Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-22T12:20:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Geane Fontes.pdf: 821903 bytes, checksum: 4445cab0572746ea891f8154c542c186 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Geane Fontes.pdf: 821903 bytes, checksum: 4445cab0572746ea891f8154c542c186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The fusarium wilt is a major disease in tomato and cause reduction in productivity and product quality. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Trichoderma species and yeasts as agents biocontrollers of fusarium wilt in tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3. For this, tomato seedlings at 21 days were transplanted to pots containing soil infested with 50 g of substrate colonized with F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and with Trichoderma (8g/vaso). In the experiment aiming at the selection of yeast inoculation was performed by the method of root pruning where tomato seedlings at 21 days were immersed in cell suspension (1.5 x107 cells/mL) of yeast and transplanted to pots, previously infested structures with the pathogen. We also assessed the effect of different dosages of inoculum of Trichoderma (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10g) and different concentrations of yeast (104, 105, 106, 107, 108 cells/mL). The antagonistic activity of Trichoderma in vitro was assessed by base pairing in culture. Antagonism of yeast was performed by means of continuous groove, the center of the Petri dish and two discs culture medium pathogen positioned 0.2 cm from opposite ends of the plate. Of the 48 isolates of Trichoderma tested four (T25, LCB72, LCB80 and LCB 48Te) were the most effective in reducing disease severity, and the isolate T25 promoted the highest level of disease control (71.2%). The values of the effective dose for 50% reduction in disease severity (ED50), the lowest values were presented by isolated LCB 48Te (6.8 g) and LCB80 (7.2 g), indicating that they are more effective in controlling of the disease. Of the 45 tested yeasts, four (Hanseniaspora opuntia, Pichia kluyveri, P. caribbica and P. fermentans) decreased by 100% severity of fusarium wilt. The values of the effective concentration for 50% reduction in disease severity (EC50), the lowest values were presented by isolated 28FR (2.1x106 cells/mL) and 32FR (2.3x106 cells/mL), indicating they are the most effective in controlling the disease. With regard to the production of the four yeast killer phenotype presented as positive. In in vitro tests, Trichoderma T25, LCB72, LCB80 and LCB 48Te completely inhibited the pathogen, and the isolated yeast 39F2B was the most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. / A murcha-de-fusário é uma das principais doenças na cultura do tomateiro e causa redução na produtividade e qualidade do produto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de espécies de Trichoderma e de leveduras como agentes biocontroladores da murcha-de-fusário em tomateiro causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, raça 3. Para isto, plântulas de tomateiro aos 21 dias foram transplantadas para vasos contendo solo, infestado com 50 g de substrato colonizado com F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e com os isolados de Trichoderma (8g/vaso). No experimento visando à seleção de leveduras, a inoculação foi efetuada pelo método do corte de raízes, onde plântulas de tomateiro, aos 21 dias foram imersas na suspensão de células (1,5x107 células/mL) de leveduras e transplantadas para vasos, previamente infestado com as estruturas do patógeno. Também foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes dosagens de inóculo de Trichoderma (2, 4, 6, 8 e 10g) e diferentes concentrações de leveduras (104, 105, 106, 107, 108 células/mL). A atividade antagônica de Trichoderma in vitro foi avaliada através do pareamento de cultura. O antagonismo de leveduras foi realizado, por meio de estria contínua, no centro da placa de Petri e dois discos de meio de cultura do patógeno posicionados a 0,2 cm das extremidades opostas da placa. Dos 48 isolados de Trichoderma testados quatro (T25, LCB72, LCB80 e LCB 48Te) foram os mais eficientes na redução da severidade da doença, sendo o isolado T25 o que proporcionou maior nível de controle da doença (71,2%). Quanto aos valores da dose efetiva para reduzir em 50% a severidade da doença (DE50), os menores valores foram apresentados pelos isolados LCB 48Te (6,8 g) e LCB 80 (7,2 g), indicando serem mais efetivos no controle da doença. Das 45 leveduras testadas, quatro (Hanseniaspora opuntia, Pichia kluyveri, P. caribbica e P. fermentans) reduziu em 100% a severidade da murcha-de-fusário. Quanto aos valores da concentração efetiva para reduzir em 50% a severidade da doença (CE50), os menores valores foram apresentados pelos isolados 28FR (2,1x106 células/mL) e 32FR (2,3x106 células/mL), indicando serem os mais efetivas no controle da doença. Com relação à produção do fenótipo killer as quatro leveduras se apresentaram como positivas. Nos testes in vitro os isolados de Trichoderma T25, LCB72, LCB80 e LCB 48 Te inibiram completamente o fitopatógeno, e o isolado de levedura 39F2B foi o mais eficiente na inibição do crescimento micelial do fitopatógeno

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Analyse de la diversité inter et intra-spécifique des paramètres de l’architecture des systèmes racinaires chez les Solanacées. Les racines des plantes jouent un rôle important pour garantir productivité et résistance à de nombreux stress. Dans le nouveau contexte agricole, l’importance de ce système racinaire et de sonarchitecture sont remises au premier plan. Notre étude porte sur la dynamique de l’architecture racinaire des solanacées, qui contient un ensemble d’espèces horticoles importantes pour l’alimentation. Notre travail porte sur 32 génotypes, parmi 3 groupes d’espèces: aubergines, piments et tomates.Dans cette étude, nous proposons tout d’abord une analyse de la diversité inter et intraspécifique de l’architecture racinaire à travers l’évaluation d’un ensemble de traits qui sont aussi les paramètres d’un modèle dynamique de simulation (ArchiSimple : Pagès et al, 2012). Cette première évaluation a été faite en pots, en utilisant un milieu très favorable à la croissance des plantes et à l’enracinement. Nous montrons que les traits racinaires choisis présentent en effet des variations