The Master's Thesis is focused on a design of motorcycle two-stroke combustion engine. This single cylinder engine of a stroke volume of 50 ccm is based on a geometry of an existing engine of Blata company that has a stroke volume of 40 ccm. The newly designed engine contains some parts that are used in 40 ccm engine as well. This thesis contains a proposal of production technology of a cylinder as well as an analysis of actuating forces on crankshaft mechanism and solidity control of a piston and piston-rod.

The purpose of this study was to look closely at digitalization and the phenomenon of artificial intelligence and how it was implemented into the Swedish banking sector. The focus was on what constitutes digitalization and artificial intelligence and what impact it has had on risks and customer satisfaction among Sweden's four largest banks. The authors chose a triangular research method in order to answer the three main issues that the study intended to investigate. In order to conduct interviews, contact with potential interview objects was taken as a first step in order to then prioritize the interviewees who had a higher level of expertise and knowledge of the study's research subject. This instead of the quantity in the number of interview objects. This is to collect a more credible and relevant data for the empirical part of the thesis. The study showed that the consensus of the respondents at an early stage agreed that the implementation of AI was based on a curiosity to explore this new technology. Furthermore, it also showed that this process went from being quite standardized to a more non-linear process where each individual bank formed it’s own system best suited to their needs and customers. In order to prove the qualitative study, the authors have, through a quantitative part, tried to examine the variables of profitability, customer satisfaction and risk since the implementation of the AI/digitization took place to see if there was any form of connection. The results of the study show strong links wit how the profitability, customer satisfaction, risks and artificial intelligence/digitalisation belong in the banking sector. Furthermore, the research found that the implementation of AI has been a necessity for the banks' continued development and survival.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de simulação numérica de perfis aerodinâmicos bidimensionais com foco na utilização para o projeto e otimização de pás e rotores de pequenas turbinas eólicas de eixo horizontal, bem como o emprego desses métodos em simulações nas quais efeitos de alta solidez do rotor e baixos números de Reynolds são avaliados. Essa metodologia inclui geração de malhas, seleção de métodos numéricos e validação, tendo as escolhas sido guiadas pelas práticas mais bem sucedidas na simulação de perfis aerodinâmicos, e foi aplicada na simulação dos aerofólios NACA 0012, S809 e SD7062. O código comercial ANSYS Fluent foi utilizado em todas as simulações. Na simulação de aerofólios isolados a altos números de Reynolds dos perfis NACA 0012 e S809, o modelo Transition SST (γ-Reθ) apresentou resultados mais próximos a dados experimentais do que aqueles apresentados pelo modelo k-ω SST para CL e CD, além de produzir resultados para CP que mostraram boa precisão quando comparados aos mesmos dados experimentais. Resultados de CL, CD, CF e CP são apresentados para 20 diferentes condições de operação às quais o perfil SD7062 foi submetido, com números de Reynolds variando entre 25.000 e 125.000. As distribuições dos dois últimos coeficientes sobre os dorsos do aerofólio evidenciam com clareza a presença e magnitude da bolha de separação laminar. Os coeficientes de sustentação e arrasto mostram o impacto negativo da presença da bolha nessa faixa de números de Reynolds. Além disso, nos casos simulados, o arrasto aumenta em função da diminuição do Re. Um design de pá produzido com o auxílio do código de otimização SWRDC, baseado em algoritmos genéticos, é apresentado. Três seções ao longo da envergadura dessa pá foram simuladas em uma bateria de 45 simulações, sob diversas condições de operação em função de solidez, ângulo de ataque e razão de velocidade de ponta de pá. Esses resultados mostram que a bolha de separação laminar se move na direção do bordo de ataque com o aumento da solidez, do ângulo de ataque e da TSR. Além disso, distribuições do CP mostram aumento de pressão em ambos os dorsos do perfil quando submetido aos efeitos da solidez, embora esses efeitos tenham sido responsáveis por um aumento na relação CL/CD nos casos estudados. / This thesis presents a methodology of two-dimensional airfoil simulation focusing on its application on the design and optimization of blades and rotors of small horizontal axis wind turbines, and its application in a set of numerical simulations involving high rotor solidity and low-Re effects. This methodology includes grid generation, selection of numerical methods and validation, reflecting the most successful practices in airfoil simulation, and was applied in the simulation of the NACA 0012, S809 and SD7062 airfoils. The ANSYS Fluent commercial code was used in all simulations. Results for the isolated NACA 0012 and S809 airfoils at high Reynolds numbers show that the Transition SST (γ-Reθ) turbulence model produces results closer to experimental data than those yielded by the SST k-ω model for CL and CD, having also produced CP plots that show good agreement to the same experimental data. Plots of CL, CD, CF and CP for the SD7062 airfoil are presented, for simulations at 20 different operating conditions. The CF and CP distributions evidence the negative impact of the laminar separation bubble in the range of Reynolds numbers evaluated. Results show that, for Re between 25,000 and 125,000, drag increases with decreasing Re. A blade design generated using the SWRDC optimization code, based on genetic algorithms, is presented. Three sections of the resulting blade shape were selected and were tested in a set of 45 simulations, under an array of operating conditions defined by solidity, angle of attack and TSR. Results show that the laminar separation bubble moves towards the leading edge with increasing solidity, angle of attack and TSR. Furthermore, CP plots show an increase in pressure on both surfaces when the airfoil is subject to solidity effects, although these effects show an increase in the lift-to-drag ratio at the conditions evaluated.

