Den här studien handlar om de strategier som fritidshemslärare använder för att bygga relationer med elever, samt vilka faktorer och svårigheter som kan påverka dessa relationer. Studien analyserar data från kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra fritidshemslärare från olika kommuner i Stockholm, Sverige, med hjälp av Lev Vygotskys sociokulturella perspektiv. Intervjuerna har genomförts på olika skolor för att jämföra erfarna och mindre erfarna lärares erfarenheter. I denna studie har vi även med tidigare forskning som undersökt olika aspekter av fritidshem och lärarnas roll i att skapa relationer med eleverna. Enligt resultaten av studien är både erfarna och mindre erfarna lärare engagerade i att skapa relationer med elever samt att utgå från deras behov, men de erfarna lärarna har en mer avancerad förmåga att identifiera individuella behov och styrkor och anpassa undervisningen därefter. Studien betonar vikten av kontinuerlig professionell utveckling för att lärare ska vara effektiva i sina roller för att främja elevers utveckling. Syftet med studien är att få en övergripande förståelse för de intervjuade lärarnas erfarenheter och perspektiv, samt att få insikter om deras strategier, viktiga faktorer och utmaningar i att bygga relationer med sina elever. / This study is about the strategies used by after-school teachers to build relationships with their students, as well as the factors and difficulties that can affect these relationships. The study analyzes data from qualitative, semi-structured interviews with four leisure teachers from different municipalities in Stockholm, Sweden, using Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective. The interviews were conducted in various schools in order to compare the experiences of experienced and less experienced teachers. The study builds on previous research that has investigated various aspects of after-school centers and the role of teachers in creating relationships with students. According to the study's findings, both experienced and less experienced teachers are committed to building relationships with students and addressing their individual needs, but the experienced teachers have a more advanced ability to identify individual needs and strengths and adapt teaching accordingly. The study emphasizes the significance of ongoing professional development for teachers for them to be effective in their roles of promoting student development. The study's goal is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the teacher’s interviewee’s experiences and perspectives, as well as to provide insights into their strategies and challenges in building relationships with their students.

The study, designed as a case study, aimed to explore an EFL teacher’s process of producing individualised written formative feedback to further the English language development of the diverse student body of one eighth-grade class in southern Sweden. The research questions were approached from a teacher’s perspective. (1) What are the characteristics of written formative feedback on the written performance of individual students in a diverse ELT classroom? (2) How does the teacher reason when adapting formative written feedback to the needs of individual students? The Quadrant model, applying aspects of sociocultural theory, helped interpret the data collected from the think-aloud protocol, follow-up interview, and the written feedback provided to the students. Two main characteristics were identified for the teacher’s written feedback comment. First, the teacher aspired to provide feedback within each student’s engagement zone, which was also found to be a vital part of the teacher’s reasoning when adapting his feedback to students. Secondly, the written comment consisted mainly of motivating and explanatory comments to encourage further development, which also mirrored the teacher’s reasoning when adapting feedback to each student’s needs. The reasoning reflected the teacher’s aspiration of balancing the amount of support and challenge each student needed to support their development within their Zone of Proximal Development.

Syftet med studien är att fördjupa kunskapen om hur lärare arbetar i sin matematikundervisning för att tillgodose olika varianter av lässvårigheter. En kvalitativ metod med hjälp av intervjuer har använts för att kunna presentera ett resultat. Forskningsfrågorna besvaras med hjälp av några huvudbegrepp från det sociokulturella perspektivet. De begrepp som huvudsakligen har benämnts i denna studie är mediering, proximal utvecklingszon och appropriering. I resultatet framkommer det hur lärare kan upptäcka lässvårigheter i matematik. Flerspråkighet, otillräcklig begreppsförståelse och bristande strategier är några av anledningarna till att eleverna är i lässvårigheter, vilket lärare oftast uppmärksammar vid textuppgifter i matematik. I resultatet redovisas även hur lärare arbetar med elever i lässvårigheter. Det gör de bland annat genom digitala verktyg och konkret material, exempelvis pengar, klossar och pizza. Slutsatsen av studien är att läraren behöver besitta kunskap om hur de kulturella verktygen ska användas för att ge eleverna möjlighet till att utvecklas inom textuppgifter i matematik. / The purpose of the study is to deepen the knowledge of how teachers work in their mathematics teaching to meet different variants of reading difficulties. A qualitative method with the help of interviews has been used to be able to present a result. The research questions are answered with the help of some main concepts from the sociocultural perspective. The concepts that have been mainly mentioned in this study are mediation, Zone of Proximal Development, and appropriation. The result shows how teachers can detect reading difficulties in mathematics. Multilingualism, insufficient conceptual understanding, and lack of strategies are some of the reasons why pupils have reading difficulties, which teachers often pay attention to when writing text assignments in mathematics. The results also report how teachers work with pupils with reading difficulties. They do this through digital tools and concrete materials, such as money, bricks, and, pizza. The conclusion of the study is that the teacher needs to possess knowledge of how the cultural tools should be used to give pupils the opportunity to develop in text assignments in mathematics.