d’origine génétique, généralement plus fortes entre espèces qu’au sein des espèces. Nous avons également observé des corrélations entre certains traits qui révèlent des compromis ou des coordinations dans les processus de développement.Pour aller plus loin dans la signification des traits racinaires choisis et leur stabilité vis‐à‐vis des conditions environnementales, nous avons également évalué ces traits en conditions de culture hydroponique. C’est un milieu reconnu comme radicalement différent, intéressant pour les possibilités de visualisation des racines qu’il offre. Un dispositif avec des rhizotrons hydroponiques a été construit spécifiquement pour cette expérimentation. Nous avons confirmé, dans ces nouvelles conditions, les différences d’origine génétique entre les différents génotypes utilisés. De plus, nous avons comparé de manière systématique les valeurs de traits mesurés avec celles de la précédente expérimentation. Certains traits se révèlent stables ou très corrélés (e.g. diamètres, distances interramification)alors que d’autres présentent des différences beaucoup plus fortes (e.g. vitesses de croissance, vitesses d’émergence des racines adventives).Une troisième expérimentation, utilisant différentes combinaisons de greffage entre génotypes, nous a permis d’approfondir la question du contrôle des traits par des interactions au sein de la plante: soit à courte distance au sein du système racinaire, soit à plus longue distance parle système aérien. Deux traits importants ont été étudiés (le diamètre apical et la densité de ramification) en utilisant des combinaisons de génotypes ayant des valeurs contrastées par rapport à ces traits. Il en ressort des réponses très différentes, avec un effet marqué du greffon sur les111RésuméBui H.H. (2015), Diversité inter- et intra-spécifique des paramètres racinaires chez les Solanacées diamètres, révélant qu’une partie au moins du contrôle de ce trait est effectuée par le système aérien, et un effet faible ou inexistant du greffon sur la densité de ramification, révélant un contrôle local de ce trait, par des interactions à courte distance entre les racines. Cette expérimentation par greffage a montré un potentiel très intéressant pour mettre en lumière divers mécanismes de contrôle des traits au sein de la plante entière.Cette étude mérite d’être prolongée par des analyses plus systématiques des déterminismes de variation des traits de l’architecture racinaire, et par des simulations par modèle qui permettront de synthétiser les conséquences des variations de traits sur les performances globales des systèmes racinaires pour la prospection du sol. / Analysis of the inter and intra specific diversity of the parameters of the root system architecture in the Solanaceae.Plant roots play an important role to ensure the productivity and the resistance to manystresses. In new agricultural context, the importance of root system and its architecture are placed tothe forefront. Our study focuses on the root architecture dynamics of Solanaceae, which contains aseries of important horticultural species for the alimentation. Our work was based on 32 genotypesbelonging to three groups of species: aubergines, capsicums, and tomatoes.In this study, we propose firstly an analysis of inter‐ and intra ‐ specific diversity of rootarchitecture through evaluating a set of traits which are also the parameters of a dynamic simulationmodel (ArchiSimple: Pagès et al, 2012). The experiment in pots with a very favorable condition forplant growth and rooting was conducted for the first evaluation. It showed that the selected roottraits present an effect of genetic ‐ originated variations and this effect is usually stronger amongspecies than within species. We also found correlations between certain traits, which revealcompromises or coordinations in the developmental processes.In order to go deeper into the signification of selected root traits and their stability toenvironmental conditions, we also evaluated these traits in hydroponic culture. This environment isradically different, and interesting for its possibilities to visualize the roots. An experimental setupwith hydroponic rhizotrons was specially built for this experiment. In the new conditions, the genetic‐ originated differences between different genotypes used also were found. In addition, wecompared systematically the traits values with those of the previous experiment. Certain traits arestable or highly correlated (e.g., apical diameter, inter‐branch distance), while others are muchdifferent (e.g., root growth rate, emission rate of adventitious roots).In a third experiment, we used different grafting combinations between genotypes todeepen the question of the control of root traits by interactions within plant: either short distancecontrol within root system or long distance control by aerial system. Two important root traits (apicaldiameter and branching density) have been studied by grafting between genotypes which havecontrasting values on these traits. The different responses appear: a significant effect of scion ondiameters, which indicate that at least of this trait is controlled by shoot system, and a weak effect orno effect of scion on branching density, revealing the local control of this trait, by short distanceinteractions between the roots. This experiment showed a great potential of grafting to highlightvarious control mechanisms of root traits within whole plant.AbstractBui H.H. (2015), Diversité inter- et intra-spécifique des paramètres racinaires chez les Solanacées 113This study deserve to be extended by more systematic analysis of determinisms of variationsof root architecture traits, and by using simulation model which allow to integrate the consequencesof traits variations on global performances of root system for prospecting of soil.