Day-roosts are an essential resource for tree-hole roosting microbats (Microchiroptera), providing shelter, protection from predators and an appropriate microclimate for energy conservation and reproduction. Microbats often make use of multiple roosting sites, shifting between roosts frequently. Conservation of tree-hole roosting microbats requires an understanding of roost selection and fidelity to enable the protection of sufficient suitable roosting sites. In Australia, as in other countries, habitat loss, particularly in the form of large hollow-bearing trees, is threatening the survival of microbat populations. In addition, the renewal of natural roosts in Australia is very slow, as trees may need to be 100 years old for hollows to form. Where roosting resources are limited, such as in urbanised areas, batboxes may be used as a substitute. As bat-boxes are also accessible to researchers, these roosting sites can help to improve our understanding of roosting behaviour. / This thesis investigates the roosting behaviour of two sympatric microbat species: Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) and the white-striped freetail bat (Tadarida australis). These are insectivorous tree-hole roosting species, which naturally occur in urban Melbourne, Australia. Both species make use of bat-boxes at three sites in Melbourne, often sharing roosts with members of the other species. This provided an opportunity not only to study their use of bat-boxes for conservation management purposes, but to investigate factors influencing bat roost selection and fidelity. This study incorporated PIT tags (microchips) and a detector array at the bat-boxes, in addition to monthly manual bat-box inspections, as a method for monitoring roost-use. This approach enabled the collection of long-term, fine-scale roosting data. These data, along with captive and field-based experiments were used to examine the influence of parasites, microclimate and social structure on roost selection patterns and roost fidelity. The specific questions posed were whether tree-hole roosting bats: select roosts based on physical characteristics; perceive a cost of carrying ectoparasites and avoid infested roosts; select roosts to maintain social associations; and select for specific beneficial microclimates. / The patterns of roost selection, ectoparasite diversity, social structure, and the selection of roost microclimate differed between the two species. Microclimate of the bat-boxes was a strong influence on roost selection for both species, as it is for microbats generally. White-striped freetail bats preferred warmer roosts with stable humidity. For Gould’s wattled bats, the selection of roost microclimate differed between the sexes and even between separate, but adjacent, roosting groups. Patterns of preference indicated that individuals had knowledge of the available roosting sites. / The presence of parasites had no obvious influence on roost selection patterns in either species. The white-striped freetail bat was found to support lower ectoparasite diversity, which may be influenced by characteristics of the pelage and may partially explain why parasite load was not a useful predictor of roost selection in this species. In contrast, Gould’s wattled bat supported a larger diversity of ectoparasites, which showed clear patterns of distribution through the bat populations, and intra-specific and spatial variability. A radio-tracking study indicated that parasites in the roost and on the Gould’s wattled bat may influence their roosting behaviour. Additionally, experimental assessments of the bats’ grooming response to parasites indicated that the perceived costs of these parasites differed with parasites that remained permanently attached to the host eliciting a stronger response than those also found in the roost. The defensive mechanism against parasites that completed part of their life-cycle in the roost was expected to be avoidance behaviour, yet, in both captive and field experiments, these parasites did not strongly influence roost selection or fidelity. / Social associations among white-striped freetail bats appeared to be random, and did not explain roosting patterns. This may reflect the restricted sampling of roosting sites, and the possible role of the bat-boxes in this study as ‘satellite’ roosts, separate from a larger communal roost, likely to be in a large tree-hollow. Unlike white-striped freetail bats, Gould’s wattled bats showed fission-fusion social structure, driven by stronger female associations. The distribution and abundance of parasites was correlated with the social structuring of the host species, and host selection appeared to facilitate transmission. These patterns suggest that female Gould’s wattled bats, in particular, are choosing roosts based on the benefits of social association despite the cost of increased parasite risk, and may provide an explanation for sexual segregation in temperate tree-roosting bats. / This study demonstrates the species-specificity of roosting behaviour, and the importance of investigating several factors that influence roost selection, to better understand roost requirements. It also highlights the inherent complexity in roost selection by tree-hole roosting microbats, which may be making trade-offs between the benefits of social associations and the cost of parasitism, as well as choosing an optimal microclimate. Further investigation into interactions between these factors will greatly advance our understanding of roost selection and fidelity in tree-hole roosting bats.