<p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera om det finns något samband mellan företags lönsamhet och dess kapitalstruktur, storlek eller branschtillhörigheten. Detta innebär att en empirisk studie kommer att ske på soliditet, omsättning samt branschtillhörigheten för att se hur och om det finns något samband mellan lönsamheten och dessa tre faktorer. Vidare är syftet även att undersöka om det kan finnas något samband mellan företags lönsamhet och företags standardavvikelse på räntabilitet.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Undersökningen är en empirisk studie med en deduktiv kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Empirin undersöks med olika statistiska metoder såsom regressionsanalys och korrelationsberäkning.</p><p><strong>Teori: </strong>Uppsatsen har utgått från teorier gällande kapitalstruktur och lönsamhet. Nyckeltalen som används från dessa teorier är soliditet respektive räntabilitet på eget kapital.</p><p><strong>Empiri: </strong>Data från de 20 största börsnoterade företagen på Stockholmsbörsen har samlats in från företagens årsredovisningar 2003-2007. Den data som tagits fram är data på företagens lönsamhet (räntabilitet på eget kapital), kapitalstruktur (soliditet), storlek (omsättning), samt lönsamhet för företag utöver de 20 valda företagens, detta för att användas i analysen av branschtillhörigheten.</p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong>Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det inte finns något signifikant samband mellan vare sig företags kapitalstruktur och lönsamheten, företagsstorlek och lönsamheten, branschtillhörigheten för ett företag och lönsamheten eller standardavvikelse på räntabilitet och lönsamhet.</p> / <p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the essay is to analyze the potential correlation between corporate profitability and corporate capital structure, corporate size, and corporate line of business. An empirical study will be done on solidity, turnover and on the line of business to determine if a correlation exists between profitability and these factors. The purpose is also to examine if there is a correlation between the corporate profitabilty and standard deviation of the corporations return on equity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The survey is an empirical study employing a deductive quantitative and qualitative approach. The empirics are examined with statistical methods such as regression analysis and calculation of correlation.</p><p><strong>Theory: </strong>The essay uses theories about capital structure and profitability. The key numbers that have been used from these theories are solidity and return on equity.</p><p><strong>Empirics: </strong>Data from the 20 largest public corporations on the Stockholm stock market collected from their respective annual 2003-2007 reports. This includes data about corporate profitability (return on equity), capital structure (solidity), size (turnover), and the profitability of corporations beyond the 20 chosen ones, this to be used in the analyze of corporations within the specific line of business.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>This survey shows that there is no significant correlation between corporate capital structure and the profitability, corporate size and the profitability, line of business of a corporation and the profitability or standard deviation of the corporations return on equity and the profitability.</p>

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Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera om det finns något samband mellan företags lönsamhet och dess kapitalstruktur, storlek eller branschtillhörigheten. Detta innebär att en empirisk studie kommer att ske på soliditet, omsättning samt branschtillhörigheten för att se hur och om det finns något samband mellan lönsamheten och dessa tre faktorer. Vidare är syftet även att undersöka om det kan finnas något samband mellan företags lönsamhet och företags standardavvikelse på räntabilitet. Metod: Undersökningen är en empirisk studie med en deduktiv kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Empirin undersöks med olika statistiska metoder såsom regressionsanalys och korrelationsberäkning. Teori: Uppsatsen har utgått från teorier gällande kapitalstruktur och lönsamhet. Nyckeltalen som används från dessa teorier är soliditet respektive räntabilitet på eget kapital. Empiri: Data från de 20 största börsnoterade företagen på Stockholmsbörsen har samlats in från företagens årsredovisningar 2003-2007. Den data som tagits fram är data på företagens lönsamhet (räntabilitet på eget kapital), kapitalstruktur (soliditet), storlek (omsättning), samt lönsamhet för företag utöver de 20 valda företagens, detta för att användas i analysen av branschtillhörigheten. Resultat: Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det inte finns något signifikant samband mellan vare sig företags kapitalstruktur och lönsamheten, företagsstorlek och lönsamheten, branschtillhörigheten för ett företag och lönsamheten eller standardavvikelse på räntabilitet och lönsamhet. / Purpose: The purpose of the essay is to analyze the potential correlation between corporate profitability and corporate capital structure, corporate size, and corporate line of business. An empirical study will be done on solidity, turnover and on the line of business to determine if a correlation exists between