Darbo problema: ar sporto renginiai yra populiarūs ir reikalingi mokyklose? Tyrimo objektas: mokinių ir mokytojų nuomonė apie mokykloje organizuojamus sporto renginius. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti ir palyginti mokinių ir mokytojų nuomonę apie mokykloje organizuojamus sportinius renginius. Baigiamojo darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti mokykloje organizuojamų sportinių renginių dažnį, rūšis ir požiūrį į juos mokytojų ir mokinių nuomone. 2. Nustatyti sportinių renginių lankomumą mokytojų ir mokinių nuomone. 3. Nustatyti veiksnius, skatinančius dalyvauti sportiniuose renginiuose mokytojų ir mokinių nuomone. 4. Nustatyti sportinių renginių poreikį ir jų poveikį kitiems dėstomiems dalykams mokytojų ir mokinių nuomone. Išvados: 1. Mokytojų ir mokinių nuomone sporto renginiai mokyklose yra organizuojami kas 3 – 6 mėnesius. Dažniausiai mokyklose yra organizuojami sporto renginiai susieti su krepšiniu. Mokiniams yra suteikiamos tinkamos sąlygos lankytis sportiniuose renginiuose, kurių laikas yra suderinamas su pamokų laiku ir renginiuose gali dalyvauti visi norintieji. Mokytojai dažniau nei mokiniai teigiamai vertina mokyklose organizuojamus sportinius renginius. 2. Mokiniai dažniau nei mokytojai mano, jog sportiniais renginiais labiau domisi berniukai. Mokiniai dažniau nei mokytojai mano, kad aktyviausi sporto renginiuose yra 8-10 klasių moksleiviai. Mokiniai dažniau nei mokytojai nurodė, kad moksleiviai dažniausiai lankosi tik tam tikro pobūdžio renginiuose. 3. Vyksiančiais sporto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Problem: are sporting events popular and required at school? Object: teachers and students opinion about sporting events organized at school Purpose: to determine and to compare students' teachers' opinions about sports events organized at school. Tasks: 1. To set frequency, type, teachers and students approach to sporting events organized at school. 2. To set attendance of sporting events by students' and teachers' opinions. 3. To identify factors that encourage participation in sporting events by students' and teachers' opinions. 4. To identify need of sporting events and their effect to other taught school subject. Conclusions. 1. Teachers` and students` consider that school sporting events are held every 3-6 months (p = 0.209). More often at schools are organized sports activities related to basketball (p = 0.432). Students have right conditions to visit sporting events, which are consistent with their school time and open to all who want to participate in them (p = 0.251). Teachers more often than students assess sporting events at schools better (p = 0.000). 2. Students more often than teachers believe that boys are more interested in sporting events (p = 0.043). Students more often than teachers believe that the most active in sporting events are students of grade 8-10 (p = 0.041). Students more often than teachers indicate that students usually visit only certain types of events (p = 0.004). 3. Students are interested of ongoing sporting events presenting them... [to full text]

At large sporting events (LSEs), e.g. football matches and athletics events, the user experience has been shown to be highly variable (Nilsson, 2004; Nilsson et al. 2004). Reported problems include a lack of social interaction with fellow spectators, and insufficient relevant information on the events or the sporting action taking place (Nilsson, 2004; Nilsson et al. 2004; Esbjornsson et al. 2006; Jacucci et al. 2005). A possible solution is personalisation, making the mobile application adapt to the user, ensuring that only relevant information is retrieved and presented in a way that is suitable. This thesis is devoted to studying the user experience related to mobile personalization at LSEs. It aims to investigate how personalized mobile applications at LSEs can render the user experience more active and engaging in a contextually, socially and culturally relevant way. The thesis reviews different theoretical approaches to help to understand the concepts of interest e.g. personalization and user experience (Chapter 2). Research methods are also discussed including the challenge of adapting user-centred methods into the Chinese culture (Chapter 3). This thesis investigates the user experience of mobile personalization at LSEs by following the circle of user-centred research: It starts to consider user requirements and user experience at LSEs and derives the usage patterns that personalized mobile applications could usefully support (Chapter 4). Then it explores the relevant contextual factors at LSEs which could be used to prescribe the behaviour of a personalizable mobile application (Chapter 5). Next, it describes the user-centred process used to design personalizable interfaces for mobile applications used at LSEs. Four key elements of design are considered: content, conceptual, interaction and presentation design (Chapter 6). The final outputs of the design process were two personalized mobile prototypes for Chinese users at LSEs. These included versions based on either (1) user-initiated or (2) system-initiated personalisation. Finally it investigates the impact on user experience of mobile personalization at LSEs in two empirical studies (a field experiment and a lab-based experiment) with these prototypes (Chapters 7 and 8). Mobile personalization is shown to result in an enriched user experience across a range of activities that a spectator would undertake at a large sporting event. The thesis discusses primarily the effective design of mobile personalization, the design implications at LSEs, user experience design, and research methods for Chinese users (Chapter 9). In conclusion (Chapter 10), specific contributions and avenues for future work are highlighted.