Il est de plus en plus admis depuis une dizaine d’années, et notamment en raison du poids croissant d’Internet, que le monde se présente désormais sous la forme d’un gigantesque réseau. Le phénomène du réseau apparaît dès lors comme le fait social total contemporain par excellence, théorisé et investi par des chercheurs, essayistes, militants, prophètes dans des buts très différents. Certains chercheurs voient dans le réseau la forme même enfin trouvée de la société-monde en gestation. D’autres au contraire, voient dans l’émergence des réseaux le vecteur de la disparition du monde commun et de la décivilisation et de la désymbolisation en marche. Quant à eux, ceux qui se présentent comme les prophètes et les hérauts des réseaux, voient le salut du monde dans les vertus démocratiques, solidaristes et oblatives des multitudes connectées dans leur lutte commune contre la privatisation et la marchandisation du monde. Malgré leurs divergences, ces approches font le constat qu’est en train de naître ce que l’on pourrait appeler une très grande société-monde virtuelle où priment les rapports sociaux à distance et dans l’immédiateté communicationnelle. Mais les interprétations de cette socialité virtuelle sont à ce point diverses et contradictoires que l’on ne parvient pas à distinguer la part de réalité qu’elles révèlent, et ce qui relève de l’idéologique, du prophétique, ou du catastrophisme. Ainsi, le discours des réseaux est-il confronté à deux impensés fondamentaux qu’il s’agit d’explorer : le rapport de la socialité virtuelle avec le face à face et les médiations institutionnelles d’une part ; et d’autre part, l’exploration du caractère vertueux ou néfaste des liaisons numériques, non pas intrinsèquement, mais dans leurs rapports aux formes néo-libérale et « parcellitaire » (tendance à l’éclatement, à l’atomisation et à la parcellisation des sociétés) contemporaines. Dès lors, cette thèse interroge le degré de réalité de cette nouvelle socialité, et le statut de l’individualisme réticulaire ou, plus précisément, quelle forme revêt la figure de l’individu entre l’émancipation par les réseaux annoncée par certains (reconnaissance de l’authenticité et réalisation de soi), et l’aliénation dénoncée par d’autres (tyrannies de la visibilité et de la connexité permanente). Cette question de l’émancipation (subjective et collective) nous conduit à interroger la place du don dans les dynamiques de la socialité virtuelle actuelle entre persistance de l’esprit du don, régénérescence voir radicalisation, et, via sa généralisation dans la forme parcellitaire actuelle, déconstruction et dépotentialisation. / As a result mainly of the increasing weight of Internet, especially in the last decade, it has become more and more acknowledged that the world appears as a gigantic network. The network phenomenon becomes into view as the archetypal contemporary total social fact, theorized and surrounded by researchers, essayists, activists, prophets, each of them pursuing its own agenda. Some academics appreciate the network as the "world society" in gestation. Others, on the contrary, see the emergence of networks as a vector towards the disappearance of communal world, and also of progressive decivilization and desymbolization. Those who appear as the prophets and heralds of networks believe that the world’s salvation lays in the democratic, solidaristic and donatist virtues of the connected multitudes in their common struggle against the world privatization and merchandization.Despite their antagonisms, these approaches converge on the idea that a very large virtual global society, where remote social relationships and communication immediateness are the rule, is in the making. Nevertheless, the interpretations of this digital sociality are too diverse and contradictory to help us distinguishing the part of reality they encompass, and what actually derives from ideology, prophecy and/or catastrophism. In this respect, the networks' axiomatic is confronted to two fundamental lacks, which need to be further explored: the relationship between virtual sociality and face-to-face relations and institutional mediations on the one hand; and the exploration of virtuous or harmful digital relations characteristic, not intrinsically speaking, but in the relationships it maintains with contemporary neo-liberal and “parcellitarian” (propensity towards explosion, atomization and fragmentation of societies) shapes in the other hand. This thesis therefore questions the degree of reality of this new sociality, and the status of reticular individualism or, more specifically, the shape which the figure of the individual take between emancipation through networks as proclaimed by some observers (recognition of authenticity and self-realization), and the alienation to them as decried by others (tyrannies of visibility and permanent connectivity). The question of emancipation (subjective and collective) drives us to question the place of giving in the dynamics of the current virtual sociality between subsistence of the spirit of giving, revitalization or even radicalization, and, via its generalization in the current “parcellitairian” shape, demolition and “depotentialization”.