The main reasons behind women's participation in sport have been identified as team membership, cooperation and friendship. This is seen in contrast to competition, status and possible career opportunities found in relation to men's participation in sport. Research also suggests that participation in physical activity and sport increases women's sense of well- being and acceptance of body size and shape. This thesis set out to explore the sporting experiences of women within rugby, cricket and netball. The first aim of the research was to investigate the participation motivation of women within three sports that differ in their levels of acceptability and required physical contact. The second and third aims were to examine how that participation might affect the development of self-esteem and body satisfaction. The fmal aim of the thesis addressed the issue of sporting identity development through exploring how participants in physical/non-physical, 'feminine'/'masculine' sports reflect on their sporting experiences. In addition the thesis considered how distinct parts of sporting participation such as clothing, team dynamics, physical contact and perceptions of sexuality synthesise to form the sporting identity of women rugby players, cricketers and netballers. The research was based on Constructivist/Interpretivist principles and combined both quantitative and qualitative methods. Initially, three questionnaires were used to assess participation motives (Participation Motivation Questionnaire), body image (Multi dimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire) and self-esteem (Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory). The questionnaires were sent to rugby players, cricketers and netballers through their organising bodies. Following the questionnaire stage of the thesis, 30 interviews were conducted to further explore the relationship between participation in sport, perceptions of femininity and the function the body took in developing body satisfaction. Key to the investigation was how sport participation impacted on identity development and the strategies used to maintain that image. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the interview accounts, focusing on the meanings given to sport by the individuals themselves. Social constructionism was used as a framework for interpreting the data. This produced a rich account of sporting experience highlighting how body satisfaction and perceptions of femininity are constructed and reconstructed by sportswomen. Findings from the questionnaires indicated that all sports rated team membership as the most important reason to participate in sport. Key fmdings demonstrated that satisfaction with physical appearance was strongly related to body areas satisfaction and global self-esteem for all sports. There was also no difference between sports on perceptions of physical attractiveness and all sports demonstrated significant relationships between satisfaction with physical appearance and body functioning. Following Stage One of the research process an interview schedule was developed that combined the key fmdings from each questionnaire and questions raised from the literature. The main findings from Stage Two highlighted how important sport is to these women, indicating a variety of techniques used to sustain an athletic image. It was also found that perceptions of femininity focused on the association of physical activity and sexuality. The assumption being that regardless of sport choice women were perceived as lesbian. Other key findings highlighted the transiency of body satisfaction. This refers to increases in body satisfaction through playing sport not being sustained once the athlete has transferred herself to a social context. Other findings relate to the use of the body in sport and the enjoyment of overpowering an opponent. School experiences of sport are identified as key to the development of gender stereotypes and why being regarded as a 'sporty' person is so important. The research on which this thesis is based suggests that sport comes to play an integral part in these women's lives and an activity that guided overall identity development. The thesis also highlights the transiency of body satisfaction and the inevitability of the lesbian stereotype due to participation in sport. The social constructionist interpretation of the data suggests how the shared vocabularies of body idioms that individuals embrace and use to judge other people determine the way in which we value physical behaviours and define physical attractiveness. The respondents demonstrated that regardless of prejudice and poor funding they still want to and enjoy the experience of sport participation. Potential research opportunities are also identified.

Sporting celebrities have come to hold an increasingly vaunted position within contemporary society and as such, receive ever-increasing media attention. Within Canadian culture, where the sport of hockey is largely considered a mythologized component of identity, hockey players such as the National Hockey Leagues Sidney Crosby are not only frequently represented in the daily media, but are also utilized in promotional and advertising campaigns. In this thesis, I qualitatively analyze media representations and the production of advertising featuring Sidney Crosby. Specifically, I examine the specific case of producing televised advertising campaigns featuring Crosby for sports drink manufacturer Gatorade. I also interrogate the tensions and ambiguities of contemporary conceptualizations of masculinity evidenced in media discourse surrounding Crosby. Ultimately, this study examines how sporting celebrities and discourses of corporate nationalism are produced within contemporary advertising campaigns and the role that cultural intermediaries play in the promotion of particular values and perceptions.

