No description available.

No description available.

During recent decades, lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has become the most common indication for spine surgery, a change that coincides with a higher worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity. Thus, surgical treatment of LSS in the overweight and obese population is common and increasing in scope. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to the development of LSS, and whether BMI is linked to outcome after surgery for LSS. We further evaluated whether there are specific experiences of LSS from a patient perspective. Data were obtained for all patients registered in the Swedish Spine Register who had undergone surgery for LSS between January 1, 2006 and June 30, 2008. After adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics, patients with obesity showed both poorer results after surgery and a higher rate of dissatisfaction than patients with normal weight (odds ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.36-2.19). Furthermore, patients with obesity in the cohort reported modest weight loss at follow-up (2.0 kg; 95% CI, 1.5-2.4), and only 8% reported a clinical important weight loss 2 years after surgery. Our analysis of 389,132 construction workers, showed that overweight (incidence rate ratio, IRR 1.68; 95% CI, 1.54-1.83) and obesity (IRR 2.18; 95% CI, 1.87-2.53) were associated with an increased future risk in developing LSS when compared with patients with normal weight. To gain insight into the patients' perspective of LSS, we performed interviews with 18 patients who were on a waiting list for LSS surgery. The transcripts, analyzed with content analysis, revealed that living with LSS is a physical, mental and social challenge in which resources to cope with the condition are of major importance. In summary, obesity is associated with poorer results after surgery, and patients with obesity report modest weight loss during follow-up. In addition, obesity is associated with an increased risk to develop LSS. Our findings revealed that being a patient with LSS, naturally involves considerable suffering and pain, but it also implies being a person with his or her own resources who is able to cope with these adverse conditions.

Im Rahmen einer experimentellen Vergleichsstudie zweier bildwandlergestützter Navigationssysteme wurde die 3D-bildwandlergestützte Navigation mit der 2D-bildwandlergestützten Navigation zur Pedikelschraubenplatzierung am Modell getestet. Neben der Präzision der Bohrungen in einem postoperativen CT wurden Bildqualität, Genauigkeit des 3D-Scans, Planbarkeit und Umsetzung der Bohrungen bewertet und verglichen. Mit der 3D- Bildwandler- Navigation wurden 38 der 40 Bohrungen exakt platziert (95%). Eine Planung wurde durch einen Softwarefehler der Alpha-Version auf dem Monitor falsch wiedergegeben. Bei einer weiteren Bohrung wurde der Bohrer verkantet, wodurch Bildschirmdarstellung und Realität voneinander abwichen. Daher kam es in einem Fall zu einer lateralen Perforation der Kortikalis im Bereich des Pedikels, im anderen zu einer kaudalen Perforation. Mit der 2D- Bildwandler- Navigation konnten alle 40 Schrauben ohne Pedikelperforation platziert werden. Zwei dieser Schrauben wurden durch die ventrale Kortikalis gebohrt. Beide Verfahren überzeugten durch hohe Präzision und Zuverlässigkeit. 3 der 4 Fehlplatzierungen waren Anwender einer Software bedingt. Eine optimierte Software und verbesserte Instrumente werden diese Fehlerquote weiter reduzieren. Voraussetzung für die 2D-bildwandlergestützten Navigation sind eine gute Bildqualität sowie normale anatomische Gegebenheiten für standardisierte Projektionen. Die neue 3D-bildwandlergestützter Navigation kombiniert die Vorteile der 2D-bildwandlergestützter Navigation und der CT- basierten Navigation mit einer Verringerung der Strahlenbelastung durch den Wegfall des präoperativen CT`s und somit der Einsatzmöglichkeit im akuten Notfall sowie nach intraoperativen Repositionsmanövern. Da kein Matching erforderlich ist, wird insbesondere bei traumatischer Verletzung oder tumorbedingter Veränderung der dorsalen Wirbelstrukturen ein großer Vorteil zur CT- basierten Navigation erwartet. Aufgrund der universellen Einsatzmöglichkeiten eines Bildwandlers wird für diese neue Technologie ein breites Indikationsspektrum angenommen. / An experimental study to compare 2D- and 3D- Computer-Assisted Fluoroscopic Navigation for pedicle screw placement. Each system was evaluated by a post-operative CT and included the comparison of the palpation of the pedicular canal, the image quality and the accuracy of planning and performance. For this purpose 40 screws have been set to 9 models of lumbar spine. Using the 3D-flouroscopy based navigation 38 from 40 (95%) drillings were placed correctly. One mistake was caused by an error of the navigation-software. The second mistake was due to a drilling mistake, the drill was not shown correctly on the monitor because the drill has been canted. Using the 2D-flouroscopy based navigation all screws could be placed correctly at the pedicle, but two times the corpus has been perforated to ventral. Both techniques are precise and reliable. 