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Ce mémoire est a comme sujet les arguments produits dans les litiges qui impliquent les conceptions sur la santé mentale, présente dans les justifications et les actions des acteurs sociaux impliqués dans les discussions relatives à la maladie mentale au Rio Grande de Sul, dans un contexte de Contre-Réforme Psychiatrique. Cette étude vise à déterminer si c'est à partir de certaines relations sociales parmi les acteurs sociaux que les justifications et les actions sont produites. L'objet de cette étude est composé par les relations sociales et les arguments produits par les membres du Forum Gaucho de Santé Mentale à Porto Alegre. On utilise l’analyse relationnelle ainsi que la référence théorique de Michel Foucault et la sociologie pragmatique de Luc Boltanski. Il a été constaté qu’à partir d’une mise en cause sur la manière dont la configuration du Forum Gaucho de la Santé Mentale se concentre sur les principes de la justification employée par les acteurs sociaux appartenant au groupe, qu'il y a des idées différentes sur la santé mentale au sein du Forum et qu’il existe une prévalence de certains principes de la justification dans le discours une fois qu’il y a une prévalence de certains acteurs sociaux qui dépeint le discours. Pour bien mener cette investigation, dix représentants du Forum Gaucho de la santé mentale à Porto Alegre ont été interviewés et on a utilisé comme procédure méthodologique l'observation, ainsi que l'interview avec l'utilisation d'un script écrit. Après l'achèvement des entretiens, on a fait l'analyse de contenu. / Esta dissertação tem como tema os argumentos produzidos nas disputas envolvendo as concepções sobre saúde mental, presentes nas justificações e ações dos atores sociais envolvidos nas discussões referentes à Reforma Psiquiátrica, no Rio Grande de Sul, em um contexto de Contra-Reforma Psiquiátrica. O presente estudo tem como finalidade verificar se é a partir de determinadas relações sociais entre os atores sociais que as justificações e as ações são produzidas. O objeto deste estudo são as relações sociais e os argumentos produzidos pelos integrantes do Fórum Gaúcho de Saúde Mental de Porto Alegre. Utiliza-se a análise relacional, bem como o referencial teórico de Michel Foucault e a sociologia pragmática de Luc Boltanski. Foi verificado, a partir do questionamento de como a configuração do Fórum Gaúcho de Saúde Mental incide sobre os princípios de justificação mobilizados pelos atores sociais pertencentes ao grupo, que há concepções diferenciadas sobre saúde mental dentro do Fórum e há a prevalência de determinados princípios de justificação no discurso porque há uma prevalência de determinados atores sociais que veiculam este discurso. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram entrevistados dez representantes do Fórum Gaúcho de Saúde Mental de Porto Alegre e utilizou-se como procedimento metodológico a observação, bem como a entrevista com o uso de um roteiro escrito. Após a realização das entrevistas, efetuou-se a análise de conteúdo. / The subject of this thesis is composed by the arguments produced in disputes involving conceptions about mental health present in the justifications and actions of social actors involved in discussions relating to Psychiatry Reformation in Rio Grande de Sul, in a context of Psychiatry Counter-Reformation. This study aims to check whether it is from certain social relations among the social actors that justifications and actions are produced. The object of this study is composed by the social relations and the arguments produced by members of the Forum Gaucho of Mental Health in Porto Alegre. It is used the relational analysis as weel as the theoretical reference to Michel Foucault and to the Luc Boltanski’s pragmatic sociology. It was found from the question of how the configuration of the Forum Gaucho of Mental Health focuses on the principles of justification employed by social actors belonging to the group, that there are different ideas about mental health within the Forum and there is the prevalence of certain principles of justification in the speech because there is a prevalence of certain social actors who portrayed the speech. To carry out this survey, ten representatives of the Forum Gaucho of Mental Health in Porto Alegre were interviewed and it was used as a methodological procedure the observation, as well as the interview using a script writing. After the nterview completion, it was the analysis of content.