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-07T10:12:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Camila Passos (camilapassos@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-08T12:03:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Camila Passos (camilapassos@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-08T12:08:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T12:09:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-06 / Não recebi financiamento / This dissertation is analytically the historical formation of the Indian Reserve Araribá located in the municipality of Avai (SP), focusing on the relationships that occur between Terena and Guarani groups that will lead to the formation of a village called Tereguá where, theoretically, individuals inhabit the mixing occurred between these ethnic groups. The reserve Araribá was created in 1913 by the official indigenous agency of the Brazilian state, first the Indian Protection Service - SPI (1910-1967) and then the National Indian Foundation - FUNAI (1967 onwards), on land belonging to the unoccupied calls state of São Paulo in territorialization process of the Guarani indigenous population that was scattered between the São Paulo west, north of Parana and east of Mato Grosso do Sul. Araribá reserve, initially occupied by Guarani families, eventually adding Terena families brought by SPI, from the 1930s, from Mato Grosso (South), and Brazilian regional were also incorporated by intermarriage. Currently, the reserve of 1.930 hectares, with a population of about 600 people, is divided into four villages: Kopenoti and Ekeruá occupied by Terena families; Nimuendajú occupied by families Guarani and Terena Tereguá occupied by families, Guarani and those in which there was a mix between these two ethnic groups. The sources used are literature and ethnographic, from a participant observation and conversations with the Indians during the research field. The work seeks to make an ethnography of Tereguá community, highlighting its historical formation and their relationships, established inside the reserve, with the other villages. / Essa dissertação tem como base analítica a formação histórica da Reserva Indígena Araribá, localizada no município de Avaí (SP), focando nas relações ocorridas entre os grupos Terena e Guarani, que vão dar origem à formação de uma aldeia denominada Tereguá, onde, teoricamente, habitariam os indivíduos resultantes da mistura ocorrida entre esses grupos étnicos. A reserva de Araribá foi criada em 1913 pelo órgão indigenista oficial do Estado brasileiro, primeiramente Serviço de Proteção aos Índios - SPI (1910-1967) e depois a Fundação Nacional do Índio - FUNAI (1967 em diante), em terras chamadas devolutas pertencentes ao estado de São Paulo num processo de territorialização da população indígena Guarani que se encontrava dispersa entre o oeste paulista, norte do Paraná e leste de Mato Grosso do Sul. A reserva Araribá, inicialmente ocupada por famílias Guarani, acabou agregando famílias Terena trazidas pelo SPI, a partir dos anos 1930, de Mato Grosso (do Sul), sendo que regionais brasileiros também foram incorporados por casamentos interétnicos. Atualmente, a reserva de 1.930 hectares, com uma população de cerca de 600 pessoas, está dividida em quatro aldeias: Kopenoti e Ekeruá ocupadas por famílias Terena; Nimuendajú ocupada por famílias Guarani e Tereguá ocupada por famílias Terena, Guarani e aquelas nas quais ocorreu a mistura entre esses dois grupo étnicos. As fontes utilizadas são bibliográficas e etnográficas, a partir de uma observação participante e conversas com os indígenas durante a pesquisa de campo. O trabalho procura fazer uma etnografia da comunidade Tereguá, destacando sua formação histórica e suas relações, estabelecidas no interior da reserva, com as outras aldeias.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-05T20:32:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-19T14:27:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-19T14:27:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T14:31:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOCC.pdf: 13900305 bytes, checksum: 124af4ac48c2e7b730b87d013a55e235 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This dissertation is analytically the historical formation of the Indian Reserve Araribá located in the municipality of Avai (SP), focusing on the relationships that occur between Terena and Guarani groups that will lead to the formation of a village called Tereguá where, theoretically, individuals inhabit the mixing occurred between these ethnic groups. The reserve Araribá was created in 1913 by the official indigenous agency of the Brazilian state, first the Indian Protection Service - SPI (1910-1967) and then the National Indian Foundation - FUNAI (1967 onwards), on land belonging to the unoccupied calls state of São Paulo in territorialization process of the Guarani indigenous population that was scattered between the São Paulo west, north of Parana and east of Mato Grosso do Sul. Araribá reserve, initially occupied by Guarani families, eventually adding Terena families brought by SPI, from the 1930s, from Mato Grosso (South), and Brazilian regional were also incorporated by intermarriage. Currently, the reserve of 