This dissertation investigates the role of organizational purpose as a driver in attracting employees to employers. The dissertation consists of two related studies both anchored in the literature on employer attraction, defined as the favorable interaction between potential applicants and the images, values, and information about an organization (Coldwell et al., 2008), and perceived fit, defined as the employee’s suitability with the culture and values of the organization (Hinkle, R. K., & Choi, N., 2009). In the first study, semi-structured interviews were performed on 23 prospective job seekers to explore the alignment between personal and organizational purpose in making an employer more attractive. The participants identified the opportunity for professional growth and development, the people with whom one works, and alignment with organizational purpose as key drivers of employer attraction over and above the usual concerns of compensation and job requirements. Interviewees invested in organizational purpose alignment with more emotional intensity; noted that alignment with organizational purpose was sometimes more important than compensation and stability; and suggested that the “pursuit of purpose is privilege” and, as such, influenced by an individual’s economic security. Reconciling these findings with extant theory, a new concept of Purpose-fit is proposed as an additional and important driver of employer attraction. Purpose-fit is defined as the perceived alignment of individual and organizational purpose assessed by job seekers through evaluation of image and reputation, mission and values, social contribution, and meaningful work. The second study utilized a choice-based conjoint survey to investigate the importance and tradeoffs between key drivers of employer attraction, including Purpose-fit, basic salary, opportunities for professional growth and development, and opportunities to work with similar people. The conjoint survey explored the effects of an employee’s generation, individual economic security, and reaction to respondent’s employer response to the social crisis of COVID-19 and the Black Lives Matter movement on the relative importance of Purpose-fit. There were four important findings: 1) Opportunity for professional growth and development was the dominant driver of employer attraction across all demographic segments; 2) Job seekers will trade off some level of salary for Purpose-fit, even if they experience economic insecurity; 3) Contrary to the extant literature, older generations placed more relative importance on Purpose-fit than younger generations; and 4) Prospective job seekers with positive employer experience in response to COVID-19 or Black Lives Matter placed higher relative importance of Purpose-fit, were more willingness to accept less pay, and reported lower levels of active job search. In summary, Purpose-fit emerged as an important driver of employer attraction among prospective job seekers, differentiated by generation, economic security, and positive experience of employers’ response to social crisis, resulting in reported willingness to accept less pay. / Business Administration/Strategic Management

The emergence of covid-19 resulted in a new way of living for the whole world. One of the areas that would come to be highly affected was the retail industry and more specifically shopping centers. The advice given by the government to citizens regarding the spread of the virus urged people to limit their time spent in public places. The purpose of the study is to investigate how a social crisis can affect the communication strategies of Swedish shopping centers. Moreover, the study aims to create a better understanding of how businesses communicate during challenging situations and how they maintain a strong brand image. Therefore, the study intends to answer the following research question: How does a social crisis affect shopping centers' communication strategies in competition with e-commerce? The research is based on semi-structured interviews with center managers and marketing managers for five shopping centers in Sweden. The results indicated that there has been a shift in communication strategy as a result of the investigated social crisis. More specifically, shopping centers have gone from a sales focus to instead promoting what changes they have done to create a safe environment for the visitors.