The archaeological research was conducted at Botshabelo, a nineteenth century Berlin Mission Society station located outside Middelburg, Mpumalanga. It focuses primarily on the collection of residential houses and homesteads in the area known as the Motse, meaning “village” in Sotho. This is where the mission station’s African residents lived. This research seeks to use archaeology, specifically the study of the associated material culture, in order to refine the chronology of changes to settlement in this area, and to explore the ways in which the inhabitants interacted with other sectors of the mission station community and the then wider Transvaal society. Although the mission station and its settlement dates from 1865, the material culture excavated and analysed in this project is primarily from the twentieth century. It is through the careful analysis of these houses and their architecture, together with the associated material culture that the social and cultural values of the people who built and used them can be explored. To date there has been a copious amount of research done on these mission stations in southern Africa, flowing mainly from the disciplines of history and anthropology (Comaroff and Comaroff 1991; Delius 1981; Japha et al 1993; Kirkaldy 2005; Vernal 2009). In contrast, however, there has been relatively little archaeological research carried out on the various mission stations within southern Africa (but see Ashley 2010; Boshoff 2004; Clift 2001; Jeppson 2005; Reid et al 1997). This research project is based in archaeology, and in particular in the discipline of historical archaeology, which can provide the methodologies and approaches that can be used to make sense of the history of the Botshabelo Mission Station and the Motse. This research therefore intends to contribute to the currently under researched field of mission archaeology within South Africa. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Archaeology)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-04T13:20:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERÔNICA ALMEIDA DE OLIVEIRA LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2007..pdf: 10230277 bytes, checksum: cae5f62a081c1483532645845c2e6ded (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T13:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VERÔNICA ALMEIDA DE OLIVEIRA LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2007..pdf: 10230277 bytes, checksum: cae5f62a081c1483532645845c2e6ded (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-26 / CNPq / Entendendo que as novas tecnologias da comunicação e informação vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaços em várias esferas da sociedade, tornado-se cada vez mais comum o estabelecimento da comunicação pessoal via internet, esta dissertação apresenta uma discussão acerca de suas implicações no campo das relações sociais, mais especificamente na esfera da socialidade e da interação social. O objetivo principal é analisar as novas formas de socialidade que emergem desse novo dispositivo de comunicação, tomando como locus para investigação, as salas de bate-papo na internet, especialmente o canal de IRC ifCampina_Grande. A pesquisa e análise dos dados empíricos objetivaram dar conta não só da identificação das novas práticas de socialidades emergentes nas salas de bate-papo, mas, também, expõe brevemente alguns fatores responsáveis pelos resultados auferidos, assim como indica a emergência das ferramentas de comunicação virtual via internet. / Understanding that the new technologies of communication and information have been gaining more and more spaces in several spheres of the society, making the establishment of interpersonal communication via internet become more and more common, this dissertation presents a discussion concerning the implications of this phenomenon in the field of the social relations, specifically focusing in the sphere of the sociality and of the social interaction. The main objective is to analyze the new sociality forms which emerge from that new communication device, taking as locus for investigation the internet chat rooms, especially the IRC #CampinaGrande channel. The research and analysis of the empiric data were aimed at giving an account not only of the identification of the new emergent practices of socialities in the chat rooms but, likewise, they briefly expose some factors responsible for the gained results, as well as they indicate the emergence of the tools of virtual communication via internet.

