divides the self-concept into eight behavioral clusters over love-hate and autonomy-control. The individual's measured self-beliefs can be used in motivational work and treatment. The forensic psychiatric population is complex, with high levels of comorbidity, but little is known about how they view themselves. This study aims to capture their self-concept and examine if different psychiatric diagnostic groups have distinct self-concept profiles. One hundred and six patients who had previously completed the SASB introject questionnaire were included. Demographic data and other variables were also coded from their electronic journal. The participant's descriptives showed differences from the normative group and slight differences between the psychiatric groups. Inferential statistical analysis showed a significant difference regarding the negative clusters between the Neurodevelopmental and Psychosis groups and a trend of differing scores between the Neurodevelopmental and Personality Disorders groups. Study limitations make it hard to point to distinct self-concept profiles, but SASB-results indicate that the patients generally feel positive about themselves. Further research is needed to increase the findings' generalizability and better capture self-concept in comorbid inpatients. / FOR-SATA

The Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is a gregarious carnivore known for its strictly structured hierarchical rank relationships. At the zoo of Borås a clan, consisting out of two Spotted hyenas, are participating in an ex-situ program. In order to successfully enact conservational work, within zoos, sustainable management of zoo populations is of importance, and the behavioral aspect is vital in enabling welfare. In this study, I observed social interactions and activity in the Spotted hyenas at the zoo of Borås, for ten continuous days. The study aimed to investigate the dominance relationship and daily activity of the individuals. Furthermore, if this correlates with concentrations of testosterone. I performed two different observational studies, one focusing on social and agonistic behaviors, and the other on general behaviors. A third method, blood sampling, was intended to be performed but due to non-optimal conditions it was not executed. The results implied that the two individuals were highly nocturnal, with activity peaks to be observed during the first half of the night and at dawn. The individuals spent the majority of the time, 60.6%, resting which signifies that they are active during shorter periods. They were highly social with each other, but force measurements and aggressive displays did occur, mainly during the night. Sansa was the one taking initiative in conflicts, which suggests attempts in dominating Arya. Further, this indicates that the activity and dynamic of the individuals resembles that of a wild population, along with corresponding with previously performed studies and behavioral descriptions.