This qualitative study explores the experiences of female adolescents in relation to physical activity. The study investigates the experience of being adolescent and the meaning of a female adolescent’s experience of physical activity. A qualitative description with a phenomenological hue was the methodology used. Their perceptions of their lived experiences in relation to physical activity were revealed through stories. The participants were six adolescent females. The study data was gathered through open-ended questions and in-depth conversations, to seek meaning of the adolescent’s experience of physical activity. The interviews were transcribed and stories extracted from the data. Results from the findings of the study indicate that physical activity needs to be enjoyable for the female adolescent for her to be motivated to participate. What specifically constitutes enjoyment for the adolescent differs for each individual. The data also suggested that other persons of influence or the female adolescent’s environment may also have an impact on their participation. Peers, parents, their gender, body issues, competition, running, and certain restrictions were revealed as making a difference. For the female adolescent participating in physical activity, it would be advantageous to find an approach that allows a girl to experience physical activity in the way that works for her. Some participants, already good at sports, are likely to be very competitive, want to train hard, and will build friendships among their like-minded peers. These female adolescents are not so problematic. They already love physical activity and participate in it. The challenge is to target those female adolescents who do not participate on a regular basis, and to design successful interventions which promote and encourage them into physical activity. This change may prevent a further decline in the levels of physical activity for the adolescent who is at a stage when physical activity may be so advantageous.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2006. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 18, 2006). Thesis advisor: John C. Sorochan. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Jair Lopes Júnior / Banca: Tereza Maria de Azevedo Pires Serio / Banca: Maria Regina Cavalcante / Resumo: No âmbito da Análise do Comportamento, instruções são definidas como estímulos verbais que descrevem, de modo completo ou fragmentado, relações de contingência em contextos específicos, sendo que as consequencias explicitadas ou implicadas poderiam ter modelado os mesmos repertórios descritos na ausência da instrução. A identificação de relações funcionais entre instruções e desempenhos operantes constitui-se em relevante objeto de investigação para a Análise do Comportamento. Este estudo procurou ampliar o alcance de tal objeto concentrando ênfase em caracterizar o comportamento do treinador de fornecer instruções de três jogos consecutivos da fase classificatória de um torneio de futebol júnior. Participaram a comissão técnica e 25 atletas. As verbalizações foram gravadas em vídeo na sala de preleções do hotel na qual a delegação esteve hospedada, bem como no campo de treinamento. O procedimento consistiu em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1 ocorreu um período de ambientação da pesquisadora com a equipe durante as atividades de preparação para a competição. Inicialmente sem a filmadora e posteriormente com a mesma, a pesquisadora observou e gravou preleções ministradas em situações de treinamentos de campo. A Etapa 2 consistiu na gravação em vídeo de três ocorrências consecutivas de três fases: Fase 1) preleção efetuada antes do último treino de campo que precedeu o jogo; Fase 2) preleção realizada antes do jogo no dia em que este foi realizado; Fase 3) preleção efetuada no primeiro treino após o jogo. Todos os registros em vídeo foram transcritos. Foram adotados três critérios para a classificação das instruções emitidas pelo treinador: audiência, topografia e características relacionais, definidas pelos elementos de contingências presentes no enunciado da instrução. A caracterização dos relatos foi efetuada simultaneamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Behavior Analysis, instructions are verbal stimuli that make entire or breaking up description about contingencies relations in situational constraints. The explicit or implied consequences in contingencies could shaped the same repertoires described in the instruction fault. The identification of functional relations among instructions and operant behaviors corresponds to relevant object of investigation to the Behavior Analysis. This study aimed to broaden the extent of such object by emphasizing the sporting coach's behavior when giving instructions in the routine of three consecutive games in the classificatory phase of a junior soccer tourney. The technical committee and twenty five athletes have participated on this project. The verbalizations were recorded on video on the conference room of the hotel, where the delegation had been accommodated, as well as in the training field. The procedure consisted of two stages. In the first stage, an involvement period was carried out among the researcher and the team during the preparation for the compettion. Initially, without the camera and after that with it, the researcher observed and recorded previous instructions ministered in training situations in the field. The second stage consisted in the video recording of the three consecutive events of three phases: Phase 1) previous instructions which happened before the last training field that preceded the game; Phase 2) previous instructions that happened before the game, on the day it was accomplished; Phase 3) previous instructions that happened on the first training after the game. All the video records were transcribed. Three criteria were adopted to classify the instructions that were given by the coach: audience, topography and relational characteristics, defining as contingencies elements related by instructions. The characterizations of the instructions were simultaneously... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