The dissertation provides an in-depth analysis of Swedes’ perceptions about vacations during the period of 1938 to 1959. The aim is to contribute to a more thorough understanding of vacation-related consumption, which in Sweden was of growing economic importance from the 1930s and onwards. The study examines perceptions about the relationship between vacation and work; the experience with nature; interactions with family members and other social relations; relaxation and rest, and the act of travelling. The dissertation also analyzes the adoption of the first Holiday with Pay Act in 1938 and examines how people vacationed during the period. Throughout the study class and gender are used as analytical categories. The principal source material is autobiographical recollections, which consist of written replies to questionnaires sent out by the Nordic Museum. Other sources include materials related to the introduction of the Holiday with Pay Act, mainly the Swedish Government Official Report and the parliamentary debate. Representations of vacations in magazine advertisements are also analyzed. Equalization between classes was an important reason for the adoption of the Holiday with Pay Act in 1938. Proponents of the legislation in parliament and, to some extent even the opponents, viewed equalization as a positive outcome of the reform. As a result of the legislation, blue-collar workers, both women and men, were able to enjoy vacations to a greater extent than before. However, large groups, mainly farmers, entrepreneurs, and housewives, continued to lack entitlement to paid vacations, a fact that were debated in parliament. Nevertheless, persons without legal entitlement to paid vacations still occasionally took time off and went on vacations. It was relatively common to travel during the vacation, even at the beginning of the period. The desire to experience a contrast to everyday life was prominent. People desired contrast not only with work but also with everyday life outside of work, including regular leisure time, something that is particularly evident in the autobiographical recollections. In one form or another, the desire for contrast permeated views on the various factors examined in the dissertation. Travel represented an ideal way to experience contrast. Nature was more interesting if it was located somewhere else, relaxation and rest was best achieved if one went away, and meeting new people was seen as more exciting than spending time with family. Overall perceptions concerning vacation were similar among blue-collar and white-collar workers of both sexes, as well as among housewives, farmers, and entrepreneurs. They all wanted to experience a contrast to everyday life. On a more detailed level, though, these desires took somewhat different forms depending on working conditions and economic circumstances. These common perceptions had economic significance, as going away meant more purchases than staying at home. It was not just a matter of spending what was required for the trip to happen. Travel and the desire for contrast had amplifying effects on other vacation-related consumption as well. An English summary of the dissertation is provided. / I centrum för avhandlingen står en analys av semesteruppfattningar år 1938–1959. Syftet är att på så sätt bidra till en mer ingående förståelse av semesterkonsumtionen, som fick en allt större ekonomisk betydelse från 1930-talet och framåt. Aspekter som undersöks närmare är uppfattningar om semester i relation till arbete, naturuppsyn, uppfattningar om familj och andra sociala relationer, uppfattningar om vila samt uppfattningar om resande. Vid sidan om den fördjupande analysen av uppfattningar studeras även införandet av semesterlagen 1938 och det konkreta semesterfirandet under perioden. Genus och klass utgör analytiska kategorier genom hela avhandlingen. Huvudmaterial är så kallade frågelistsvar. Dessa är självbiografiska minnen nedskrivna av informanter som svar på en frågelista Nordiska museet skickat ut. Dessutom används material med anknytning till semesterlagstiftningens införande, främst semesterutredning och riksdagsprotokoll, samt semesterrelaterade annonser i veckotidningarna Husmodern och Lektyr. När riksdagen fattade beslut om semesterlagen 1938 var ett viktigt motiv att man ville utjämna skillnader mellan klasserna. Både de som var positiva till reformen och de som var negativa till reformen såg klassutjämning som ett positivt resultat av den. Fler arbetare, både kvinnor och män, fick nu också semester. Samtidigt fanns stora grupper, främst jordbrukare och företagare av båda könen samt hemarbetande hustrur, vilka inte hade några semesterrättigheter alls, något som också debatterades i riksdagen. Det hände dock att kvinnor och män utan semesterrättigheter ändå tog ledigt på egen bekostnad. Det var relativt vanligt att resa iväg på semestern, även i början av perioden. I frågelistsvaren syns en stark uppskattning av att få uppleva en kontrast till vardagen. Ett liknande synsätt kom till uttryck i utredningen, i riksdagsdebatten och i de semesterrelaterade annonserna. Avhandlingen visar att informanterna ville uppleva en kontrast både till arbete och till övrig vardagsfritid. Synsättet präglade semesteruppfattningarna gällande alla aspekter som studerats närmare. Naturen sågs som mer intressant om den var belägen någon annanstans än hemmavid, vila och avkoppling ansågs bäst kunna uppnås om man reste iväg någonstans och semesterfirarna uppskattade att göra nya bekantskaper medan familjen snarare togs för given. Genom att resa iväg på semestern kunde informanterna uppfylla önskemålet om att få uppleva kontrast till hela sin vardag. Avhandlingen visar att semesteruppfattningarna på en övergripande nivå var lika bland arbetare, tjänstemän, hemarbetande hustrur, lantbrukare och företagare. På en mer detaljerade nivå kunde önskemålet att få uppleva en kontrast till vardagen ta sig något olika uttryck beroende på semesterfirarens arbetsförhållanden och ekonomiska situation. Avhandlingen visar dessutom att uppfattningarna hade ekonomisk betydelse, då resor innebar att informanterna gjorde fler inköp än då de stannade hemma. Det handlade inte enbart om sådan konsumtion som krävdes för att resan skulle bli av, utan även andra typer av inköp var större i samband med en resa än vid en hemmavistelse.