Das Ziel der Untersuchungen bestand darin, die Auswirkungen verschiedener Kälberaufzuchtverfahren, die sich hinsichtlich des Faktors 'Anwesenheit der Mutter' unterschieden, auf die Entwicklung des Sozialverhaltens in der Ontogenese zu bestimmen. Mit den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen sollen die tierseitigen Anforderungen der Kälber an die Haltungssysteme in Hinblick auf die soziale Umwelt deutlicher formuliert werden. Von Mai 1994 bis zum Oktober 1996 wurden zwei Rindergruppen der Rassenkreuzung Schwarzbuntes Milchrind (SMR) x Salers von der Geburt an bis zur Phase der eigenen Reproduktion beobachtet. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen war die ethologische Analyse verschiedener Verhaltensweisen, vor allem des Sozialverhaltens. Die Saugkälber hatten in den ersten acht Lebensmonaten vorwiegend Sozialkontakte mit ihren Müttern, weniger mit den gleichaltrigen Gruppenmitgliedern. Spielerische Kontakte zwischen den Kälbern bezogen sich meist auf Bewegungsspiele und spielerisches Hornen. Rangauseinandersetzungen fanden erst nach dem Absetzen statt. Die Tränkkälber hatten insgesamt weniger Kontakte untereinander, beleckten sich allerdings häufiger. Rangauseinandersetzungen fanden bereits ab dem dritten Lebensmonat statt und führten zur Bildung einer vorläufigen Rangfolge, die von den ältesten und schwersten Tieren dominiert wurde. Gegenseitiges Besaugen wurde oft beobachtet. Es trat sehr häufig während der Haltung am Tränkautomaten auf und konnte bis zum 22. Lebensmonat beobachtet werden. Die Anzahl der Sozialkontakte zu gleichaltrigen Tieren war in der Jungrind- Phase in beiden Gruppen weitgehend gleich. In der Jungkuh- Phase hatten die Jungkühe (S) untereinander signifikant mehr soziale Kontakte, knüpften zu ihren Nachkommen mehr Kontakte und verbrachten auch signifikant mehr Zeit gemeinsam mit ihnen als die Jungkühe (T). Verhaltensrhythmisch traten über den Lichttag hinweg während des gesamten Untersuchungszeitraumes Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen auf. Zwar glichen sich beide Gruppen in ihrem Tagesrhythmus mit zunehmendem Alter an, aber nicht vollständig. Unterschiede gab es auch bei den Tagessummen für das Fressen, Liegen und Stehen. Schlußfolgernd zeigt sich, daß eine Aufzucht in altersstrukturierten Gruppen wichtige kalb- und kuhseitige Sozialbedürfnisse erfüllt und die sozialen Potenzen adulter Gruppenmitglieder in die Aufzucht einbezieht. Den Jungtieren werden somit Lernprozesse ermöglicht, die von langfristiger Bedeutung sind und sich bei der Aufzucht ihrer eigenen Nachkommen positiv auswirken. Die Umsetzung dieses Grundprinzips im Zuge der Weiterentwicklung der Aufzuchtverfahren kann deren biologische Qualität deutlich verbessern und gestaltet die Erfüllung wesentlicher Anforderungen einer art- und altersgerechten Kälberhaltung. / The aim of the investigation was to determine effects of different calf-rearing conditions with regard to the factor of the presence of the dam on the development of the social behavior during the ontogeny. The results of these investigations should express the animal requirements of the calves to the different keeping systems in view of the social environment. The study was carried out in the time between April 1994 and October 1996, until the age of their own reproduction. Two groups of female calves , containing 11 animals (suckling calves) and 10 animals (watering calves) were observed. The first group was raised by dams (suckling calves). The second one was raised without any contacts to the dams (watering calves). Suckling calves exhibited social contacts preferably to their own mother rather than to the other calves of the group. In most cases the contacts between the calves consisted of play runnings and horning. These calves established the rank order after weaning, i. e. after the ninth month. In the time before weaning the social interactions of the suckling calves exceeded those of the watering calves. Mutual suckling behaviour took place only in the group of the watering calves. Social rank order disputes among calves of the automatically fed group already started in their fourth month. The establishment of ranks was principally determined by age and weight. Mutual suckling behaviour were often observed. It was very often during the time as they were fed by the automatic liquid feeder and it was observed till the 22nd month. The number of social contacts to peers of calves in the age between the 9th and 23rd month was nearly the same. Those mothers that had been raised as suckling calves had more interactions with their own offspring and spent more time with them in comparison to the automatically fed group. The rhythm of behavior of the observation (lightly) day was different between the groups over the full observation period. At the end of the observations in October 1996 the rhythm of behaviour was nearly the same, but not for all specifics. Also, there were differences in the daily sums of feeding, laying and standing. The rearing of calves in groups with their dams fulfills the special social needs of cows and calves. The social potencies of adults improve the rearing of the calves. The young's get the possibility to learn from the adults. This possibility is very important and has a positive influence for rearing of their own offspring. This basic principal is important for the development of rearing methods, for a better biological quality and fulfills the specific requirements of calf-rearing.

This master’s thesis explores the role of the urban lifestyle closely linked to the modern urban environment, but the digital era has brought significant changes. The online world has changed the meaning of physical urban space and led to a decline in the quality of life. To address this issue, this report uses a multidisciplinary approach that draws on urban planning and sociology to verify a framework that illustrates how the primary determinant of urban space vitality has shifted from function and aesthetics to socio-spatial interaction. This interaction refers to social needs and people's engagement in a particular space.  The report presents different spatial and social synergy aspects and proposes a qualitative paradigm based on this concept. Furthermore, the model is tested through an empirical study at Fristadstorget, a town center in Eskilstuna, Sweden.   The guideline’s principal framework is expected to provide insights into the revitalization of urban public space and previous evaluations of the corresponding designs, providing a theoretical framework that will benefit planners and decision-makers in future projects.