1.930 hectares, with a population of about 600 people, is divided into four villages: Kopenoti and Ekeruá occupied by Terena families; Nimuendajú occupied by families Guarani and Terena Tereguá occupied by families, Guarani and those in which there was a mix between these two ethnic groups. The sources used are literature and ethnographic, from a participant observation and conversations with the Indians during the research field. The work seeks to make an ethnography of Tereguá community, highlighting its historical formation and their relationships, established inside the reserve, with the other villages. / Essa dissertação tem como base analítica a formação histórica da Reserva Indígena Araribá, localizada no município de Avaí (SP), focando nas relações ocorridas entre os grupos Terena e Guarani, que vão dar origem à formação de uma aldeia denominada Tereguá, onde, teoricamente, habitariam os indivíduos resultantes da mistura ocorrida entre esses grupos étnicos. A reserva de Araribá foi criada em 1913 pelo órgão indigenista oficial do Estado brasileiro, primeiramente Serviço de Proteção aos Índios - SPI (1910-1967) e depois a Fundação Nacional do Índio - FUNAI (1967 em diante), em terras chamadas devolutas pertencentes ao estado de São Paulo num processo de territorialização da população indígena Guarani que se encontrava dispersa entre o oeste paulista, norte do Paraná e leste de Mato Grosso do Sul. A reserva Araribá, inicialmente ocupada por famílias Guarani, acabou agregando famílias Terena trazidas pelo SPI, a partir dos anos 1930, de Mato Grosso (do Sul), sendo que regionais brasileiros também foram incorporados por casamentos interétnicos. Atualmente, a reserva de 1.930 hectares, com uma população de cerca de 600 pessoas, está dividida em quatro aldeias: Kopenoti e Ekeruá ocupadas por famílias Terena; Nimuendajú ocupada por famílias Guarani e Tereguá ocupada por famílias Terena, Guarani e aquelas nas quais ocorreu a mistura entre esses dois grupo étnicos. As fontes utilizadas são bibliográficas e etnográficas, a partir de uma observação participante e conversas com os indígenas durante a pesquisa de campo. O trabalho procura fazer uma etnografia da comunidade Tereguá, destacando sua formação histórica e suas relações, estabelecidas no interior da reserva, com as outras aldeias.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T17:53:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3790722 bytes, checksum: 4beb3e4081730b4c31761e01e440ff53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T17:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3790722 bytes, checksum: 4beb3e4081730b4c31761e01e440ff53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The convergence culture has led to significant changes in the forms of production and consumption of fictional narratives. In this context, the blogs of characters emerge as one of the forms of narratives that lead transmídias the fictional TV content into cyberspace. Thus, it is important to analyze the configuration of this new communications ambience involving fictional narratives and not fictional, character and surfer, as well as the relationship that builds between them. Thus, this dissertation is to investigate general purpose, in the process of transmediação of soap operas for internet, similarities between the fictional and the real. We selected as the unit of analysis Blog Indra, the soap opera “Caminho das Índias” (Passage to Indias) (Rede Globo, 2009). The specific research objectives were: to analyze, from blog posts as they are constructed identity of the character and the identity profile of the public; identify the forms of sociality explored at the blog for the relationship characters/public and investigate how these forms of sociality promote convergences between presential and fictional world. The research, qualitative and interpretative nature, was conducted in two stages. At first, with reference to the concept of “Communication Contract” (CHARADEAU 2006, 2012), we did a descriptive and discursive approach to the blog, in which we demonstrate how the television narrative, blog, articulates the fictional and non-fictional. In the second step, we seek to understand the forms of sociality involved in the blo g, from the notions of presenteism (emphasis on everyday), ethics, aesthetics (sense of belonging) and tribalism (IDs). In this direction, we seek theoretical support in the comprehensive sociology of Michel Meffesoli (MAFESOLLI, 2007, 2010). The analysis of the posts in the first phase showed us that the identity of the character becomes Indra from discursive strategies that "simulate" the existence of a "blogger real world", being the identity profile of the Internet audience designed according to this perspective. The second step of the analysis showed that the identification of Internet users with the character extends to the "everyday" presented on the blog, thus indicating that the public creates links with the fictional: also sharing their stories, their feelings and affinities. Accordingly, we conclude that sociality is a majo r factor on the similarities between the fictional and the real of transmedia narratives. / A cultura da convergência vem provocando significativas transformações nas formas de produção e consumo de narrativas ficcionais. Nesse contexto, os blogs de personagens surgem como uma das formas de narrativas transmídias que levam o conteúdo ficcional da TV para o ciberespaço. Desse modo, faz-se relevante analisar como se configura essa nova ambiência comunicacional envolvendo narrativas ficcionais e não ficcionais, personagem e internauta, bem como a relação que se constrói entre ambos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação tem como propósito geral investigar, no processo de transmediação das telenovelas para a internet, convergências entre o ficcional e o real. Para tanto, selecionamos como unidade de análise o Blog do Indra, da Telenovela Caminho das Índias (Rede Globo, 2009). Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa foram: analisar, a partir das postagens no blog, como são construídas a identidade do personagem e o perfil identitário do público; identificar as formas de socialidade deflagradas no blog para a relação personagens/público e investigar como essas formas de socialidade promovem convergências entre o mundo presencial e o ficcional. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira, tendo com referência o conceito de Contrato de Comunicação (CHARADEAU, 2006, 2012), fizemos uma abordagem descritiva e discursiva do blog, na qual demonstramos como a narrativa televisiva, no blog, articula o ficcional e o não ficcional. Na segunda etapa, buscamos compreender as formas de socialidade implicadas no blog, a partir das noções de presenteísmo (ênfase no cotidiano), ética da estética (sentimento de partilha) e tribalismo (identificações). Nessa direção, buscamos aporte teórico na sociologia compreensiva de Michel Maffesoli (MAFESOLLI, 2007, 2010). A análise das postagens na primeira fase nos mostrou que a identidade do personagem Indra se faz a partir de estrat égias discursivas que “simulam” a existência de um “blogueiro do mundo real”, sendo o perfil identitário do público internauta projetado em função desta perspectiva. A segunda etapa da análise demonstrou que a identificação dos internautas com o personagem se estende ao “cotidiano” apresentado no blog, indicando assim que o público cria vínculos com o ficcional: compartilhando, também, suas histórias, seus sentimentos e afinidades. Nesse sentido, concluímos que a socialidade é um fator preponderante nas convergências entre o ficcional e o real das narrativas transmidiáticas.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-29T18:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3055361 bytes, checksum: e8b62adac1ef6f0a230d540c7b66f766 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T18:11:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3055361 bytes, checksum: e8b62adac1ef6f0a230d540c7b66f766 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / This dissertation aims to contribute to the growing debate in the Social Sciences about the interactions between people and places from the proposition of ethnographic reflections on erotic narratives and experience of men engaged in a network of affective and sexual changes called "pegação” (cruising). This network is made up of a multiplicity of agents and circuits that are distributed between the public, private, commercial, virtual and domestic spaces. The circuits that make up the network can be defined from fields and models of relationship, even if from crossing and overlap constantly, configure specific ways to understand the meanings produced in the experience. In the dissertation I seek to describe and analyze encounters produced from spaces like bathrooms, beaches, porn cinemas, saunas, websites and mobile apps. The analyze indicates to the way the space and the social markers of difference are intertwined, producing mutual relationships and meanings from erotic economies that value and (re)produce expectations about gender, race, class and generations from strategies of differentiation and fragmentation of the space to different public and interests. / O trabalho visa contribuir para o crescente debate nas ciências sociais a respeito das interações entre pessoas e lugares a partir da proposição de reflexões etnográficas sobre as narrativas e experiências eróticas de homens engajados em uma rede de trocas afetivas e sexuais a que chamam “pegação”. Essa rede é conformada por uma multiplicidade de agentes e circuitos que se distribuem entre o público, o privado, o comercial, o virtual e o doméstico. Os circuitos que conformam a rede podem ser definidos a partir domínios e modelos de relação que, ainda que se entrecruzem e sobreponham constantemente, configuram maneiras específicas de entender os significados produzidos na experiência. Ao longo do trabalho busco descrever e analisar encontros produzidos a partir de espaços como banheiros, praias, cinemas pornôs, saunas, sites e aplicativos para dispositivos móveis. As análises sinalizam para o modo como o espaço e os marcadores sociais da diferença estão imbricados, produzindo relações e significações mútuas a partir de economias eróticas que valorizam e (re)produzem expectativas sobre gênero, raça, classe e gerações a partir de estratégias de diferenciação e fragmentação do espaço para públicos e interesses diferenciados.