The object of this research was to investigate young children's mathematical spatial reasoning in a Montessori classroom. Spatial reasoning is an important part of children's mathematical learning and development; however, opportunities for rich spatial reasoning are not readily available in the classroom. Rather, there is a focus on numeracy at the expense of geometry where activities for spatial development are usually found. Montessori designed a sensory curriculum around children's development, yet spatial reasoning in a Montessori classroom has not been fully investigated. This was a qualitative study using some tools of ethnography. The theoretical framework was Radford's sensuous cognition (2013, 2014) which allowed for an understanding of human development as cultural with the body essential to that development. The data, captured by video, were the children's semiotic traces (Bartolini Bussi and Baccaglini-Frank (2015, p. 393) which are the visible productions of the children's spatial reasoning such as their movements, text, drawings, and speech. The analysis found that the children had ample opportunities for engaging in challenging mathematical problems which required their spatial reasoning. These engaging activities resulted in the children using a wide range of spatial skills as they reasoned mathematically. The children's movement, the main semiotic trace generated by the children, was crucial to their spatial reasoning. This investigation concluded the pedagogical practices created a rich and dynamic environment for the children's spatial development. Practices included the use of well-designed mathematical manipulatives, engagement in the manner of guided play, co-operative learning with peers of mixed ages, extensive time for activities, and assessment based on observations of individual children.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the attitudes of several mathematics teachers towards homework as part of the workload of 10-11 year old students at a school in Yunnan Province, China. The focus is to describe and analyze their reasons for assigning homework as well as the nature of that homework. This study also describes their perspectives on how homework can contribute to improving a student’s knowledge of mathematics and what kind of homework they assign. Furthermore, it presents how the teachers describe the ability of the students to assimilate the mathematics homework. The main concepts and theoretical frameworks used to analyze the data are the "two basics", the five elements, cultural capital, habitus, the behaviorist learning theory and sociocultural learning theory. To fulfill my purpose I carried out four interviews and four observations. The results show that the reasons for the teachers assigning homework are “that it is the law of education” and “that practice makes perfect”. The teachers also think that homework helps the students to review and consolidate what they have learned in school that day. In addition, the analysis shows that homework gives students the opportunity to assess whether or not they have understood everything and if they have not, they can practice it. All of the teachers believe homework to be an important part of mathematics education. They assign two principal types of homework: oral and written. Two of the teachers also assign a third type: practical homework. According to the teachers, the students’ ability to assimilate the mathematics homework is affected by their parents’ learning habits, which they themselves have learned from their parents before them. The students are reflections of their parents. If parents have a good learning habit, they will teach their child how to successfully assimilate homework. The teachers agree that the parents’ lack of mathematical knowledge or mandarin can affect their ability to help their child with homework.

The question whether peer feedback can contribute to language development in an English second language (L2) classroom in a Swedish context is investigated through the use of a research synthesis. The syllabus for English 5-7, the document detailing the skills that should be developed and the content of English L2 upper secondary education in Sweden, suggests that peer feedback is an important feature in English L2 learning. Results of the current study indicated that peer feedback could have beneficial effects for pupils’ writing and language development. These results were supported by sociocultural theory. Furthermore, some of the issues regarding peer feedback, for instance that pupils mistrust their peers’ ability to give comments, could be circumvented through training pupils to give and incorporate peer feedback. Despite the fact that results indicated that peer feedback could be a valuable learning tool, results cannot with any certainty be generalized to a Swedish upper secondary context due to the fact that the primary research was conducted mostly at a small scale of approximately twenty to forty pupils, that all research was at university level, and that most of the research pertained to Asian pupils.