3 out of 4 mistakes were caused by incorrect handling the instrument. The other mistake happened because of a software-error. If the software and the instruments will be optimised, the amount of mistakes will be reduced in the future. In case of the 2D-flouroscopy based navigation sufficient image quality, normal anatomical structures and defined projections are required. The new 3D-flouroscopy based navigation combines the benefit of 2D-flouroscopy based navigation and CT-based navigation by reducing the radiation exposure and the preoperative planning time. Therefore, this technique is suitable for use in an emergency or intraoperative repositions. Because no matching-procedure is necessary for CT-based navigation, we expect advantages especially in therapy of traumatic injuries or changes at the dorsal structures of spine caused by tumour. Furthermore, the use of fluoroscopic based navigation extends the range of applications/the spectrum of indication for this new technology.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA) est une déformation de la colonne vertébrale d’origine inconnue. Bien qu’elle soit encore aujourd’hui mesurée et classifiée en utilisant des radiographies bidimensionnelles (2D), il est largement rapporté dans la littérature qu’il s’agit d’une affection dans les trois plans de l’espace. Aussi, il semble que le bassin soit impliqué dans la déformation scoliotique, puisqu’il constitue l’assise de la colonne vertébrale et que son orientation influe sur l’équilibre postural. Ainsi, l'asymétrie du bassin et son attitude posturale pourraient être des mécanismes compensatoires de la scoliose idiopathique ou encore être les agents qui déclenchent la déformation du rachis. L’objectif de ce travail est de déterminer la relation entre la morphologie tridimensionnelle (3D) de la colonne vertébrale et du bassin et les déformations scoliotiques groupées selon la méthode de Lenke et de connaître les liens entre ces paramètres morphologiques et l’angle de Cobb. Pour ce faire, 80 filles atteintes de la SIA ont participé à l’étude. Plus précisément, 32 sujets étaient atteintes d’une scoliose thoracique, 23 d’une scoliose thoraco-lombaire et 25 d’une scoliose lombaire. Des radiographies simultanées des plans postéro-antérieur et latéral en position debout ont été prises au moyen du système EOS. Quinze repères anatomiques sur chacune des vertèbres entre T1 à L5 et vingt-et-un sur le bassin ont été identifiés sur les paires de radiographies. La reconstruction tridimensionnelle de la colonne vertébrale et du bassin a été faite à partir des repères anatomiques. Au total, cinq paramètres sur la colonne vertébrale et trois sur le bassin ont été calculés afin d’identifier la morphologie des déformations scoliotiques thoraciques, thoraco-lombaires et lombaires. L’algorithme de classification non-supervisée de la logique floue ou fuzzy c-means (FCM) a été utilisé pour classifier les sujets. Des classifications à deux et trois classes ont été faites avec les données normalisées et non-normalisées, c’est-à-dire en faisant ou en ne faisant pas abstraction au niveau de la courbure scoliotique. Des analyses de variances à un facteur (ANOVA) avec post-hoc ont été menées sur les classifications à deux groupes et deux classes, alors que des analyses multivariées (MANOVA) avec post-hoc ont été réalisées sur les classifications à trois groupes et trois classes non-normalisés et normalisés. L’angle de Cobb du segment thoracique principal est significativement différent pour les trois types de scolioses. Cependant, ces différences pourraient être associées aux segments analysés et à la sévérité de la courbure. Avec les données normalisées, les scolioses thoraciques L1 se regroupent ensemble pour la classification à deux classes et se divisent en deux pour la classification à trois classes. Les paramètres de la cyphose (p = 0,000), de la lordose (p = 0,000) et de l’orientation du plan de courbure maximale (PCM) (p = 0,000) sont ceux qui divisent ces sujets. Quant aux L5 et L6, peu importe la classification, ils se rassemblent généralement dans une même classe. Aussi, des corrélations de Pearson ont été réalisées en fonction de l’angle de Cobb, afin de déceler des liens entre les types de déformation et les paramètres morphologiques. Le bassin ne semble pas avoir d’impact sur l’issu des classifications, mais il est corrélé avec les