293 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-29T17:02:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cesar Leiro.pdf: 3068623 bytes, checksum: 36b5b484baab6b2ebeedc70c1f87ae23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-04-30T20:02:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cesar Leiro.pdf: 3068623 bytes, checksum: 36b5b484baab6b2ebeedc70c1f87ae23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-30T20:02:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cesar Leiro.pdf: 3068623 bytes, checksum: 36b5b484baab6b2ebeedc70c1f87ae23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / A presente escrita resulta de estudos e pesquisas em torno da Educação/Educação Física e Comunicação. Trata-se de uma Tese de Doutoramento em Educação que reúne cinco capítulos. Inicialmente diz das inspirações que levaram o autor ao tema, delineia o percurso investigativo desenvolvido no Brasil e na Europa e apresenta uma tríade cultural, envolvendo as culturas esportivas, televisivas e juvenis. Busca-se, fundamentado numa concepção dialética, compor um referencial teórico crítico que destaca o habitus no universo ideológico e representacional das juventudes. Desenha um talhe metodológico que acolhe diferentes e articulados procedimentos empíricos e, a partir de uma problematização acerca da realidade social, apresenta sínteses possíveis e desafios estratégicos. Pela via dos Universos Temáticos, discute a mídia esportiva como um espaço dinâmico de veiculação de bens simbólicos e materiais e a reconhece como conhecimento qualificado para a formação profissional em Educação Física e Jornalismo. / Salvador

As condições ambientais adequadas para o desenvolvimento do esporte de alto rendimento englobam os aspectos referentes ao treinamento esportivo, às condições psico-socioeconômicas, assim como ao sistema organizacional nacional do esporte na sociedade. Estudos apontam diversos fatores que influenciam a questão do sucesso esportivo. A sistematização da estrutura organizacional de diferentes países reflete-se em bons resultados esportivos internacionais. Os países que alcançam sucesso internacional no esporte de alto nível possuem planos de ações nacionais que são elaborados de maneira central, e aplicados em todo o território nacional. Para um país atingir o sucesso no esporte internacional, é necessário que existam determinadas organizações que exerçam a função de gerenciamento do sistema esportivo nacional, principalmente na elaboração de programas de desenvolvimento de atletas, leis e diretrizes que promovam o esporte de alto rendimento. O esporte brasileiro passa por um período extremamente importante, pois está se preparando para receber os Jogos Olímpicos e Paraolímpicos no Rio de Janeiro em 2016. Parece hoje que o desenho organizacional de sistemas de esporte de alto-rendimento não pode mais explicar as diferenças no seu sucesso. Como a maioria dos sistemas fornece um espectro de apoio (suporte) similar, pode-se argumentar que hoje um dos fatores mais decisivos, e que afeta o desempenho de um sistema de esporte de alto-rendimento, é a forma como os serviços são organizados e administrados. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as políticas de esporte de alto rendimento do Brasil através de suas ações para a detecção e desenvolvimento de atletas de rendimento. Para isto, definiram-se quatro grandes eixos considerados por especialistas como fundamentais para o sucesso de uma política de EAR: a detecção e a formação de talentos esportivos, a ciência do esporte, a infraestrutura para treinamento, o apoio financeiro e a póscarreira dos atletas. O presente estudo, que focou nas ações de apoio e na política em geral ligadas ao Esporte de Alto Rendimento constatou a preocupação do Ministério do Esporte em fomentar políticas para o desenvolvimento do esporte de alto rendimento brasileiro. O trabalho também evidenciou que, para o Brasil se tornar uma potência olímpica, os investimentos públicos devem ser direcionados para a criação de um efetivo sistema que fomente a detecção, o encaminhamento, a formação, o desenvolvimento e o aperfeiçoamento de atletas das diversas modalidades olímpicas. E nesse sistema deverão constar ações que visem o aumento no número de praticantes das diferentes modalidades esportivas, além de um sistema efetivo de identificação e desenvolvimento do talento esportivo e adequadas instalações esportivas a fim de que os atletas possam ter onde treinar adequadamente. / Appropriate environmental conditions for the development of high performance sport include aspects related to sports training, psycho-socio-economic conditions, as well as the national sport of the organizational system in the society. Studies suggest several factors that influence the sporting success. The systematization of the organizational structure of different countries reflects on good international sporting results. Countries that achieve international success in high-level sports have national plans of actions that are designed centrally and applied across the entire national territory. For a country to achieve international success in sport, it is necessary that there are certain organizations that perform the function of managing the national sports system, especially in the preparation of the development of athletes, laws and guidelines that promote high performance sport programs. The Brazilian sport goes through an extremely important time because it is preparing to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. It seems today that the organizational design of the sport of high-performance systems cannot explain the difference in your success. Like most systems provides a spectrum of support similar, it can be argued that one of the most decisive factors, which affect the performance of a system for high-performance sport, is now the way services are organized and administered. The study aimed to describe the policies of high performance sport in Brazil through their actions for the detection and development of athletes performance. For this, we defined four major areas considered by experts as key to the success of a elite sport policy: athletic talent detection and training, sports science, the infrastructure for training, financial support and post-career of athletes. This study, which focused on the actions of support and in politics in general related to High Performance Sport noted the concern of the Ministry of Sports in policies to foster the development of the Brazilian elite sport. The work also showed that, for Brazil to become an Olympic power, public investment should be directed towards the creation of an effective system that fosters detection, referral, training, development and improvement of athletes from various Olympic disciplines. And in this system must include actions aimed at increasing the number of practitioners of different sports, as well as an effective system for identifying and developing sporting talent and appropriate sports facilities so that athletes can have where to train properly.