Yes / Covid-19, a corona virus, has maintained its momentum in spreading among communities. In this context of social crisis, this study seeks to identify the reasons for the partial failure to fulfill the intended goal of lockdown, and to formulate an inclusive behavioral model reflecting comprehensive human behavior and social psychology. In order to answer the research questions, this study has conducted extensive interviews among individuals who were targets of the lockdown system. From this exploratory and qualitative investigation, researchers have recognized four paradigms as the key to understanding human behavior and social psychology in violating lockdown as a social isolation system during this period of crisis. The identified parameters depicting social behavior are: Derogation and Argument (SDA), Tangible Need and Deficiency (TND), Intangible Desire and Expectancy (IDE), and Evaluation of Benefit and Loss (UBL). Finally, as a comprehensive guideline, a grounded theory of the social behavior ‘paradigm for lockdown violation (PLV)’ is explored as the reason for the violation of the social system.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A elite polÃtica cearense, na dÃcada de 1870, passa por mudanÃas em sua composiÃÃo e representaÃÃo como tambÃm muda em termos de discurso e aÃÃo. Ela à parte ativa de um processo que marca significativamente esse perÃodo, que pode ser representado pela expansÃo agrÃcola do algodÃo, pela proximidade da provÃncia com o mercado internacional, pela discussÃo acerca da Lei do Ventre Livre e pelas provaÃÃes provocadas pela polÃtica-crise e pela seca-crise. A elite polÃtica cearense acomodava-se nos cargos eletivos de maior importÃncia e nos altos cargos do executivo, e travava uma batalha aguerrida optando pela hoste liberal ou conservadora. A batalha tinha uma arena privilegiada, a imprensa. Os assuntos preferidos dos debates eram a polÃtica, o governo e a associaÃÃo imprÃpria do pÃblico com o privado. Ao final da dÃcada de 1870, os debates polÃticos se voltaram para a polÃtica-crise e para a seca-crise que durante trÃs anos, 1877-79, assolou a provÃncia do Cearà e outras do norte do ImpÃrio. A seca provocou uma relaÃÃo diferenciada entre a provÃncia do Cearà e o governo imperial. Devido a essa proximidade diferenciada entre o nacional e o provincial, imagens e espaÃos comeÃaram a ser definidos, marcando a elite, o povo e suas relaÃÃes sociais, polÃticas e econÃmicas. A elite polÃtica cearense, para orientar suas aÃÃes, articula-se e opta por um discurso estratÃgico que ressaltava a crise. / The political elite of CearÃ, in the decade of 1870, suffer changes in its composition and representation and changes in terms of speech and action as well. It is an active part of a process that marks significantly this period, that can be represented by the agricultural expansion of cotton, by the proximity of the province with the international market, by the quarrel concerning the Law of the Free Belly and by the trials provoked by the politics-crisis and the drought-crisis. The political elite of Cearà was accomodated in the most important elective posts and in the high posts of the executive, and joined a warlike battled choosing the liberal or the conservative troop. The battle had a privileged stage, the press. The favorite subjects of the debates were politics, the government and the unsuitable association of the public thing with the private one. At the end of the decade of 1870, the political discussions turned on the politics-crisis and the drought-crisis that during three years, 1877-79, devastated the province of Cearà and others of the north of the Empire. The drought provoked a differentiated relationship between the province of Cearà and the imperial government. Due to this differentiated proximity between the national thing and the provincial, images and spaces begun to be defined, marking the social elite, the people and its social, economical and political relations. The political elite of CearÃ, to guide its action, articulates itself and chooses a strategic speech that emphasized the crisis.

Världen har i nuläget ett sämre säkerhetsläge än på länge, där Sverige kan behöva förbereda sig för en eventuell samhällskris. Hemberedskap är därmed ett begrepp som blir alltmer relevant i vardagen. Forskning inom området har belyst hur beteenden samt attityder som utövas under samhällskriser relaterar till femfaktormodellens personlighetsdimensioner, med varierande resultat. Denna studie undersökte relationen mellan hemberedskap och femfaktormodellen, demografiska variabler och attityd till egen hemberedskap samt skillnaden mellan attityd till egen hemberedskap och aktuell hemberedskap. I studien deltog 124 studenter som besvarade en enkät bestående av demografiska frågor, en skala för hemberedskap samt en skala för femfaktormodellens personlighetsdimensioner. Materialet undersöktes med korrelationer, regressionsanalys samt variansanalys. Resultatet visade ej på signifikanta relationer mellan personlighetsdimensioner och hemberedskap utan enbart tendenser. Däremot föreligger signifikanta samband mellan hemberedskap och variablerna ålder och boendestatus. Ålder, kön samt boendestatus visade sig vara signifikanta för att predicera hemberedskap.  Slutsatsen i studien blev att demografiska variabler är bättre både för att se samband med och för att predicera hemberedskap. En signifikant skillnad existerade även mellan attityd till egen hemberedskap och aktuell hemberedskap hos universitetsstudenter vilket innebär att de tenderar att överskatta sin förmåga till hemberedskap.