No livro The Insect Societies, Wilson propôs categorias de socialidade que foram consideradas uma unificação histórica da terminologia no estudo do comportamento social. Desde então, muitos novos padrões comportamentais foram descritos, mas não podiam ser encaixados em nenhuma das categorias disponíveis, prejudicando o consenso em torno dessa classificação bem estabelecida. Novas classificações gerais tentaram contornar as limitações mostradas pela categorização de Wilson, mas com pouco sucesso. Entre as proposições, algumas mantêm a forma de categorização discreta usando características consideradas importantes pelos autores que as propuseram; outros avançam em um modelo quantitativo de caracterização da socialidade. A análise de Carnap sobre os tipos de conceitos em ciência pode nos ajudar a avançar nesta discussão. Sua distinção entre conceitos qualitativos (classificatórios e comparativos) e conceitos quantitativos é usada aqui como base epistemológica para analisar o desenvolvimento das mudanças conceituais e classificações de socialidade propostas. A abordagem de Carnap reforça a proposta de superar a dicotomia entre espécies sociais e sociais a favor de um modelo de gradientes de socialidade. Concluímos que uma nova métrica de socialidade deve ser construída, usando características que não são arbitrárias, mas sim evolutivamente significativas e que permita a comparação entre o comportamento social de todas as espécies. Nesse sentido, a análise de redes sociais tem sido usada para descrever a estrutura de diferentes sociedades, características da estrutura das redes são comparáveis entre grupos e espécies. Aranhas sociais se constituem como um ótimo objeto de estudo, pois apresentam diferentes níveis de socialidade em diferentes níveis taxonômicos. Nós, portanto, desenvolvemos uma abordagem de redes sociais para quantificar a socialidade em colônias de Anelosimus eximius e descrever sua estrutura. Somado a isso, e considerando que a divisão do trabalho é uma característica importante das espécies eussociais, nós testamos se os indivíduos nas colônias se especializam em tarefas e se organizam em grupos em diferentes contextos sociais. Além disso, avaliamos quais os efeitos do tamanho de grupo nesta organização social. Indivíduos de A. eximius apresentam uma organização em grupos nos diferentes contextos sociais, e as colônias apresentam uma baixa, porém significativa, taxa de especialização em tarefas. Os grupos variam entre contextos, mas são frequentemente similares em contextos ativos. Em colônias menores, os indivíduos não apresentam grupos consistentes, todos os individuos parecem necessários para as tarefas. Complexidade social definida como especialização e formação de grupos dentro da colônia parece ser uma métrica útil de socialidade, permitindo a comparação de uma gama de espécies. O tamanho dos grupos tem que ser levado em conta, porque indivíduos aparentam ser sensíveis às necessidades da colônia / In the book The Insect Societies, Wilson proposed categories of sociality that were considered a landmark unification of terminology in the study of social behavior. Since then, many new behavioral patterns were described, but they could not be fitted in any of the available categories, undermining the consensus around that wellestablished classification. New general classifications tried to circumvent the limitations shown by Wilsons categorization, but with little success. Among the propositions, some maintain the form of discrete categorization using features considered important by the authors who proposed them; others advance a quantitative model of characterization of sociality. Carnap\'s analysis of types of concepts can help moving forward in this discussion. His distinction between qualitative concepts (classificatory and comparative) and quantitative concepts is used here as an epistemological basis for analyzing the development of the proposed conceptual changes and classifications of sociality. Carnaps approach reinforces the proposal of overcoming the dichotomy between eusocial and social species in favor of a model of sociality gradients. We conclude that a new metric of sociality should be built, using characteristics that are non-arbitrary, evolutionarily meaningful, and amenable to comparing social behavior between all species. In this context, social network analysis is currently used as a means to describe social structures in animal systems, and the network structure characteristics can be compared across groups of different composition and species. Social spiders are good models to study social behavior because they present different levels of sociality in different taxonomic levels. We develop a social network approach to quantifying sociality in Anelosimus eximius colonies and describe its structure. In addition, since division of labor is an important feature of eusociality, we evaluated individual specialization in colony tasks and tested for the existence of groups of individuals through different social contexts. We also evaluated the effects of colony size on such organization. A. eximius present a organization in groups in different social contexts, and colonies exhibit a low, but significant, specialization rate in particular tasks. Group composition among spiders was flexible but frequently similar in active tasks. Individuals in smaller colonies did not form consistent groups; all individuals seem necessary to perform the tasks. The evaluation of social complexity in terms of specialization and group organization seems to be a useful metric, allowing the comparison of a wide range of species. Colony size should be an important qualifier of this metric, since individual behavior appears sensitive to colony needs