Ce mémoire vise à analyser les parcours universitaires d’étudiants montréalais d’origine haïtienne, qui représentent un des groupes les plus susceptibles de décrocher. Au moyen d’une posture épistémologique interprétative-critique, nous avons tenté d’identifier les facteurs qui entravent ou qui facilitent les parcours universitaires de ces étudiants. En nous basant sur la théorie raciale critique et de l’approche par les capabilités d’Amartya Sen (2000) et de Martha Nussbaum (2012), nous avons analysé un total de dix entretiens semi-dirigés menés auprès de cinq étudiants, afin de voir si les rapports sociaux de race et les rapports de pouvoir inégaux jouent sur leurs parcours. Ces entretiens sont issus de données secondaires s’inscrivant dans un projet de recherche plus large portant sur les inégalités de parcours dans l’enseignement supérieur et qui s’intéresse aux cas des étudiants racisés. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes penchées sur le sens que les étudiants montréalais issus de la communauté haïtienne donnent aux situations de racisme, de discrimination en milieu socioscolaire et universitaire, ainsi que sur la manière dont les rapports de pouvoir inégaux influençent leurs parcours. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons analysé la manière dont les facteurs de conversion influencent leurs fonctionnements. On compte trois types de facteurs de conversion : environnementaux (liés à l’environnement géographique ou aux infrastructures), individuels (liés aux caractéristiques, aptitudes et aspirations individuelles) et socioculturels (normes, relations et rapports sociaux). Ils correspondent à ce qui influence un individu à utiliser une ressource ou un bien et peuvent avoir des versants positifs et négatifs. Les résultats vont dans le même sens que la littérature existante au sujet des étudiants issus de groupes racisés et révèlent diverses expériences racisantes, microagressions rencontrées par ces étudiants tout au long de leurs parcours scolaire et académique. Des stratégies comme la création de counterspaces ou le role flexing sont utilisées par les étudiants afin de contrer le sentiment d’aliénation ressenti et afin de mieux naviguer au sein du système. Les facteurs de conversion de type socioculturel se révèlent centraux dans l’analyse des façons d’être et d’agir de ces étudiants. Les recommandations qui émanent de notre analyse se rapportent surtout à l’importance d’un meilleur travail de sensibilisation auprès des acteurs des établissements scolaires et postsecondaires quant aux réalités des communautés racisées, notamment en termes de microagressions et de situations de racisation. / This thesis aims to analyze the postsecondary pathways of Montreal universities’ students of Haitian descent, who represent one of the groups that are most likely to drop out. Using a criticalinterpretative epistemological stance, we tried to identify the factors that may impede or facilitate their pathways. A framework combining the critical race theory and Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach allowed the examination of social relations of race and unequal power relations, and their influence on racialized students’ pathways. We first looked at the meaning Montreal students of Haitian descent gave to racializing situations in social and academic environments, as well as the way unequal power relations influence their experience. Then, we analyzed how conversion factors influenced the use of resources put at their disposal. Conversion factors inhibit or encourage the transformation of their characteristics into functionings, and can either be environmental, personal or social. The empirical material analyzed is based on 10 qualitative interviews conducted with five undergraduate students. The analysis of the data demonstrates that racialized students experience many forms of microaggressions and racialization during their pathways in the schools, cegeps and universities they attended. They use different strategies such as role flexing or creation of counterspaces to navigate the system better and to counter the feeling of alienation they sometimes feel. Social conversion factors occupy a central place in the analysis of ways of being and acting of our participants, compared to environmental and personal conversion factors. The recommendations that emanate from our analysis mainly relate to the importance of awareness raising among school and universities stakeholders as to racialized students’ realities, especially in terms of microaggressions and racializing situations.

No description available.