Momsen i Sverige är uppdelad i olika satser, dessa är 0, 6, 12 och 25 procent. Den vanligaste momssatsen är 25 procent. Enligt 3 kap. 11 a § i mervärdesskattelagen (1994:200) (ML) erbjuds undantag från momsplikt om en verksamhet bedriver idrottslig verksamhet. De verksamheter som helt undantas från momsplikt på tillhandahållande av idrottslig verksamhet är sådana som anses vara icke-vinstdrivande subjekt, såsom staten, kommuner eller ideella föreningar. Vinstdrivande subjekt däremot, såsom kommersiella företag med vinstsyfte, kan enligt 7 kap. 1 § 3 st. 10 p. momslagen få en reducerad momssats på 6 procent istället för 25 procent om verksamheten betraktas som idrott. Det har emellertid visat sig att det förekommer avgränsningsproblem gällande vad som är idrott alternativt inte idrott. Det har framkommit i domar och ställningstaganden från Skatteverket att det föreligger problem vid avgöranden om den aktivitet som erbjuds är idrott eller rekreation, nöje och förströelse. Det är vanligt förekommande att nationella domstolar söker förhandsavgöranden från EU-domstolen för att de själva inte kan avgöra om en aktivitet är idrott.Idrottslig verksamhet i 3 kap. 11 a § momslagen saknar en definition. Detta gör det tämligen svårt för enskilda aktörer att avgöra om deras tillhandahållande är idrott enligt momslagen. Det är med tanke på samhällets utveckling och att det ständigt tillkommer nya sporter, som det uppstår problem när lagbestämmelsen inte specificerar vad som utgör idrott. Enskilda kan tolka lagrummet felaktigt i förhållande till egna värderingar om vad idrottsbegreppet innefattar. För att klargöra och utvidga begreppet idrottslig verksamhet som det ska förstås enligt momslagen måste således ledning sökas i rättskällor både i EU-rättslig och nationell bemärkelse samt i övriga källor som är vägledande på området.Resultatet av att det föreligger avgränsningsproblem leder till att rättssäkerheten kan ifrågasättas. Det förklarar sig naturligt att ett lagrum som inte kan tolkas tydligt brister i rättssäkerheten. Lagtexter som är vaga och inte innehåller definierade nyckelbegrepp resulterar i att den som berörs av lagen inte kan förutse konsekvenserna av sitt handlande utifrån lagtexten. Förutsebarheten kan anses vara en av de centralaste delarna i rättssäkerheten, det är särskilt viktigt när det kommer till skatterätten då felaktiga beslut eller bedömningar kan få betungande konsekvenser för den enskilde.Syftet med denna studie är att klargöra hur tolkning av begreppet idrottslig verksamhet ska gå till i förhållande till både EU-rätten samt svensk rätt och övriga källor. Vidare ämnar studien att undersöka huruvida bestämmelse i 3 kap. 11 a § ML är förutsebar i förhållande till rättssäkerheten.