sociological literature suggests that adult sports participation is occurring in a 'culture of risk' which glorifies pain, rationalises risk and promotes the practice of playing hurt (Messner, 1990; Nixon, 1992; Curry 1993; Pike, 2000; Roderick et aI, 2000, Safai, 2003; Howe, 2004; Young, 2004a; Liston et aI. 2006). Using this corpus of knowledge as a point of departure, this study directs attention towards young people's sporting risk encounters within the specific context of school sport. Guided by a process-sociological framework (Elias, 1978, 1991,2000 [1939]), it offers an insight into the ways in which young people interpret, experience and manage sporting risk and episodes of sporting pain and injury whilst at school. The research draws on data generated by 1,651 young people aged between ten and sixteen years old using a three-phase data collection programme. The programme incorporated self-report questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and group-based creative tasks and was conducted in six secondary schools located in "Churchill", a major English conurbation. The findings suggest that school sport worlds (re )produce two entwined, yet competing sets of beliefs, attitudes and practices related to sporting pain and injury and are best described as webs of risks and precaution and protectionism. Rather than adopting a more cautious approach to pain and injury the data indicates that this cluster of young people frequently play hurt, normalise injury and engage in forms of 'injury talk' that discredit episodes of sporting pain. In so doing, they may be placing their short and long-term physical, psychological, social and moral health in jeopardy. However, it is argued that this collection of sporting practices are highly valued by young people and are integral to the ways in which they assign and perform a range of dissecting and fluid embodied identities. Notwithstanding the potential for sporting risk encounters to engender damaging, disrupting and debilitating outcomes, the data also emphasises the potential for these experiences to act as important spaces in which young people are able to probe their bodily limits, develop corporeal knowledge and experience pleasurable emotions (Maguire, 199Ia). This thesis draws attention to the duality of sport and calls for a more reality-congruent approach to the sport-health-risk-youth nexus in the development of future (school) sport worlds.

M.Comm. (Economics) / The financial involvement of the public sector in bidding for and hosting major international sporting events has taken various forms, including guarantees of events, sponsorships and direct government expenditure. The primary argument for the substantial use of public funds in the hosting of major events focuses on the ability to generate economic benefits for the public that exceed the costs involved. The scarcity of public funds in the public sector has led to growing scrutiny of allocation of public funds to support sporting events. The dissertation assesses whether or not the overall impact of major sporting events can justify the public funds used. The socio-economic and other impacts of different events, in both developed and developing countries, based on their experiences in hosting different sporting events as well as South Africa’s own experience, have been evaluated in this study. It is the contention of this dissertation that although major international sporting events ostensibly have positive economic spin-offs for the host country, this does not appear to be supported by evidence. Given the weak evidence or lack of evidence that major international sporting events can produce net benefits, it is not clear what motivates countries to fiercely contest for hosting rights. This dissertation therefore questions whether the hosting of major international sporting events is pursued for pure economic reasons.