Abstract This thesis focuses on integrating multipurpose public displays with online social networking services. Modern public displays are capable of much more than the early digital billboards used for promoting brand awareness in urban areas. Currently, smaller, interactive displays are proliferating and starting to offer a variety of services for their users. A network of such displays is located in the northern City of Oulu, Finland, for example, where it is used by the general public. As such, it forms a realistic test bed for studying novel public display services in an authentic urban setting. This thesis examines how to leverage online social networking services in creating services for interactive public displays. A key difference to most related research is that the displays simultaneously offer multiple services to their users. The thesis first provides general purpose software components, which together allow creating services that take advantage of online social networking services. These include a distributed user interface framework, a login mechanism for displays that relies on the developed framework, and a social networking service API for public displays, relying on the login mechanism. Then, the thesis presents a number of prototype services that use the developed components. The services are discussed in the contexts of user generated content, public displays for enabling communication between users, and the role of smart phones in enabling these services. The key findings of this thesis illustrate how consuming and producing user generated content directly on public displays provide compelling use cases. Also, while leveraging online social networking services can be useful in supporting casual communication between users, the anonymity of public display users is likely to cause problems in official communications. Mobile phones are found as suitable for enabling the integration of social networking services and public displays by de-anonymizing the users. However, we are still far from a situation in which mobile phones are a natural part of the interface between humans and public displays, and more research and development towards this vision are needed. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy monikäyttöisten julkisten näyttöjen ja yhteisöpalvelujen yhdistämiseen. Uudenaikaiset julkiset näytöt kykenevät paljon muuhunkin kuin ensimmäiset suuret mainostaulut joilla mainostettiin suuria tavaramerkkejä. Pienemmät, interaktiiviset näytöt yleistyvät ja alkavat tarjoamaan uudenlaisia palveluita. Yksi verkko tällaisia näyttöjä sijaitsee Oulussa, Suomessa, missä se on yhteisön käytössä. Se muodostaa aidon ja totuudenmukaisen testialustan julkisten näyttöjen palveluille aidossa kaupunkiympäristössä. Tämä väitöskirja tutkii Internetin yhteisöpalveluiden käyttämistä interaktiivisten julkisten näyttöjen palveluiden luomisessa. Yksi työn tärkeimmistä eroista olemassaolevaan kirjallisuuten on se, että käytetyt näytöt tarjoavat yhtäaikaa useita palveluita. Väitöskirja esittelee ensin yleiskäyttöisiä ohjelmistokomponentteja, joiden avulla voidaan luoda näytöille palveluita, jotka käyttävät hyväkseen Internetin yhteisöpalveluita. Nämä ovat hajautettu käyttöliittymäratkaisu, sisäänkirjautumismekanismi, mikä rakentuu kehitetyn käyttöliittymäratkaisun varaan sekä yhteisöpalvelurajapinta, mikä taas rakentuu sisäänkirjautumismekanismin varaan. Seuraavaksi väitöskirja esittelee prototyyppipalveluita, mitkä rakentuvat mainittujen komponenttien varaan. Nämä palvelut analysoidaan eri viitekehyksissä: käyttäjien luoma sisältö, julkisten näyttöjen mahdollistama kommunikaatio eri käyttäjien välillä sekä älypuhelinten rooli näiden palveluiden luomisessa. Väitöskirjan löydökset havainnollistavat, kuinka käyttäjien luoma sisältö sekä sen tuottaminen suoraan julkisella näytöllä ovat mieleisiä käyttötapoja. Lisäksi, vaikka yhteisöpalvelujen hyödyntäminen julkisilla näytöillä voikin tukea arkipäiväistä kommunikaatiota käyttäjien välillä, käytön anonymiteetti voi kuitenkin aiheuttaa ongelmia virallisemmassa kommunikaatiossa. Matkapuhelimet todetaan sopiviksi yhteisöpalvelujen ja julkisten näyttöjen yhdistämisessä etenkin käyttäjien tunnistamistuen vuoksi. Olemme kuitenkin vielä kaukana tilanteesta, missä matkapuhelimet ovat osa luonnollista käyttöliittymää ihmisten ja julkisten näyttöjen välillä, ja lisää tutkimusta on tehtävä tämän vision suuntaan.