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-04-05T11:33:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Souza Antunes - 2018.pdf: 1117552 bytes, checksum: 7b6b38df98706830495a6656969aa5e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-05T12:47:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Souza Antunes - 2018.pdf: 1117552 bytes, checksum: 7b6b38df98706830495a6656969aa5e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T12:47:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Souza Antunes - 2018.pdf: 1117552 bytes, checksum: 7b6b38df98706830495a6656969aa5e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / The use of plant enzymes for analytical purposes is increasing every day, especially in the field of biotechnology linked to the development of new and more specific analytical instruments. In this way, the development of biosensors has been increasing since these allow the measurement of the analyte of interest to be performed by the selective transduction of a parameter of the target-analyte reaction that can be monitored. For this reason, the biological element that makes up the instrument, becomes an essential component for its construction. Polyphenoloxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a phenolic compound to a quinone, which can be reduced electrochemically and thus allows the detection (quantification) of the analyte of interest. This enzyme is widely distributed in plants and is widely used in the production of biosensors and the selective evaluation of phenolic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and total phenols in industrial effluents. The polyphenoloxidases in this specific work were extracted from the fruit of Jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum L.) and used in the development of carbon paste electrochemical biosensors in the determination of phenolic drugs, such as paracetamol, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and or methyldopa. Under experimental conditions the effect of the amount of enzymatic extract in the carbon paste ranging from 50 to 200 μL and the optimum pH of 3.0 to 9.0 using the differential pulse voltammetry technique was investigated. After optimization, the intermediate precision of the biosensor was tested through its reproducibility through the tests of repeatability, time of conditioning, stability and linearity. Soon after, used in the determination of the drugs, obtaining a better response in the detection of paracetamol, in this way, the calibration curve was realized and consequently applied in the determination of paracetamol of commercial samples in tablets. The biosensor had a linearity in the range of 5 to 245 μM, with a detection limit of 3 μM. The polyphenoloxidase extracted from the fruit of Jurubeba showed peculiar characteristics that it provided in the technological development of biosensors with application in the quality control of phenolic drugs, exhibiting high sensitivity, satisfactory selectivity, good repeatability and adequate stability. / O uso de enzimas vegetais para fins analíticos vem aumentando a cada dia, principalmente no ramo da biotecnologia ligada ao desenvolvimento de novos instrumentos de análises cada vez mais específicos. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento de biossensores vem crescendo, já que estes permitem que a medida do analito de interesse seja realizada pela transdução seletiva de um parâmetro da reação analito-alvo passível de ser monitorado. Por este motivo, o elemento biológico que compõe o instrumento, torna-se um componente essencial para a sua construção. A polifenoloxidase é uma enzima que catalisa a conversão de um composto fenólico a uma quinona, que pode ser reduzida eletroquimicamente e permite assim a detecção (quantificação) do analito de interesse. Esta enzima é amplamente distribuída nos vegetais e bastante utilizada na produção de biossensores e na avaliação seletiva de fármacos fenólicos em formulações farmacêuticas e de fenóis totais em efluentes industriais. As polifenoloxidases, neste trabalho em específico, foram extraídas do fruto da Jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum L.) e utilizadas no desenvolvimento de biossensores eletroquímicos de pasta de carbono na determinação de fármacos fenólicos, tais como o paracetamol, o ácido ascórbico, o ácido salicílico e o metildopa. Sob condições experimentais foram investigados o efeito da quantidade de extrato enzimático na pasta de carbono que variou-se de 50 a 200 μL e o pH ótimo de 3,0 a 9,0, utilizando a técnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial. Após otimizado, foi testado a precisão intermediária do biossensor através de sua reprodutibilidade por meio dos teste de repetibilidade, tempo de condicionamento, estabilidade e linearidade. Logo em seguida, empregado na determinação dos fármacos, obtendo uma melhor resposta na detecção do paracetamol, dessa forma, foi realizado a curva de calibração e consequentemente aplicado na determinação do paracetamol de amostras comerciais em comprimidos. O biossensor apresentou uma linearidade na faixa de 5 a 245 μM, com um limite de detecção de 3 μM. Frente aos resultados alcançados foi evidenciado que a polifenoloxidase extraída do fruto da jurubeba apresentou características peculiares que proporcionou no desenvolvimento tecnológico dos biossensores com aplicação no controle de qualidade dos fármacos fenólicos, exibindo alta sensibilidade, seletividade satisfatória, boa repetibilidade e estabilidade adequada.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-02-28T13:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laysa Laborda.pdf: 1672119 bytes, checksum: a5ad9008dca40f70d1eafafec4e93ca3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T13:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laysa Laborda.pdf: 1672119 bytes, checksum: a5ad9008dca40f70d1eafafec4e93ca3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM / Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) cultivation in the Amazonas state is limited by the high incidence of southern blight caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The incorporation of plant material into the substrate changes the microflora present by increasing the organic matter content and by the plants decomposition exudates, which may be toxic or beneficial to the different microorganisms present on the substrate. The incorporated organic matter also increases the nutrient content available to the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for control of southern blight by the incorporation of fresh comminuted biomass of four Fabaceae species: Erythrina fusca and Senna reticulata, native to Amazonia, and Desmodium heterocarpon and Gliricidia sepium, exotic to the substrate. The isolate of S. rolfsii was obtained from cubiu plants with disease symptoms and multiplied in autoclaved rice. Infestation of the substrate (argisol: chicken manure, 2: 1) was done with the incorporation of 10 g of colonized rice.L-1, in pots filled with 8 L of substrate, kept in a nursery. After 20 days of infestation, were incorporated 40 g of the Fabaceae biomass.L-1 substrate. The cubiu seedlings, 90 days after sowing, were transplanted one week after the incorporation of the Fabaceae. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replicates and seven treatments: four species of Fabaceae and three controls, without the incorporation of biomass. In one control the substrate was not infested and in other, the plants were sprayed (9 mL.plant-1) twice, 50 days apart, with fungicide (Viper 700®, methyl thiophanate, 0.49 g a.i. for litter of water). Another experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of doses of G. sepium incorporated into the substrate. The experiment had a completely randomized design and three replicates, with six treatments: incorporation of 40, 80, 120 and 160 g of G. sepium.L-1 substrate and two controls without incorporation of G. sepium. In one control, the plants were treated with fungicide. In this experiment, the pots were filled with 6 L of substrate infested as described in the previous experiment. In both experiments the disease and the inoculum incidence in the substrate were evaluated. In the first experiment, the data from the area below the disease progress curve were submitted to ANOVA and the means, compared by the Tukey test. In the second experiment, the data were submitted to regression analysis. In the first experiment the cubiu plants cultived in substrate with Fabaceae incorporation or treated with fungicide had the same southern blight incidence and in the pathogen suppression. In the second experiment, the incidence of southern blight was proportional to the G. sepium dose incorporated. With the incorporation of 139 g of G. sepium.L-1 no diseased plants were observed. Also the incorporation of 142 g G. sepium.L-1 substrate reduced the population of S. rolfsii in the substrate by 20%. / O cultivo do cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal), no Amazonas, é limitado pela alta incidência da doença podridão-de-escleródio causada por Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. A incorporação de material vegetal ao substrato de cultivo altera a microflora presente nesse substrato, tanto pelo aumento do teor de matéria orgânica, quanto pela liberação de substâncias, durante a decomposição desse material vegetal, que podem ser tóxicas, ou benéficas, a diferentes microrganismos presentes no substrato. A matéria orgânica incorporada aumenta, também, o teor de nutrientes disponíveis para a planta. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial de controle da podridão-de-escleródio em cubiu por meio de incorporação, ao substrato de cultivo, de biomassa fresca triturada de quatro espécies de fabáceas: Erythrina fusca e Senna reticulata, nativas da Amazônia, e Desmodium heterocarpon e Gliricidia sepium, exóticas. O isolado de S rolfsii foi obtido de plantas de cubiu com sintomas da doença e multiplicado em arroz autoclavado. A infestação do substrato (argissolo: esterco de galinha, 2:1 ) foi feita com a incorporação de 10 g de arroz colonizado.L- 1 de substrato, em vasos preenchidos com 8 L de substrato, mantidos em viveiro. Após 20 dias da infestação, foram incorporadas 40 g da biomassa das fabáceas.L-1 de substrato. As mudas de cubiu, aos 90 dias da semeadura, foram transplantadas para os vasos uma semana depois da incorporação das fabáceas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e sete tratamentos: quatro espécies de fabáceas e três testemunhas, sem a incorporação de biomassa. Em uma das testemunhas não houve infestação do substrato e em duas, o substrato foi infestado, sendo que em uma, as plantas foram pulverizadas (9 mL.planta-1) duas vezes, com intervalo de 50 dias, com fungicida (Viper 700®, tiofanato metílico, 0,49 g do i.a.L-1 de água). Outro experimento foi realizado avaliando-se o efeito de doses de G. sepium incorporadas ao substrato. O experimento teve delineamento inteiramente casualizado e três repetições, com seis tratamentos: incorporação de 40, 80, 120 e 160 g de G. sepium.L-1 de substrato e duas testemunhas sem incorporação de G. sepium sendo que em uma, as plantas foram tratadas com fungicida. Neste, os vasos tiveram 6 L de substrato infestado com a mesma dosagem de inóculo do experimento anterior. Em ambos os experimentos foi avaliada a incidência da doença e a densidade do inóculo no substrato. No primeiro experimento, os dados da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias, comparadas pelo teste Tukey. No segundo experimento os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão. No primeiro experimento as fabáceas não diferiram do fungicida na redução da incidência da podridão-de-escleródio e na supressão do patógeno. No segundo experimento, a redução da incidência da podridão-de-escleródio foi proporcional ao aumento da dose de G. sepium, apresentando 100% de controle com a incorporação de 139 g de G. sepium.L-1 de substrato. A dose de 142 g reduziu a população de S. rolfsii no substrato em 20%.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-01-26T16:05:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Sebasti?o Nunes da Rosa Filho.pdf: 2091591 bytes, checksum: f35a1bfbdc5bdd66764178c67ffba67b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T16:05:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Sebasti?o Nunes da Rosa Filho.pdf: 2091591 bytes, checksum: f35a1bfbdc5bdd66764178c67ffba67b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-30 / CAPES / Industrial tomato production is hampered by weed occurrence, which may reduce productivity through competition, affect the efficiency of products applied to crops and host commercially important diseases and pathogens. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and management of weeds in industrial tomato cropping systems in the Cerrado of Goi?s. In Chapter One, the viable seed bank was evaluated in areas with different weed management systems. The evaluation was made in two conventional tillage areas (CT); two with no-till (NT) and four with no-till and reduced soil preparation (RSP). The most frequent weeds were Conyza bonariensis, Cenchrus echinatus, Ipomoea aristolochiaefolia, Leonotis nepetifolia, Spermacoce latif?lia, Senna obtusifolia, Nicandra physaloides, Euphorbia heterophylla, Gnaphalium spp., Brachiaria plantaginea, Zea mays, Bidens pilosa, Macroptilium spp., , Solanum lycopersicum (tiguera), Commelina benghalensis and Sida rhombifolia. Among the soil preparation systems, reduced preparation (RSP) resulted in two species with higher germination: Phyllanthus tenellus and Oxaliss pp. Conventional tillage (CT) resulted in six species with the highest plant emergence number ? Ageratum conyzoides, Coronopus didymus, Portulaca oleracea, Eragrostis pilosa, Digitaria horizontalis and Solanum americanum. In Chapter Two, different systems of weed management in tomato crops for industrial processing under center-pivot irrigation were evaluated. The applied treatments were combinations between harrowing and chemical management with glyphosate, s-metolachlor, sulfentrazone and metribuzin-based products at different application periods. The variables plant population and ?Brix were not influenced by the treatments. There was statistical difference within the production components: twenty-fruit mass, yield per plant and productivity. Highest productivity was observed in the following treatments: a) harrowing thirty days after transplant (DAT), application of glyphosate (1,080 g ha-1), metribuzin (480 g ha-1) and s-metolaclhor (1,200 g ha-1) on the seventh DAT (83.39 t ha-1); harrowing on the 30th DAT, glyphosate (1,080 g ha-1) and s-metolachlor (1,200 g ha-1) on the seventh DAT (74.75 t ha-1); c) harrowing on the thirtieth DAT, glyphosate (1,080 g ha-1) on the 14th DAT and sulfentrazone (100 g ha-1) on the seventh DAT (73.06 t ha-1); d) harrowing on the 30th DAT, glyphosate (1,080 g ha-1) on the 14th DAT and s-metolachlor (1,200 g ha-1) on the seventh DAT (71.83 t ha-1) and; e) harrowing on the 30 DAT, glyphosate (1,080 g ha-1) and sulfentrazone (100g ha-1) on the seventh DAT (71.75 t ha.-1).With the ?no weeding? and ?harrowing-only? treatments, there was reduction of 63.82% and 69.29% in fruit productivity, respectively, compared to the weeded sample. The conclusion is that the applications of sulfentrazone (100 g ha-1) or s-metolachlor (1,200 g ha-1) in weed management systems using glyphosate revealed potential alternatives for industrial tomato production in Goi?s. / O cultivo de tomateiro industrial ? prejudicado pela ocorr?ncia de plantas daninhas que podem reduzir a produtividade por competi??o, afetar a efici?ncia de produtos aplicados nas lavouras e serem hospedeiras de pragas e pat?genos de import?ncia comercial. Com isso, este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a ocorr?ncia e o manejo de plantas daninhas em sistemas de cultivo de tomateiro industrial no Cerrado goiano. No primeiro cap?tulo, avaliou-se o banco de sementes vi?veis de ?reas com diferentes sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas. As avalia??es foram feitas em duas ?reas de plantio convencional (PC), duas de plantio direto (PD) e quatro de plantio direto modificado com preparo reduzido do solo (PPR). As esp?cies de plantas daninhas mais frequentes foram Conyza bonariensis, Cenchrus echinatus, Ipomoea aristolochiaefolia, Leonotis nepetifolia, Spermacoce latif?lia, Senna obtusifolia, Nicandra physaloides, Euphorbia heterophylla, Gnaphalium spp., Brachiaria plantaginea, Zea mays, Bidens pilosa, Macroptilium spp., Solanum lycopersicum(tiguera), Commelina benghalensis, Sida rhombifolia. Entre os sistemas de preparo do solo, o preparo reduzido (PPR) apresentou duas esp?cies entre as de maior germina??o, a esp?cie Phyllanthus tenellus e a Oxalis spp. O plantio convencional (PC) apresentou tr?s esp?cies com maior n?meros de plantas emergidas, sendo Eleusine indica, Digitaria horizontalis e Amaranthus hybridus. O plantio direto (PD) teve seis esp?cies com maior emerg?ncia em compara??o aos outros manejos de solo, sendo Ageratum conyzoides, Coronopus didymus, Portulaca oleracea, Eragrostis pilosa, Digitaria horizontalis e a Solanum americanum. No segundo cap?tulo, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura do tomateiro para processamento industrial em parte de lavoura comercial sob piv? central. Os tratamentos utilizados foram combina??es entre o uso da gradagem e manejo qu?mico com produtos ? base de glyphosate, s-metolachlor, sulfentrazone e metribuzin em diferentes ?pocas de aplica??o. As vari?veis popula??o de plantas e ?Brix n?o foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. Houve diferen?as estat?sticas para os componentes de produ??o: massa de vinte frutos, produ??o por planta e produtividade. As maiores produtividades foram observadas nos seguintes tratamentos: a) gradagem aos trinta dias antes do transplantio (DAT), aplica??o de glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1), metribuzin (480 g ha-1) e de s-metolaclhor (1.200 g ha-1) aos sete DAT (83,39 t ha-1); b) gradagem aos 30 DAT, glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) e s-metolachlor (1.200 g ha-1) aos sete DAT (74,75 t ha-1);c) gradagem aos trinta DAT, glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) aos 14 DAT e sulfentrazone (100 g ha-1) aos sete DAT (73,06 t ha-1); d) gradagem aos 30 DAT, glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) aos 14 DAT e s-metolachlor (1.200 g ha-1) aos sete DAT (71,83 t ha-1) e ; e) gradagem aos 30 DAT, glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) e sulfentrazone (100 g ha-1) aos sete DAT (71,75 t ha.-1). Nos tratamentos ?sem capina? e ?apenas gradagem?, houve redu??o de 63,82% e 69,29% na produtividade de frutos, respectivamente, em rela??o ? testemunha capinada. Conclui-se que as aplica??es de sulfentrazone (100 g ha-1) ou s-metolachlor (1.200 g ha-1), em sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas contendo glyphosate, se revelaram alternativas potenciais na cultura do tomateiro industrial em Goi?s.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-12T20:55:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Cristiana Maia de Oliveira.pdf: 2253824 bytes, checksum: 0c49afa03412e03e8ba8d8d9e8b01029 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T20:55:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Cristiana Maia de Oliveira.pdf: 2253824 bytes, checksum: 0c49afa03412e03e8ba8d8d9e8b01029 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-23 / CNPq / The tomato has been widely cultivated in the state of Rio de Janeiro mainly by smallholders and family farmers that make use of organic agriculture as a way to add value to the culture. After harvest, the tomato presents itself as a highly perishable fruit, being a climacteric fruit, the ripening involves a number of changes in it physical and chemical characteristics. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the conservation and postharvest quality of cherry tomatoes Perinha ?gua Branca and Mascot cultivars, stored at room and controlled conditions. Three experiments were carried out: 1) postharvest longevity of fruits cherry tomato, 2) evaluation of the effect of cassava starch film on postharvest quality of fruits and 3) use of cinnamon essential oil to control pathogens. We carried out the following physico-chemical analyzes: weight loss, color, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid and pectin methyl esterase activity. In the first experiment, we used fruits in the intermediate, pinky, red and mature stages to both cultivars. At room temperature, the post-harvest longevity of fruits in Perinha cultivar was 20 days in the pinky and 15 days to red and mature stages. ?Mascot? longevity was 24 days to the intermediate stage, 20 days for pinky and 15 days to red and mature stage. In controlled temperature postharvest longevity of fruits in Perinha cultivar was 24 days in the intermediate and pinky stages, 20 days to red and 15 days to mature. ?Mascot? longevity was 27 days in the intermediate and pinky stages, 24 days to red and to mature. In the second experiment, was used cassava starch coating in the following concentrations: 1%, 3% and 5%. It was observed that at room and controlled conditions cassava starch coating at a concentration of 3% promoted the best results, delaying the ripening and senescence while maintaining fruit quality. The concentration of 1% was similar to the control almost all the experimental period, while starch coating at 5% prevented the normal maturation process and showed high levels of infected fruits by fungi which affect the appearance and quality. The average activity of PME was higher in ?Mascot? fruits. The third experiment consisted in a combination of distilled water and starch coating at 3% associated with 0.1% and 0.3% concentrations of cinnamon essential oil. The cinnamon essential oil made changes on the fruit surface, causing stains and burns affecting the fruit quality. The oil was not effective in diseases control. / O tomate cereja vem sendo amplamente cultivado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro principalmente por pequenos produtores e pela agricultura familiar que fazem uso da agricultura org?nica como forma de agregar valor a cultura. O tomate ap?s a colheita apresenta-se como um fruto altamente perec?vel, sendo um fruto climat?rico seu amadurecimento acarreta uma s?rie de transforma??es em suas caracter?sticas f?sicas e qu?micas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conserva??o e qualidade p?s-colheita de tomates cereja cultivares Perinha ?gua Branca e Mascot, armazenados em condi??es ambiente e controlada. Foram realizados tr?s experimentos: 1) longevidade p?s-colheita de frutos de tomate cereja; 2) Avalia??o do efeito da pel?cula de f?cula de mandioca na qualidade p?s-colheita e 3) utiliza??o de ?leo essencial de casca de canela no controle de podrid?es. Foram realizadas as seguintes an?lises f?sicas e qu?micas: perda de massa fresca, cor, pH, acidez total titul?vel, s?lidos sol?veis, ?cido asc?rbico e atividade de pectinametilesterase. No experimento 1 foram utilizados frutos nos est?dios de vez, rosado, vermelho e maduro de ambas as cultivares. Em ambiente controlado, a longevidade p?s-colheita dos frutos da cultivar Perinha foi de 20 dias para os est?dios de vez e rosado e 15 dias para vermelho e maduro. Para ?Mascot? a longevidade foi de 24 dias para o est?dio de vez, 20 dias para rosado e 15 dias para vermelho e maduro. Em temperatura controlada, a longevidade p?s-colheita dos frutos da cultivar Perinha foi de 24 dias para de vez e rosado, 20 dias para vermelho e 15 dias para maduro. Para ?Mascot? a longevidade foi de 27 dias para de vez e rosado e 24 dias para vermelho e maduro. No experimento 2 foram utilizados revestimentos de f?cula de mandioca nas concentra??es de 1%, 3% e 5%. Foi observado que em condi??es ambiente e controlada, o revestimento de f?cula de mandioca na concentra??o de 3% foi o que promoveu melhores resultados retardando o processo de amadurecimento e senesc?ncia al?m de manter a qualidade dos frutos. A concentra??o de 1% se assemelhou ao controle durante quase todo per?odo experimental, enquanto que f?cula 5% impediu o processo normal de amadurecimento e mostrou alto ?ndice de frutos infectados por fungos comprometendo a apar?ncia e qualidade. A atividade m?dia de PME foi maior nos frutos de ?Mascot?. O experimento 3 consistiu da combina??o ?gua destilada e f?cula 3% associada a concentra??es de 0,1% e 0,3% de ?leo essencial de canela. O ?leo essencial de casca de canela promoveu altera??es na superf?cie dos frutos, provocando manchas e queimaduras afetando sua qualidade. O ?leo n?o foi efetivo no controle de podrid?es.

Orientador: Leila Trevisan Braz / Resumo: O tomateiro é amplamente cultivado em todas as regiões geográficas do Brasil, destacando-se como a segunda hortaliça mais cultivada, superada apenas pela batata em importância econômica. O uso da enxertia vem sendo realizado para esta cultura em muitos países, e suas contribuições são no controle de doenças, principalmente as de solo, mas também na absorção de nutrientes, estresse hídrico, salinidade, caraterísticas de qualidade do fruto, bem como na produtividade. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de três porta-enxertos (502271, ‘Shincheonggang’ e ‘Enpower’) e dois enxertos (‘Paronnty’ e ‘Ozone’), além da autoenxertia e pé-franco, quanto aos teores nutricionais da parte aérea da planta, qualidade dos frutos e produção. A avaliação foi realizada em dois experimentos realizados na Estação Experimental da Syngenta em Holambra – SP, nos anos de 2017 e 2018, utilizando delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 10 tratamentos e quatro repetições. A partir dos dados obtidos, foram realizadas análises estatísticas individuais e conjuntas e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Para a maioria dos nutrientes, a enxertia proporcionou maiores teores que as plantas não enxertadas. Além disso, apresentaram melhorias para as características de qualidade, além de maior massa de frutos, sendo assim mais rentáveis para algumas combinações de tratamento. O uso em duas épocas de avaliação foi útil, uma vez que a maioria das características... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tomatoes are widely cultivated in all geographical regions of Brazil, standing out as the second most cultivated vegetable, surpassed only by potatoes in economic importance. The use of grafting has been carried out for this crop in many countries, and its contributions are to the control of diseases, mainly soil diseases, but also to nutrient absorption, water stress, salinity, fruit quality characteristics, as well as productivity. In view of the above, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of three rootstocks (502271, 'Shincheonggang' and 'Enpower') and two grafts ('Paronnty' and 'Ozone'), as well as self-grafting and non-grafted plants as for the nutritional content in the aerial part of the plant, fruit quality and production. The evaluation was carried out in two experiments conducted at Syngenta Experimental Station in Holambra - SP, in the years 2017 and 2018, using a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and four replications. From data obtained, individual and joint statistical analyzes were performed and the averages were compared by the Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. For most of the nutrients, grafting provided higher content than ungrafted plants. Moreover, they showed improvements to quality characteristics, in addition to greater fruit mass, thus being more profitable for some combinations of treatment. The use in two evaluation periods was useful, since most of the characteristics were influenced in the interaction years of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Efficient agronomic practices are vital for achieving sustainable management of water resources and N for producing highly nutritious leafy vegetables to curb malnutrition and poverty. The importance of proper N and irrigation of sustainable crop production is well recognised in literature, although irrigation and N application rate guidelines for ALV’s might not be sufficient for advisory purposes, especially for smallholder and commercial farmers. The limited access is attributed by factors such as the lack of commercialisation as a result of limited agronomic information describing optimum management options for S. retroflexum. Availability of such information would contribute to successful commercialisation of this crop. The primary objective of this study was to establish optimum agronomic management practices for S. retroflexum for smallholder farmer as well as commercial production in South Africa. This project consists of three main components with the overall objective to evaluate agronomic management practices of irrigation and N application on the marketable yield, nutritional water productivity and 1H-NMR metabolic profiling under a rainshelter. The results suggested that S. retroflexum responded positively to N application rates until an optimum marketable yield was obtained at 150 kg N·ha-1 with I66%FC, followed by the I100%FC with 150 kg N·ha-1,while, the lowest biomass was recorded in the I33%FC irrespective of the N application rate. This also indicates of how S. retroflexum is affected by insufficient irrigation, even at sufficient N application rates. N and irrigation are key factors limiting plant survival and growth and low applications has adverse effects on the marketable yield of S. retroflexum. Dry matter production increased with the higher N application and a linear increase was observed with N application having a significant effect on the dry matter production. Maximum irrigation use efficiency (IUE), was obtained in the moderately irrigated treatment (I66%FC) and the 150 kg N·ha-1, followed by the I100%FC and 150 kg N·ha-1. The stressed irrigation and N treatments showed sustainably low irrigation use efficiency as compared to the well irrigated treatment. This suggests the competitive capacity of S. retroflexum roots to draw water from deeper parts of the soil profile, during stressed conditions to maintain the turgor pressure, indicating that production of S. retroflexum is possible in arid areas where water could be a limiting input, but might not be profitable for farmers. However, the biomass yields obtained under the less irrigated soil water conditions may lack the quality needed to market the produce. The NWP for Zn and Fe showed significant differences among the irrigation and N treatments. Although the NWP of Mg in S. retroflexum was neither influenced by irrigation nor N application, with no statistical differences between the irrigation and N application observed. Among the different irrigation and N treatments evaluated, I33%FC obtained the lowest NWP irrespective of the N application rate, followed by I100%FC. The NWP increased linearly with an increase in N application. Optimum Fe NWP was obtained with 150 kg N ha-1, but declined significantly at application 225 kg N ha-1 in I33%FC and I100%FC. Maximum Fe NWP was obtained with I66%FC with 150 kg N ha-1. The NWP Fe for S. retroflexum in this study, are acceptable when compared to those obtained in literature. Therefore a significant interaction between N and irrigation application exist, with respect to Fe and Zn availability of S. retroflexum, which could be ideal for Fe and Zn malnutrition alleviation in resource poor households. 1H-NMR based metabolomic profiling was utilized for compound annotation as effected by irrigation and N. Chlorogenic acid, proline, sucrose and trigonelline were associated with separation in the irrigation treatments. Since no separation of the irrigation or N treatments was observed with the PCA, an OPLS-DA plot was constructed. A pairwise comparison of the I33%FC and I100%FC samples was done, which provided better separation between the clusters for the first harvest. Even better separations were observed with a pairwise OPLSDA analysis of the I33%FC and I100%FC samples for the second harvest. Primary metabolites such as sucrose, and proline and secondary metabolites trigonelline and chlorogenic acid were responsible for grouping of the stressed irrigation treatment as compared to the well irrigated treatment. Main findings of the study suggest that S. retroflexum is highly nutritious in Fe, Zn and Mg, which might play a significant role in malnutrition alleviation. Solanum retroflexum requires sufficient soil water content, for achieving high nutrient yield and nutritional water productivity. The results clearly illustrate that the perception that S. retroflexum grow well on low soil fertility mostly practised in rural and smallholder farming is incorrect and misleading. Moreover, S. retroflexum can be an ideal cropping system for smallholder and commercial farmers in water scarce areas such as South Africa, although marketable yield is severely affected. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Cultivated tomato plants are extremely susceptible to the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Selection for pest resistance is usually a crucial step required to achieve successful genetic resistance transfer from wild into cultivated tomato genotypes. S. habrochaites LA2329, a wild relative of tomato, is highly resistant to arthropods. Its resistance has been attributed to the presence of a high density of type IV and type VI trichomes and abundant production of 7-epi-zingiberene, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. The interspecific backcross hybrids used in this research were derived from the cross between the wild relative tomato, S. habrochaites LA2329, and the cultivated tomato, S. lycopersicum ‘Zaofen 2’ (ZH2). This population has been directly selected for type IV trichome density and zingiberene. The arthropod resistance status of the backcross hybrids was unknown when this research was initiated. Thus, the main objective of the research was to verify the transfer of arthropod resistance from S. habrochaites to cultivated tomato. The effects of glandular trichome densities and leaf zingiberene contents on spider mite behavior and biology were also explored. Also, the chemical composition of the trichome secretions in the wild tomato donor is segregating for presence and abundance of sesquiterpenoids related to zingiberene. The bioactivity of these sesquiterpenoids was explored in this research. To evaluate the relative bioactivities of zingiberene alcohol and 7-epizingiberene, extracted from glandular trichomes of Solanum habrochaites accession LA2329, as well as alpha-zingiberene obtained from ginger oil, these were purified by silica gel chromatography and bioassayed with two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) using a bean leaf disc bioassay. Zingiberene alcohol was most efficacious and alpha-zingiberene, was least efficacious, while the efficacy of 7-epizingiberene was intermediate. Thus, tomato breeders should consider introgression of the genes responsible for the oxidation of 7-epizingiberene into zingiberene alcohol to potentially improve the spider mite resistance of cultivated tomato. Also, it is possible that this compound may be exploited as eco-biopesticide approach for integrated pest management against a broad spectrum of herbivorous pests. To verify transfer of arthropod resistance, a bioassay utilizing whole leaves was employed. Nine hybrids (BC3F3 and BC3F4) were chosen for this bioassay, based on variation of type IV trichome density and zingiberene concentration among the hybrids. The experiment also included three susceptible and three resistant control plants. Mite responses on some of the hybrids were similar to those on the resistant wild donor parent, S. habrochaites, as indicated by number of leaflet surfaces infested by mites, degree of mite webbing and feeding damage. Egg density on four backcross hybrids was similar to that on the S. habrochaites resistant controls. Based these results, we concluded that resistance had been successfully transferred from the wild accessions to the hybrids by deployment of backcrossing and indirect selection. There was a significant negative correlation of almost all mite behavioral and biological responses with Type IV trichome density and zingiberene content. This bioassay illuminated behavioral variations of mites associated with presence or absence of leaf compounds and glandular trichome densities. Also, the results support the idea that introgression of type IV trichomes and zingiberene has led to effective spider mite resistance. In another bioassay-based experiment to verify transfer of resistance, seven interspecific backcross hybrids (BC3F2), the resistant parent LA2329, and two susceptible cultivated tomato lines, the recurrent parent ZH2 and ‘Small Roma’, were used in thumbtack bioassays. Mite movement was measured by imaging bioassayed leaves at 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min intervals. In addition to confirming transfer of spider mite resistance, other objectives included determination of the relative contributions of type IV and VI trichome densities and leaf compounds to mite behavior over time intervals. Our findings confirmed the transfer of mite repellency from the wild resistant parent to advanced backcross hybrids. Several backcross hybrids performed similarly to the wild donor parent, displaying shorter distances traveled on the leaves after 15 and 30 min. The type IV and type VI trichome densities as well as zingiberene contents had a significant positive correlation with the number of spider mites remaining on tack. There was a significant negative correlation of type IV density and zingiberene concentration with the total distance travelled by mites for both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces across most time intervals. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the type IV trichome density was the most critical factor, and zingiberene content was a secondary factor across over most time intervals. T. urticae remained longer on the thumbtack heads and traveled shorter distances on the leaf surface of the wild donor parent LA2329 and the interspecific hybrids compared to S. lycopersicum leaves. These results indicated that introgression of genetic resistance, especially repellence, against spider mite from the wild relative into cultivated tomato varieties has been successfully achieved. In conclusion, trichome type IV and/or zingiberene content has been successfully transferred from the wild relative into interspecific tomato hybrids, and the hybrids show significant adverse impact on spider mite behavior and/or biology in whole leaf and thumbtack bioassays. Type IV trichome density is the most crucial factor in mite deterrence while zingiberene seemed to be a second key factor across most of time durations for both surfaces. Collectively, several backcross hybrids had similar leaf characteristics to the S. habrochaites LA2329, also may be a potential source of resistance to other insect pests.