The British sporting landscape significantly altered during the nineteenth century as industrialisation affected the leisure patterns of the previously rural communities that were now residents of the urban city. As both space and time available for sport reduced, traditional pastimes continued to survive amid the numerous public houses that had emerged within, and in, the outskirts of Britain’s major industrial centres. Land attached to, and surrounding, the more rural taverns was procured for sporting purposes, with specially built stadia developed and publicans becoming gatekeepers to these working-class pursuits. Pedestrianism, the forerunner to modern athletics, became a lucrative commercial enterprise, having been successfully integrated into the urban sporting model through public house endorsement. The sporting publicans, especially within the city, used entrepreneurial vision to transform these activities into popular athletic “shows” with these professional athletes demonstrating feats of endurance, speed and strength, all under the regulation of the sporting proprietor. In Manchester, areas such as Newton Heath developed their own communities for pedestrianism and, through entrepreneurial innovation and investment, the Oldham Road became a hotspot for athletic competition throughout much of the nineteenth century. Within these communities, there was a reliance on the individual to cultivate and maintain athletic interest through their endorsement and promotion of, and their continued investment in, sporting entertainment. The relationship between entrepreneurial sportsmen and public houses has long been noted and there are abundant examples of individuals who combined their sporting activities with the role of licensee, but these are usually limited in scope and are overtly descriptive narratives that do little beyond documenting the individual achievements of their subjects. The traditional biographical method, whereby individual profiles are constructed through the uncovering of historical detail, is normally employed within the sport history discipline but this requires re-evaluation if a more complete picture of sport is to be established. Further biographical methods, such as collective biography and prosopography, whereby individuals are collectively studied through more measured techniques, should be applied to give further analysis of the impact of individuals within a specific sporting environment. This study uses all three approaches, biography, prosopography and collective biography, to give a more nuanced narrative that uncovers the changing nature of pedestrianism within nineteenth-century Manchester. Each chapter utilises a different biographical approach to explore a unique aspect of Manchester pedestrianism and gives further recognition to the previously anonymous population that helped to create a diverse hub for athletic entertainment. Although several themes permeate all three narratives, each method has its own outcomes, which provide alternative interpretations and perspectives on Manchester’s sporting history. Whilst pedestrianism is used as an exemplar, the study intends to highlight the importance of the individual, as opposed to national organisations, in telling the story of nineteenth-century sport.

The thesis deals with the assessment of the sporting events impact. The main aim is to assess the impact of the running races organized by Prague International Marathon objectively and to verify the hypothesis that organizing sporting events can have a positive impact on tourism of the country. The theoretical part explains the basic approaches of sport tourism and deals with the typology of the sporting events. The practical part analyses the impact of the PIM running races on tourism. The aim is to quantify the number of participants, to examine their structure, to calculate the economic impact, to examine media coverage and the social impact of the events.

The purpose of this study was to establish whether co-branding could be adopted as a strategy for leveraging the favourable perceptions and attitudes of the strong constituent brand onto the co-brand, and, onto the weaker constituent brand. The study used a quantitative research methodology where the data is founded on the results from 369 surveys conducted in Johannesburg. The data was analysed using the independent t-test to accept or reject the proposed hypothesis. Using the Trust Based Commitment Model, the findings of this study show that customers’ commitment to the brand influences them to engage in more loyalty behaviours than those customers in mere functional or personal relationships with the brand. The implication of the results in this study is that the consumer’s commitment to the brand leads them to exhibit loyalty behaviours towards the brand, with the adoption of co-branded products being a possible outcome. As the study is limited to the impact of leveraging a strong sporting brand amongst the adult black male consumer segment in Johannesburg, the study cannot be used to make any inferences on the viability of adopting co-branding to leverage the strength of sporting brands amongst other consumer segments in South Africa.