Ce mémoire porte sur les effets de la participation à un programme d’intervention psychosociale par le sport chez des jeunes à risque d’exclusion, de délinquance et d’abandon scolaire. Plusieurs embûches peuvent compliquer leurs parcours et limiter leurs champs de possibilités: leurs conditions d’existence, certains environnements sociaux, des dynamiques d’exclusion et de ségrégation scolaire. Ils se retrouvent alors dans des établissements scolaires offrant peu de services adaptés et de possibilités de participer à des activités pouvant avoir un impact positif quant à leur réussite et leur bien-être. Pour modérer ces inégalités, la proposition de démocratiser les programmes particuliers en milieu scolaire est sur la table. À partir des discours d'anciens participants à un programme d’une école secondaire, nous avons reconstitué leurs parcours et dégagé des effets de leur expérience. Une approche globale (McAll, Fournier, & Godrie, 2014), l’idée que les personnes puissent tendre vers « une vie qui fait sens » (Sen A. , 2000), un principe de parité de participation (Fraser, 2004) qui vise à atténuer certaines barrières matérielles et sociales et une conception de l’école comme vecteur d’émancipation et de transformation sociale (Freire, 1974; hooks, 1989) ont guidé cette recherche. Les résultats suggèrent que ce programme a offert une échappatoire de vie, un accompagnement scolaire adapté et des opportunités considérables au sein d’un espace inclusif. Un terreau fertile était en place pour le développement d’apprentissages, ainsi que de valeurs qui ont pu être réappropriées, apportant certains effets sur les parcours de vie, tout en contribuant au bien-être des participants / This dissertation examines the effects of participation in a psychosocial intervention program through sport on young people at risk of exclusion, delinquency and school dropout. Several obstacles can complicate their lives and limit their possibilities: their living conditions, certain social environments, and the dynamics of exclusion and school segregation. They then find themselves in schools that offer limited adapted services and opportunities to participate in activities that could have a positive impact on their success and well-being. To moderate these inequalities, the proposal to democratize special programs in schools is on the table. Based on the discourse of former participants in a high school program, we reconstructed their backgrounds and identified effects of their experience. A holistic approach (McAll, Fournier, & Godrie, 2014), the idea that individuals can strive for "a meaningful life" (Sen A. , 2000), a principle of parity of participation (Fraser, 2004) that aims to alleviate certain material and social barriers, and a conception of school as a vehicle for emancipation and social transformation (Freire, 1974; hooks, 1989) guided this research. Findings suggest that this program offered a life escape, appropriate academic support, and considerable opportunities within an inclusive space. A fertile ground was in place for the development of learning and values that could be reappropriated, bringing some effects on life courses, while contributing to the well-being of participants.

Text in Afrikaans with summaries in Afrikaans and English / Despite the fact that many people in South Africa are affected by divorce, not much research is done on divorce recovery. This study on divorce recovery is shaped by a feminist theological perspective and a postmodem social constructionist discourse. As qualitative research, narrative group work was embarked on over a period of a year with five women who went through divorce. Through therapeutic letters different themes emerged. These themes formed the focus for each chapter and are enriched by relevant literature reflections. In the first chapter the stark reality of divorce in South Africa, the discursive positioning, epistemology and research methodology are discussed, and the stories of the participants are told. Divorce is deconstructed by the participants as resistance to patriarchy and not only an interpersonal crisis. The majority of claimants in divorce cases in South Africa are women. The dominant oppressive biblical discourse that divorce is always sin is reconstructed. An alternative religious discourse is co-constructed amongst the participants: that divorce under certain circumstances is God's will for women who are caught in humiliating and oppressive marriages. The various spheres of life that women reconstruct after divorce are discussed. These include: • practical matters such as the legal proceedings, housing and finances • emotional reconstruction where emotions such as fear. senses of guilt, and rage from a feminist perspective view are discussed. • reconstruction of social relations which includes aspects such as the relation with the former husband, family, new male friends and children • spiritual reconstruction which includes a feminist perspective on the Bible, sin, the will of God, and also a divorce ritual • the reconstruction of identity. Finally the five participants' reconsructed stories are