déviations scoliotique des sujets lombaires. En effet, la version pelvienne (r = -0,433; p = 0,031) est en relation inverse, tandis que la pente sacrée est en relation directe (r = 0,419; p = 0,037). En résumé, les résultats de cette étude indiquent que l’apport de la morphologie 3D de la colonne vertébrale et du bassin aux déformations scoliotiques thoraciques (L1), thoraco-lombaires (L5) et lombaires (L6) apporte des informations cliniquement pertinentes. Nos résultats obtenus par logique floue concernant les sujets thoraciques appuient ceux de la littérature, à savoir que ces sujets ne sont pas tous hypocyphosés. De nouveaux paramètres, tels que la lordose et l’orientation du PCM, viennent renforcer l’idée qu’il existe des sous-groupes parmi les scoliotiques thoraciques. Finalement, bien que d’un point de vue visuel, les sujets thoraco-lombaires et lombaires soient différents, du côté de la morphologie tridimensionnelle, ces sujets sont inséparables. / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a deviation of the spine of unknown origin. Although it is still classified and measured using two-dimensional X-ray, it is widely reported in the literature that scoliosis is a deviation in the three planes of space. Also, it seems that the pelvis is involved in the scoliosis deformity, as it is the foundation of the spine and its orientation influence on postural balance. Thus, the asymmetry of the pelvis and postural attitude could be compensatory mechanisms of idiopathic scoliosis or be agents that trigger this disease. The aim of this work is to determine the relationship between the three-dimensional morphology of the spine and pelvis of scoliosis grouped according to Lenke’s classification and to know the links between morphological parameters and the Cobb angle. Eighty girls with the SIA participated in this study. Specifically, 32 subjects were suffering from thoracic scoliosis, 23 thoracolumbar scoliosis and 25 lumbar scoliosis. Simultaneous radiographs of posterior-anterior and lateral planes in standing position were taken with the EOS system. Fifteen anatomical landmarks on each of the vertebrae between T1 and L5 on the spine and twenty-one on the pelvis, have been identified on the pairs of radiographs. The three-dimensional reconstruction of the spine and pelvis was made from the two radiographs and the anatomic landmarks. A total of five parameters on the spine and three on the pelvis were calculated to identify the morphology of thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar deformations. The unsupervised classification algorithm of fuzzy c-means (FCM) was used to classify subjects. Classifications with two and three classes were made with non-standardized and normalized data, i.e. by omitting the level of the scoliosis curve. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc was conducted on classifications with two groups and classes and multivariate analysis (MANOVA) with post-hoc were made on classifications with three groups and classes. The Cobb angle of the main thoracic segment was significantly different for the three types of scoliosis. However, these differences might be attributed to the analyzed segment and severity of the curve. With the normalized data, the thoracic scoliosis L1 subjects regroup in classification with two classes and divides into two classes in the classification with three classes. These classes are divided according to the kyphosis (p = 0.000), lordosis (p = 0.000) and the orientation of plane of maximum curvature (PMC) (p = 0.000) parameters. Regardless of classification, L5 and L6 usually gather in the same class. Also, Pearson correlations were made according to the Cobb angle, in order to detect the relationship between the types of deformation and morphological parameters. Finally, the pelvis had no impact on classifications, but it is correlated with the scoliotic deviation of the lumbar scoliosis. The pelvic tilt (r = -0.433; p = 0.031) is inversely correlated, while the sacral slope has a direct relationship (r = 0.419; p = 0.037). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the contribution of the 3D morphology of the spine and pelvis to the thoracic (L1), thoracolumbar (L5) and lumbar (L6) scoliosis provides clinically relevant information. Our results gained by fuzzy-c-means support those in the literature, according to which these subjects are not all hypokyphotic. New parameters such as lordosis and orientation of the PMC, reinforce the idea that there are subgroups within the thoracic scoliosis. Finally, although the thoracolumbar and lumbar subjects appear to differ from a visual standpoint, these subjects are inseparable according to the three-dimensional morphology parameters.