The aim of the given study is to investigate the impact of the legal as well as the sociocultural systems of Iran on the secondary victimization of rape victims in the country. As a theoretical background of the study, two feminist theories, Feminist criminology and Radical Feminist, will be used. By the help of these theories the influences of patriarchy on secondary victimization of rape victims in Iran will be explained. While case study is used to frame the design of the study, qualitative content analysis will also be used to collect the needed data through analyzing different sources and materials. The findings show that the lack of comprehensive laws regarding rape crime in Iran and the way service providers view and perceive rape victims have led to re-victimization of rape victims. Moreover, analyzing the sociocultural system of the country demonstrated that the prevalence of rape myths and gender inequality in the society have also contributed to re-victimization of such victims. The author believes that establishing new comprehensive laws regarding rape crime and changing the service providers and people’s attitudes regarding rape crime and rape victims through education are the most appropriate solutions for this problem.

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This study is a qualitative case study of collaborative learning in two chamber music ensembles in a public high school orchestra program. Collaborative learning, as applied to chamber music education, is a setting in which musicians engage in a common musical task and are accountable to the other members of the group. Using social constructivism as a conceptual framework, I sought to explore student collaboration within chamber music ensembles through social interaction and the development of creative rehearsal strategies. Attention was directed to the way in which students identified problems and developed rehearsal strategies to solve them. The following research questions guided this study: (1) How do students in the selected chamber music ensembles engage in collaborative learning? (2) What are the learning structures that enable collaboration within each group? (3) How do the students interact with each other in the selected chamber music ensembles? (4) What are the social structures that enable collaborative learning within each group? Using Mediated Discourse Analysis (MDA) I analyzed and interpreted the collaborative learning that occurred in the musical development of these high school chamber musicians. Data collection occurred during one semester of instruction (five months) and included individual interviews, focus group interviews, and observations, which included field-notes and digital video of rehearsals. The research methodology used in this study comprised the “interpretive–descriptive” method and focused on turning the participants’ words and actions into the development of potential themes and implications. My approach used a three-step process to analyze data in which concepts were coded relating to the phenomenon of collaborative and mutual learning as well as sociocultural mediation. In this study, I examined the collaborative learning process among the student participants. My study was further informed by the participants’ perceptions of their own collaborative learning processes. Themes found were learning structures that allowed for collaboration in interpretation and problem solving, and social structures that enabled peer pressure, socialization and a work ethic. Results indicated that when given the opportunity to work in small groups toward pre-determined musical goals, the participants in this study: (1) worked with internal group leaders to identify musical problems and develop creative rehearsal strategies to solve them, (2) used positive and negative peer pressure that created an organic social structure which contributed to team efficacy, and (3) showed a willingness to work harder toward group goals when empowered with the responsibility for their own learning. The results of this study suggest that a collaborative learning environment that includes small groups of heterogeneously mixed students can advance student learning in multiple ways. The traditional teacher centered learning environment may not be the most effective learning environment because it may limit student development in one or more capacities, including decision making and social development. Recognition of the active, purposeful character of human development and respect for the shared understanding (socially distributed knowledge) that enables peers to teach one another ought to shape the music educator’s role and function; to serve as a musical guide, facilitator, and source of social support. Based on the results of this study, it appears that it may be possible to adapt collaborative learning to diverse instructional situations regardless of the heterogeneous makeup of the learning group.

I dagens samhälle har sociala medier stort inflytande på människor. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur unga kvinnor upplever att deras mentala hälsa påverkas till följd av användning av sociala medier. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med unga kvinnor mellan 20–35 år som är aktiva på Facebook och Instagram. Analysen visade på två centrala teman: positiva mentala effekter och negativa mentala effekter med subteman ökad stressnivå och beroendeframkallande. Deltagarna upplever att deras psykiska hälsa påverkas både positivt och negativt. Dock visar resultatet att det var övervägande negativt. Vilket är i linje med tidigare studier. Författarna resonerar att social gemenskap vid användning av sociala medier var en gemensam positiv faktor för deltagarna, medan minskad självkänsla var en gemensam negativ faktor. Vi kommer att diskutera resultat i enlighet med den sociokulturella teorin, då det diskuterades att sociala medier har en viktig roll gällande hur de påverkar unga kvinnors mentala hälsa utifrån samtida kultur.