Scarce is the research on the effects of the social and political climates of the Civil Rights era on children of that time. Comparisons are made throughout these writings between that era and the social and political climates that exist today in the United States of America. Specifically, the effects of these climates on Black males are examined across contexts. To better understand the Black male perspective, this body of research contributes to filling the gap of scarce research about older Black men, exploring lived experiences of eight African-American and Black men, 66-78 years of age, through first person interviews. A phenomenological research design and first person interviews allowed the researcher to find themes in the lived experiences of these men. Some of their life experiences (e.g., experiencing racism and disrespect related to being Black men), parallel the research findings throughout the literature review about the life experiences of generations of younger Black males that are coming behind them. Six themes were drawn, from the lived experiences of these men, to answer two research questions that guided the study. Those themes are: 1) personal experience with discrimination, racism or prejudice, 2) the need for strong familial support, 3) the importance of being aware of differences, 4) learning about your-self, 5) giving back to family and community and, 6) views about the need for counseling. From this research, implications are made for counselors, counselor educators and community advocates. / EDD / There are not a lot of research articles that follow the lives of children that lived through the Civil Rights Era, specifically young Black boys of that time. That era was full of social and political climates that the researcher compares to the social and political climates that exist as recently as the time of these writings in 2018. In this research study, the researcher interviewed eight African-American and Black men, ages 66-78, about their experiences living as men in the United States of America. Their life experiences are filled with lessons about racism, building positive family support, learning about yourself, taking care of responsibilities and community advocacy, to name a few. One of many potential benefits of these experiences is the impact it can have on young Black boys today who are living through social and political climates like those that the men interviewed lived through. The men interviewed were able to look back on their lives as young men and offer words of wisdom and advice to young Black men today. These words of wisdom and research have the potential to benefit the way mental health clinicians provide care for their clients, the way community members advocate for their young Black male citizens and the way police interact with citizens, specifically young Black men. For the purpose of this research, African-American is the term used to describe an American of African and especially of black African descent. Black is the term used to describe a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The men interviewed were also asked about their view of respect which, for this research, is defined as: high or special regard: the quality or state of being esteemed.

Biyi Bandele est un écrivain d'origine nigériane dont l'œuvre novatrice et très riche reste encore peu connue du milieu universitaire en France. Aucune étude de grande ampleur n'a encore été consacrée à sa production et le présent travail essaie de combler ce grand vide. Cette étude qui s'appuie principalement sur les quatre romans de l'auteur a pour objectif de montrer que Biyi Bandele est un romancier carnavalesque et que tout son effort consiste à s'interroger sur les conditions de vie de ses concitoyens nigérians, la nature du pouvoir politique et ses modes d'exercice et les raisons pour lesquelles la construction d'une vraie nation semble impossible au Nigeria tant d'années après l'indépendance. A travers ces diverses interrogations, Biyi Bandele peint surtout un pays dont l'état de déconfiture et d'anomie est tel qu'il semble inconcevable d'en rendre compte avec les moyens traditionnels du roman réaliste européen. Mais grâce à son exceptionnel talent de conteur, Biyi Bandele réussit à nous faire prendre conscience de cette réalité grâce à une langue riche, et un nouvel art de conter inspiré des traditions yoruba et d'autres éléments de la culture populaire nigériane. / Biyi Bandele is a Nigerian writer whose innovative and very rich writings are still little known by academics in France. No large-scale study has been devoted to his writings yet, and this work tries to make up for this gap. This study which is mainly based on the four novels written by Biyi Bandele aims at showing that he is a Carnivalesque novelist and that all of his effort consists in raising questions about the living conditions of his fellow countrymen, the nature of political power and its functioning, and the reasons why nation-building seems impossible in Nigeria so many years after independence . Through these different questions, Biyi Bandele mainly portrays a country in shambles, in such a state of anomy that one can no longer rely on the means of the Europen realist novel to render its situation. But thanks to his exceptional talent as a storyteller, Biyi Bandele manages to make us become aware of this reality by inventing a rich language and a new way of telling story inspired by yoruba traditions and other elements of Nigerian popular culture.

Debt crisis is seen as a spiral which has been launched by failure of American financial market and which final stage is global economic depression. But we can not speak only about financial market crisis. Current world crisis is at the same time political crisis and social crisis; it is a multi-sector crisis. Actors which try to manage the crisis, their abilities, possibilities to act and their strategies in each sector will be identified and described in the thesis. Complexity of current crisis demands global solutions involving cooperation of different actors throughout all three mentioned sectors.