told. / Ten spyte daarvan dat baie mense in Suid-Afrika deur egskeiding geraak word, word daar nie veel navorsing oor egskeidingsherstel gedoen nie. Hierdie studie oor egkeidingsherstel word gedoen vanuit 'n feministies teologiese perspektief en 'n sosiale konstruksieteorie diskoers. Oor 'n tydperk van 'n jaar is deur middel van kwalitatiewe navorsing saam met vyf vroue wat deur egskeiding geraak is, groepswerk gedoen. Uit die terapeutiese briewe wat geskryf is het verskillende temas uitgekristalliseer. Hierdie temas het die grondslag gevorm vir elke hoofstuk wat deur 'n relevante literatuurstudie aangevul is. In die eerste hoofstukke word die harde werklikhede van egskeiding, die diskoersposionering, epistemologie en navorsingsmetodiek bespreek. Die verhale van die deelnemers word vertel. Egskeiding word deur die deelnemers dekonstrueer as weerstand teen patriargie en nie net 'n interpersoonlike krisis nie. Die meerderheid eisers in egskeidingsgedinge in Suid-Afrika is vroue. Die onderdrukkend dominante Bybelse diskoers dat egskeiding altyd sonde is word rekonstrueer. 'n Alternatiewe godsdienstige diskoers, dat egskeiding vir vroue wat in vernederende en onderdrukkend huwelik vasgevang is, onder sekere omstandighede die wil van God kan wees, word saam met die deelnemers rekonstrueer. Die verskillende lewensterreine wat vroue na egskeiding rekonstrueer, word bespreek. Dit sluit in: • praktiese aangeleenthede soos die regsproses, behuising en finansies • emosionele rekonstruksie wat emosies soos angs, skuldgevoelens en woede word vanuit 'n feministiese perspektiefbespreek • spirituele rekonstruksie wat 'n feministiese perspektief op die Bybel, sonde, die wil van God en 'n egskeidingsritueel insluit • die rekonstruksie van identiteit Ten slotte word die vyf deelnemers se nuwe verhale vertel. / Practical Theology / D.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

Originating from a disenfranchisement with the contemporary definition and realisation of Westernised architecture as a commodity and product, this thesis seeks to explore alternative examples of positive socio-spatial practice and agency. These alternative spatial practices and methodologies are drawn from participatory and grass-roots development agency in informal settlements and contexts of economic absence, most notably in the global South. This thesis explores whether such examples can be interpreted as practical realisations of key theoretical advocacies for positive social space that have emerged in the context of post-Second World-War capitalism. The principal methodological framework utilises two differing trajectories of spatial discourse. Firstly, Henri Lefebvre and Doreen Massey as formative protagonists of Western spatial critique, and secondly, John F. C. Turner and Nabeel Hamdi as key advocates of participatory development practice in informal settlements. These two research trajectories are notably separated by geographical, economic and political differentiations, as well as conventional disciplinary boundaries. However by undertaking a close textual reading of these discourses this thesis critically re-contextualises the socio-spatial methodologies of participatory development practice, observing multiple theoretical convergences and provocative commonalities. This research proposes that by critically comparing these previously unconnected disciplinary trajectories certain similarities, resonances and equivalences become apparent. These resonances reveal comparable critiques of choice, value, and identity which transcend the gap between such differing theoretical and practical engagements with space. Subsequently, these thematic resonances allow this research to critically engage with further appropriate surrounding discourses, including Marxist theory, orientalism, post- structural pluralism, development anthropology, post-colonial theory and subaltern theory. 5 In summary, this thesis explores aspects of Henri Lefebvre's and Doreen Massey's urban and spatial theory through a close textual reading of key texts from their respective discourses. This methodology provides a layered analysis of post-Marxist urban space, and an exploration of an explicit connection between Lefebvre and Massey in terms of the social production and multiplicity of space. Subsequently, this examination provides a theoretical framework from which to reinterpret and revalue the approaches to participatory development practice found in the writings and projects of John Turner and Nabeel Hamdi. The resulting comparative framework generates interconnected thematic trajectories of enquiry that facilitate the re-reading and critical reflection of Turner and Hamdi's development practices. Thus, selected Western spatial discourse acts as a critical lens through which to re-value the social, political and economical achievements of participatory development. Reciprocally, development practice methodologies are recognised as invaluable and provocative realisations of the socio-spatial qualities that Western spatial discourse has long advocated for, and yet have remained predominantly unrealised in the global North.