A preferência pela prática de atividades físicas e esportivas é um atributo subjetivo de difícil mensuração e que tem sido um dos critérios fundamentais, na escolha e na decisão para a sua prática, nos dias atuais. Deste modo, a preferência pela prática de atividades físicas e esportivas foi investigada por meio de métodos psicofísicos escalares diretos e indiretos e, conseqüentemente, escalas de razão, escalas intervalares e escalas ordinais foram comparadas. Os objetivos secundários foram verificar se este contínuo subjetivo possui características protéticas ou metatéticas, verificar se os princípios da Lei de Ekman é valida também para este contínuo subjetivo e identificar diferenças no julgamento da preferência de homens e mulheres. Três experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro experimento participaram vinte sujeitos, dez homens e dez mulheres entre 20 e 25 anos de idade, graduandos que não pertencem ao curso superior de Educação Física. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a uma avaliação prévia, que constou do julgamento em testes psicofísicos: a) Teste de estimação de magnitudes (com módulo) e b) Teste de estimação em categorias 1-7. No segundo experimento participaram outros vinte sujeitos, sendo respeitada a mesma divisão do primeiro experimento com relação ao gênero, a idade e a não vinculação com o curso de Educação Física. Os testes deste experimento foram: a) Teste de emparelhamento intermodal com as modalidades de comprimento de linhas e b) Teste de estimação de magnitudes (com módulo). No terceiro experimento participaram quarenta sujeitos, sendo vinte homens e vinte mulheres entre 20 e 25 anos de idade Os testes deste experimento foram: a) Teste de comparação aos pares e b) Teste de estimação de magnitudes (com módulo). Os resultados indicaram que a atividade física de Caminhada foi a atividade de maior preferência, seguida pelos esportes coletivos de Voleibol e Futebol, por outro lado, a atividade física de Remo estacionário obteve a menor preferência, seguida pelas atividades físicas de Dardos (na parede) e do esporte Judô. As demais atividades foram escalonadas de modo intermediário pelos sujeitos. Nos julgamentos dos participantes masculinos as atividades de menor preferência foram: Remo Estacionário, Tênis (simples) e Dardos (na parede), já para as participantes femininas foram os esportes Judô, Remo Estacionário e Dardos. Com as atividades de maior preferência, os sujeitos masculinos apontaram o Futebol, a Caminhada e a Inatividade e os sujeitos do sexo feminino indicaram a Caminhada, o Voleibol e a Hidroginástica. As ordenações resultantes dos métodos produzem posições de preferência altamente concordantes. Os participantes mensuraram razões e não apenas diferenças, portanto, o contínuo subjetivo avaliado possui características protéticas. O teste de emparelhamento intermodal apontou uma alta correlação entre as estimativas de comprimentos de linhas com as estimativas numéricas de magnitudes, indicando a validade da escala de razão. A variabilidade das estimativas foi uma função linear das estimativas de magnitudes, confirmando os princípios da Lei de Ekman, também para este contínuo subjetivo. Independente do método psicofísico utilizado, tanto homens quanto mulheres apresentaram consistência nos seus julgamentos. Os resultados fornecem uma escala de preferência, em nível de mensuração de razão, que é válida, estável e consistente. / The preference for practicing physical and sporting activities is a subject attribute that is difficult to be measured and it has been one of the fundamental approaches, in the choice and in the decision for its practice, in the current days. This way, the preference for practicing physical and sporting activities was investigated through psychophysical methods in direct and indirect scales, and consequently, ratio scales, interval scales and ordinal scales were compared. The secondary objectives were to check if this social continuous has prothetic or metathetic characteristics, cheking if the fundaments of Ekman Law has been worth for this social continuous and identify differences in the judgments from men and women?s preferences. Three experiments were accomplished. In the first experiment there were twenty participants, there were ten men and ten women among 20 to 25 years old, graduating students but not from Physical Education. All the participants were submitted to a previous evaluation, that consisted from the judgments in psychophysical tests: a) Test of magnitudes estimation (with module) and b) Test of categories estimation 1-7. In the second experiment there were other twenty participants, respecting the same division from the first experiment in relation to gender, age, and non-link to the Physical Education course. The tests of these experiments were: a) Test of cross-modality matches with the modalities of line?s length and b) Test of magnitude estimation (with module). In the third experiment there were forty participants, twenty men and twenty women among the age of 20 to 25 years. The tests of these experiments were: a) Comparison test in pairs and b) Test of magnitude estimation (with module). The results indicated that the physical activity of Walking was the most preferred, followed by collective sports as Volleyball and Soccer; on other hand, the physical activity of Stationary Row obtained the least preference, followed by the physical activities of Darts (on the wall) and Judo. The other activities were in scaled by the participants in an intermediate way. In men?s judgments the least preferred activities were: Stationary Row, Tennis (simple) and Darts (on the wall). To women?s judgments they were Judo, Stationary Row and Darts. The most preferred that men aimed were Soccer, Walking and the Inactivity. To women were Walking, Volleyball and Water Aerobic. The orderings results from the methods produce preference positions highly related. The participants measured ration and not only differences, so the social continuous appraised has prothetic characteristics. The test of cross-modality matches aimed a high correlation between the lengths estimate of line with the numeric magnitudes estimation, indicating the validity of the ratio scale. The variability of the estimates was a lineal function of the magnitudes estimation, confirming the fundaments of Ekman Law, also for this social continuous. Independent of the psychophysical method used, as men as women presented consistency in their judgments. The results supply a preference scale, in level of ratio measurements, which is valid, stable and consistent.