Éternel objet de polémique, la publicité française, comme miroir social, consolide aussi notre lien social. L’examen de son élément langagier, le slogan, peut apporter beaucoup à la sociologie. Dans la perspective d’une socialité langagière et sous la forme du jeu de langage, sa dynamique linguistique se révèle comme une nouvelle manifestation semi-consciente d’un désir de transgresser les règles et d’être ensemble. Son style et son climat reflètent finalement baroquisme et hédonisme comme air du temps. Il semble urgent que la sociologie ne dédaigne plus la publicité : peu de phénomènes sociaux sont aussi révélateurs pour dire l’esprit du temps. / An eternal object of debate, French advertising, as a social mirror, also strengthens our social cohesion. An examination of its linguistic element, the slogan, can bring to sociology a lot. Within the prospect of a linguistic sociality and under the shape of a language play, its linguistic dynamics shows itself as a new semi-conscious demonstration of a desire to break rules and to be together. Its style and climate reflect finally baroquism and hedonism as the age atmosphere. It seems urgent for sociology not to disdain any more advertising : few social phenomena are so revealing to tell the spirit of the time.

Le développement comportemental de l’individu est particulièrement sensible aux influences sociales précoces. La mère, en tant que partenaire privilégié des jeunes dès la naissance, joue un rôle primordial dans leur survie et leur développement. Chez l’oiseau précoce, s’il est bien établi que le comportement maternel varie en fonction des caractéristiques personnelles de la mère, en revanche le rôle des jeunes dans ces variations et les conséquences sur leur développement restent encore méconnus. Chez la caille japonaise (Coturnix coturnix japonica), nous nous sommes, dans un premier temps, intéressés à l’influence d’un lien de parenté entre la mère et tous ses cailleteaux. Nous avons montré que ce facteur n’induisait pas de variation de son comportement maternel, permettant de poser l’hypothèse d’une faible sélectivité parentale chez cette espèce. Nous avons montré qu’en revanche un changement de comportement des cailleteaux suite à une modification de l’environnement prénatale pouvait améliorer le comportement maternel en diminuant l’agressivité maternelle. Nous avons ensuite démontré qu’un nombre de cailleteaux plus important induisait une amélioration des premières interactions mais amenait un rejet émancipatoire plus précoce de la part de la mère. Enfin nous avons exploré l’influence de la composition sexuée de la fratrie. Il apparait que les mères s’investissaient plus auprès de leurs petits mâles mais que cela était dépendant du sexe des autres membres de la fratrie. L’ensemble de nos travaux montre que les variations du comportement maternel ont une influence certaine sur le développement comportemental des jeunes dont le sexe détermine leur sensibilité aux différents traits maternels. / The behavioural development of the individual is particularly sensitive to early social influences. The mother, as a privileged partner of the young from the birth, plays a primordial role in their survival and their development. In the precocial bird, although it is well established that maternal behavior varies according to the mother's personal characteristics, the role of the young in these variations and the consequences on their development remain unknown. In the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), we were initially interested in the influence of a relatedness between the mother and all her chicks. We showed that this factor did not induce any variation in its maternal behaviour, allowing us to place the hypothese of a weak parental selectivity in this species. We showed that, on the other hand, a change in the chicks’ behaviour following a modification of the prenatal environment improved the maternal behaviour, decreasing maternal aggressivity. We then demonstrated that a greater number of chicks induced an improvement of the first interactions but induced an emancipatory rejection earlier by the mother. Finally, we explored the influence of the sexual brood composition. It appears that mothers were more involved in their male chicks but that it was dependent on the sex of the other members of the brood. All of our work shows that these variations in maternal behaviour have a sure influence on the behavioural development of chicks whose sex determines their sensitivity to different maternal traits.