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, causes potentially preventable damage in part through the dysregulation of neural calcium levels. This dysregulation likely affects the activity of the calcium-sensitive phosphatase, calcineurin, with serious implications for neural function. To test this possibility, the present study characterized the role of calcineurin in a rat model of brain trauma, the lateral fluid percussion injury model. Golgi-Cox histochemistry revealed an acute post-TBI loss and delayed overgrowth of dendritic spines on principal cortical cells. The spine loss appeared to require calcineurin activity, since administering a calcineurin inhibitor, FK506, 1 hour after TBI prevented the spine loss. Additional experiments showed how calcineurin activity might be related to the spine loss. Specifically, Western blots and enzyme activity assays revealed an acute increase in the cortical activity of calcineurin and its downstream effector, the actin-depolymerizing protein, cofilin. The cofilin activation was blocked by the same FK506 treatment that prevented spine loss, suggesting a relationship between cofilin activation and spine loss. To investigate long-term consequences of calcineurin activation after TBI, rats were administered FK506 (Tacrolimus) 1 hour after TBI and then monitored for spontaneous seizure activity months later. Acute post-TBI treatment with FK506 reduced the frequency of late non-convulsive seizures but did not prevent late convulsive seizures, cortical atrophy, or thalamic damage. The results of the present study implicate calcineurin in the acute dendritic remodeling and late non-convulsive seizures that occur after TBI. Importantly, these findings reveal calcineurin as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of TBI and its sequalae.

Les orthèses de propulsion mandibulaire sont fréquemment utilisées en orthopédie-dento-faciale pour stimuler le développement de ce maxillaire. Le déplacement antérieur de son centre de gravité et les tensions musculaires et viscérales (appareil aéro-digestif) qui apparaissent alors sont susceptibles d’influer sur la posture du sujet debout. Pour le déterminer, une étude stabilométrique a été menée. Elle permet de mettre en évidence les variations de position de la projection au sol du centre de gravité du corps (PGv). Les effets du port de trois orthèses imposant une quantité de propulsion différente ont été analysés, comparés entre eux et à la situation sans orthèse portée. Ces résultats ont été complétés par ceux issus d’une étude électromyographique, menée pour détecter les muscles mis en jeu dans le contrôle de l'équilibre. L’ensemble de ces expérimentations montre principalement une perte du contrôle postural (augmentation des oscillations de PGv) et un repositionnement plus postérieur du centre de gravité corporel lors d’avancement mandibulaire important, et ce d’autant plus que l’orthèse portée provoque peu de désocclusion inter-maxillaire. Une activité accrue des muscles fléchisseurs dorsaux du pied, de la hanche, du cou et extenseurs du rachis lombaire accompagne ces variations de position de PGv. Une hypothèse d'adaptation posturale en réaction à l'avancement de la mandibule est formulée ainsi qu’une critique et une évolution du protocole d’étude. / Mandibular propulsion splints are frequently used in dento-facial orthopedics so as to stimulate the development of this maxilla. Consequently, we can notice that its centre of gravity moves forward but also that visceral (the aerodigestive apparatus) and muscle tensions appear. These elements are likely to have an influence on the position of a person standing. A stabilometric study was carried out to highlight the changes in the projection onto the ground of the body centre of gravity (PGv). We analysed and compared the effects of the wearing of three different splints (each of which required a different level of propulsion). But a comparison between these results and the normal situation (no splint worn) was also drawn. Moreover, an electromyographic study was carried out to find out which muscles were stimulated in the balance control. Its results were then added to those of the stabilometric study. These experiments mainly show that we lose control of the postural equilibrium (increase of the PGv oscillations). It also shows that when the mandible is significantly moved forward, the body center of gravity goes back into a more posterior position. This is all the more true as the splint worn does not cause much inter-maxillar disocclusion. The back flexor muscle of the foot, of the hip, of the neck and the extensor muscle of the lumbar rachis are greatly stimulated in the variations of the PGv. A postural adaptation to the mandibular advancement is hypothetically expressed, together with a criticism and an evolution of the study procedure.