profitability and these factors. The purpose is also to examine if there is a correlation between the corporate profitabilty and standard deviation of the corporations return on equity. Method: The survey is an empirical study employing a deductive quantitative and qualitative approach. The empirics are examined with statistical methods such as regression analysis and calculation of correlation. Theory: The essay uses theories about capital structure and profitability. The key numbers that have been used from these theories are solidity and return on equity. Empirics: Data from the 20 largest public corporations on the Stockholm stock market collected from their respective annual 2003-2007 reports. This includes data about corporate profitability (return on equity), capital structure (solidity), size (turnover), and the profitability of corporations beyond the 20 chosen ones, this to be used in the analyze of corporations within the specific line of business. Result: This survey shows that there is no significant correlation between corporate capital structure and the profitability, corporate size and the profitability, line of business of a corporation and the profitability or standard deviation of the corporations return on equity and the profitability.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de simulação numérica de perfis aerodinâmicos bidimensionais com foco na utilização para o projeto e otimização de pás e rotores de pequenas turbinas eólicas de eixo horizontal, bem como o emprego desses métodos em simulações nas quais efeitos de alta solidez do rotor e baixos números de Reynolds são avaliados. Essa metodologia inclui geração de malhas, seleção de métodos numéricos e validação, tendo as escolhas sido guiadas pelas práticas mais bem sucedidas na simulação de perfis aerodinâmicos, e foi aplicada na simulação dos aerofólios NACA 0012, S809 e SD7062. O código comercial ANSYS Fluent foi utilizado em todas as simulações. Na simulação de aerofólios isolados a altos números de Reynolds dos perfis NACA 0012 e S809, o modelo Transition SST (γ-Reθ) apresentou resultados mais próximos a dados experimentais do que aqueles apresentados pelo modelo k-ω SST para CL e CD, além de produzir resultados para CP que mostraram boa precisão quando comparados aos mesmos dados experimentais. Resultados de CL, CD, CF e CP são apresentados para 20 diferentes condições de operação às quais o perfil SD7062 foi submetido, com números de Reynolds variando entre 25.000 e 125.000. As distribuições dos dois últimos coeficientes sobre os dorsos do aerofólio evidenciam com clareza a presença e magnitude da bolha de separação laminar. Os coeficientes de sustentação e arrasto mostram o impacto negativo da presença da bolha nessa faixa de números de Reynolds. Além disso, nos casos simulados, o arrasto aumenta em função da diminuição do Re. Um design de pá produzido com o auxílio do código de otimização SWRDC, baseado em algoritmos genéticos, é apresentado. Três seções ao longo da envergadura dessa pá foram simuladas em uma bateria de 45 simulações, sob diversas condições de operação em função de solidez, ângulo de ataque e razão de velocidade de ponta de pá. Esses resultados mostram que a bolha de separação laminar se move na direção do bordo de ataque com o aumento da solidez, do ângulo de ataque e da TSR. Além disso, distribuições do CP mostram aumento de pressão em ambos os dorsos do perfil quando submetido aos efeitos da solidez, embora esses efeitos tenham sido responsáveis por um aumento na relação CL/CD nos casos estudados. / This thesis presents a methodology of two-dimensional airfoil simulation focusing on its application on the design and optimization of blades and rotors of small horizontal axis wind turbines, and its application in a set of numerical simulations involving high rotor solidity and low-Re effects. This methodology includes grid generation, selection of numerical methods and validation, reflecting the most successful practices in airfoil simulation, and was applied in the simulation of the NACA 0012, S809 and SD7062 airfoils. The ANSYS Fluent commercial code was used in all simulations. Results for the isolated NACA 0012 and S809 airfoils at high Reynolds numbers show that the Transition SST (γ-Reθ) turbulence model produces results closer to experimental data than those yielded by the SST k-ω model for CL and CD, having also produced CP plots that show good agreement to the same experimental data. Plots of CL, CD, CF and CP for the SD7062 airfoil are presented, for simulations at 20 different operating conditions. The CF and CP distributions evidence the negative impact of the laminar separation bubble in the range of Reynolds numbers evaluated. Results show that, for Re between 25,000 and 125,000, drag increases with decreasing Re. A blade design generated using the SWRDC optimization code, based on genetic algorithms, is presented. Three sections of the resulting blade shape were selected and were tested in a set of 45 simulations, under an array of operating conditions defined by solidity, angle of attack and TSR. Results show that the laminar separation bubble moves towards the leading edge with increasing solidity, angle of attack and TSR. Furthermore, CP plots show an increase in pressure on both surfaces when the airfoil is subject to solidity effects, although these effects show an increase in the lift-to-drag ratio at the conditions evaluated.