Fastighetsmarknaden är en marknad som är i stort behov av mycket kapital som kan erhållas på många olika sätt. V˚ar uppsats tar upp de allra vanligaste finansie-ringskanalerna och beskriver i vilken fas en viss finansieringskanal kan vara lämplig för ett fastighetsbolag. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att mindre bolag använder sig mer eller mindre uteslutande av bankkredit. Bankmarknaden klarar dock inte att finansiera större fastighetsbolag och därför måste de säöa sig till andra marknader. Obligationsmark-naden är då den vanligaste finansieringsformen i kombination med bankkapital. För att kunna erhålla billigare obligationskapital är det viktigt med en bra kreditrating.Det finns också andra kompletterande finansieringskanaler som är populära, bland annat aktier och hybridkapital. Det är viktigt för fastighetsbolagen att ha en balans mellan eget kapital- och skuldfinansiering. Något som har framkommit under uppsatsen är att det i grund och botten finns en samstämmighet mellan aktörerna och deras bild av hur ett fastighetsbolag bör finansieras. Det finns dock skiljaktigheter som kan bottna i personliga preferenser. Vi har också studerat Covid 19-pandemins påverkan på fastighetsfinansiering. Slut-satserna vi kunnat dra har visat på att i och med att denna pandemi inte uppstått på de finansiella marknaderna har bemötandet från andra aktörer varit mer rationellt än vid tidigare ekonomiska kriser. Det som påverkade fastighetsmarknaden mest var att delar av kapitalmarknaden, främst gällande obligationer frös. Dock kunde man se en snabb återhämtning som nu är återställd. / The real estate market is a market that needs an incredible amount of capital which can be obtained in several di↵erent ways. Our thesis contains a description of the most common ways of financing a real estate corporation as well as a description of finance channels that are appropriate for the real estate business. To conclude, many individuals and companies believe that smaller companies use lo-ans from banks. The bank market itself cannot finance the whole real estate market and therefore real estate companies have to seek capital from other markets. The most common complement to loans is the bond market. It’s important to notice that bond capital becomes cheaper with an improved and better credit rating. There are also other popular ways to compliment your financing, such as through certificates and hybrid capital. Having a good balance between equity and debt financing are also important ways to compliment your financing for a successful fi-nance. During our thesis, we have learned that there is a coherence between the actors on the market and their view of how a real estate company should be financed even though there are di↵erences that can be based on personal preferences. We have also studied the consequences of the Covid 19- pandemic and how it has a↵ected real estate financing in Sweden. We came to a conclusion that the impact has been quite small since it has been an economic crisis that hasn’t been based on the financial markets.The biggest impact that the pandemic was on parts of the capital market, espe-cially the bond market which froze during the spring and early summer of 2020. Though we could see a quick recovery from that freeze and the market is now back on track and restored.

Fastighetsmarknaden har tidigare upplevt finansiella kriser där en lågräntemiljö och lättillgängliga krediter varit startskotten till de ekonomiska bubblor som skapats. Fastigheter som tillgång har varit lönsamma investeringar vid rätt tidpunkt men också tagit med sig resten av ekonomin när de föll. Finansiella aktörer fick nya mer lättsamma spelregler att följa vilket öppnade upp för nya typer av krediter samtidigt som fokus blev på att tjäna mer pengar istället för att ta hänsyn till de nya riskerna.  Nu genomgår vi en kris som inte började inom den finansiella sektorn utan en pandemi som påfrestar det ekonomiska systemet på ett helt nytt sätt och transformerat fastighetsmarknaden. Den kommersiella marknaden har fått ett nytt fokus, där de tidigare säkra investeringarna blivit inaktuella och digitaliseringen påskyndat det nya förhållningssättet i samhället.  Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur dessa 90-talskrisen, den amerikanska bolånekrisen 2008 och Covid-19 krisen påverkat den svenska fastighetsmarknaden och se hur fastighetsmarknaden sett ut inför och efter dessa olika kriser tillsammans med att utforska skillnaden mellan en finansiell kris påverkan och en samhällskris i form av corona-pandemin vi nu går igenom. / The real estate market has previously experienced financial crises where a low interest rate environment and easily accessible loans have been the starting point for the economic bubbles that have been created.Properties as an asset have been profitable investments at the right time but have also brought the rest of the economy down when the investments fell in value. Financial players were given new, easier rules to follow, which opened up for new types of credit, while the focus was on making more money instead of taking into account the new risks.  We are now going through a crisis that did not start in the financial sector but a pandemic that strains the economic system in a completely new way and transformed the real estate market.The commercial market has been given a new focus, where the previously secure investments have become obsolete and digitalisation has accelerated the new approach in society.  The purpose of the study is to investigate how the crisis in the 1990s, the US mortgage crisis 2008 and Covid-19 crisis has affected the Swedish real estate market, to also consider what the real estate market looked like before and after these different crises.In addition, even exploring the difference between a financial crisis impact and a societal crisis in the form of the current corona pandemic we are experiencing now.