As Organizações chamadas de Clubes Sócioesportivos mantém um modelo de administração que as caracteriza, que é a gestão realizada por voluntários e apoiada por gestores profissionais. A literatura aponta que a estrutura organizacional de entidades esportivas é peculiar, especialmente em clubes de futebol, onde persiste a fronteira entre os gestores voluntários que representam o poder executivo e legislativo e os gestores profissionais que são os que controlam e executam o planejamento financeiro e de atividades. No entanto são escassos estudos voltados a Clubes Sócioesportivos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de identificar, descrever e comparar aspectos do processo de gestão da área de esportes de Clubes Sócioesportivos e analisa-los à luz de teorias e modelos administrativos. A pesquisa teve abordagem qualitativa, sendo realizado estudo de campo junto a seis clubes sócioesportivos da cidade de São Paulo. Para tanto, foram construídos e aplicados dois instrumentos: questionário e entrevista semiestruturada junto aos gestores de esporte das entidades. As informações obtidas foram analisadas comparativamente entre as entidades. Verificou-se que os Clubes utilizam modelos administrativos tradicionais com desenhos organizacionais. O planejamento destas organizações é baseado estritamente no orçamento anual, não havendo um planejamento plurianual ou estratégico. A tomada de decisão tem como alicerce a experiência pessoal do gestor voluntário, apoiada na vivência do gestor profissional. Não foram encontradas técnicas apuradas de tomada de decisão. As decisões mais importantes quanto a administração do Clube mantém um rito de preocupação com as responsabilidades. Os recursos humanos são selecionados pelo gestor profissional com o aval do gestor voluntário mantendo uma linha de contratação coerente e que está voltada a atender as demandas do Clube. Conclui-se que os Clubes estudados apresentam poucos aspectos diferentes do tradicional nas suas administrações, mantém uma estrutura organizacional própria, e os processos de tomada de decisões na área de esportes são fortemente vinculados ao planejamento financeiro / Organizations Sports Social Club calls maintains a management model that characterizes them, which is the management performed by volunteers and supported by professional managers. The literature points out that the organizational structure of sport organizations is peculiar, especially in football clubs, which remains the boundary between the volunteers managers representing the executive and legislative and professional managers who are controlling and perform financial planning and activities. However there are few studies concerning the Social and Sporting Clubs. The aim of this study was to identify, describe and compare aspects of the management process of Social and Sporting Club sports area and examines them in the light of theories and management models. The research was qualitative approach being conducted field study with six Social and Sporting clubs of São Paulo. To do so, they were built and applied two instruments: questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with the bodies of sport managers. The information obtained was analyzed comparatively between the entities. It was found that the teams use traditional administrative models with organizational designs. The planning of these organizations is strictly based on the annual budget, with no or a multi-annual strategic planning. Decision making has as its foundation the personal experience of the volunteer manager, based on the experience of the professional manager. Cleared technical decision-making were found. The most important decisions as the club\'s management maintains a matter of rite with responsibilities. Human resources are selected by professional manager with the endorsement of the volunteer manager keeping a plausible hiring line and is geared to meet the demands of the Club. We conclude that the studied clubs have few innovative features in their administrations, maintains a traditional organizational structure and decision-making processes in the sports area are strongly linked to financial planning

Denna studie undersöker hur kvinnliga sportkommentatorer och experter uppfattar publikreaktioner. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kvinnliga sportkommentatorer och experter ser på kommentarer och kritik som de får av publiken. Studiens syfte besvaras genom tre frågeställningar, hur kvinnliga sportkommentatorer och experter uppfattar publikreaktioner, vad en kvinnlig sportkommentator eller expert kan få höra från sin publik samt utifrån genusteorin, hur kvinnliga sportkommentatorer och experter uppfattar vilket fokus publiken har när det gäller reaktionerna. Till hjälp för att besvara frågeställningarna har kvalitativa intervjuer använts men också teorier om genus från bland annat Gunilla Jarlbro och Yvonne Hirdman. Dessutom har tidigare forskning från Göran Svensson samt Ulrika Andersson tillämpats i studien. Studien visar att de kvinnliga sportkommentatorerna upplever en viss skillnad utifrån genusteorin, på vad de får för kritik gentemot deras manliga kollegor. Något annat som studien visar är hur publiken lätt tappar fokus från prestation och ger kommentarer om utseende eller dialekt. / This study examines how female sports commentators and experts perceive public reactions. The aim of the study is to investigate how female sports commentators and experts look at comments and criticisms they receive from the audience. What female sports commentators and experts can hear from their audience and based on genus theory, how female sports commentators and experts perceive the focus the audience has on the reactions. To help answer the questions, qualitative interviews have been used, but also theories about gender among others Gunilla Jarlbro and Yvonne Hirdman. In addition, previous research from Göran Svensson and Ulrika Andersson has been applied in the study. The study shows that female sports commentators experience a certain difference due to gender theory, on what they get for criticism against their male colleagues. Something else that the study shows is how the audience easily loses focus from performance and gives comments about appearance or dialect.