Orientador: Afonso Antonio Machado / Banca: Gisele Maria Schwartz / Banca: Daniel Presoto / Resumo: O rendimento de atletas de todas as modalidades, do Tênis inclusive, é acompanhado por uma combinação de fatores técnicos, táticos, biológicos, sociais e psicológicos. Por considerarmos a auto-eficácia um dos principais aspectos psicológicos relacionados com o rendimento, nosso trabalho vai se deter à análise dessa variável. O objetivo do presente estudo é o de investigar a percepção da auto-eficácia do tenista, partindo do ponto de vista do próprio atleta, em situações específicas da modalidade em treinamentos e em campeonatos. Como metodologia, optamos pela pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando a análise de entrevistas semi-estruturadas de perguntas abertas. Participaram da pesquisa 8 (oito) atletas da modalidade Tênis, do sexo masculino, de idade compreendida entre 16 e 18 anos, que disputam campeonatos organizados pela Federação Paulista de Tênis e/ou pela Confederação Brasileira de Tênis. Os dados foram, posteriormente, categorizados e analisados, de modo a garantir uma leitura cuidadosa e profunda. Com os relatos dos atletas, vale a pena destacar que, para a maioria deles: o ranking tirou a pressão da obrigação de vencer, minimizou o medo da derrota e serviu como explicação quando a derrota acontecia; a comparação do nível técnico do adversário com o seu próprio diminuiu a auto-eficácia e, conseqüentemente, diminuiu a expectativa de resultado; o treino foi considerado como um polarizador da auto-eficácia; a grande freqüência de erros não-forçados minou a auto-eficácia dos atletas; o contexto é mais decisivo do que o placar (depende de como o atleta estiver na quadra); quando tinham o risco de perder o game de saque, os atletas se sentiram pressionados e confirmaram alterar a forma de sacar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The athlete's income of all modalities especially tennis, is followed by a combination of technical, tactics, biologics, social and psychological factors. We consider self-efficacy one of the most important psychological aspects related to the income, then our research is going to emphasize the analysis of this characteristic. The objective of this project is research the tennis player's self-efficacy perception leaving of the point of view of them, in specific situation of modalities in training and championships. The methodology applied was the qualitative research, using the analyses of semi-structuralized interviews of open question. Eight male athletes of tennis, between 16 to 19 years old that dispute championships organized for the São Paulo Tennis Federation and/or for Brazilian Tennis Confederation answered the questions. Later, the data were categorized and analyzed to guarantee a careful and intimate reading. Analyzed to the descriptions of the athletes, it's important to stand out that for the majority of them: the ranking broke the pressure of obligation to win, decreased the fear of the defeat and contributed to explain when the defeat happened; the comparison of adversary's technical level with your own level decrease the selfefficacy and, consequently, decreased the expectative of the results; the training was considered as a polarized of the self-efficacy; the great frequency of not-forced errors mined the self-efficacy of athletes; the context is more decisive than score (it depends on the athlete's position in court); when they had a risk to lose the game of serve, the athletes feel themselves pressured and confirmed to modify the form to serve; strong dependence of the success experiences as source of information of self-efficacy; great role of shaping, related when the athletes had admitted to copy blows from another players; the vicarious information... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lavoura_tn_me_rcla.pdf: 1528522 bytes, checksum: fcd5b5e199196de816703bf0e1e42d01 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se a técnica de história de vida e análise de conteúdo temático, este trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar as situações ou acontecimentos que podem desencadear nos atletas o sentimento de medo, como tais indivíduos reconhecem tal sentimento em seus contextos esportivos, e lidam com ele para que o mesmo não prejudique ou interfira na performance esportiva. Participaram deste estudo 10 indivíduos das modalidades mountain bike e canoagem. Como resultados, obtivemos: a) as situações ou acontecimentos, que podem desencadear o sentimento de medo, foram: quanto ao aspecto pessoal, como por falta de habilidade ou técnica, e devido ao julgamento social; quanto ao aspecto ambiental, como devido a um trecho difícil, uma corredeira forte e devido ao trajeto; quanto aos aspectos de competição, como devido à competitividade, devidos aos adversários, devido à dúvida quanto ao resultado, devido à importância da competição e devido à cobrança; b) o reconhecimento, por parte dos participantes, do sentimento de medo, se deu da seguinte forma: medo de cair, medo de se machucar, medo de descida, medo de ser atropelado, medo de se acidentar, medo de não vencer, medo de ser julgado, medo do desconhecido, medo de morrer, medo do trajeto, medo do futuro, medo da incerteza, medo de errar, de fracassar, de perder, medo do resultado, de não classificar e medo de não alcançar um objetivo; c) ao analisarmos algumas emoções que permeiam os atletas, na prática das modalidades, encontramos: estados afetivos positivos, como confiança, motivação, entusiasmo, felicidade e prazer; e estados afetivos negativos, como desânimo, solidão, decepção, raiva, nervosismo, tensão, apreensão, ansiedade, medo, insegurança e pressão; d) ao observar as definições que os atletas davam para sentimento de medo, evidenciamos... / By doing a qualitative research, using the technique of life history and analysis of thematic content, this papers objective was to investigate the situations or events that might bring to life the feeling of fear in athletes, how they know such feeling in the sporting context, and how to deal with it so that it doesn't harm him or interfere in the sporting performance. Ten athletes of mountain bike and canoeing participated of this study. The results were: a) situations or events that might make the feeling of fear appear: concerning the personal aspect, like lack of ability or technique, due to social judgment; concerning the environmental aspect, like a difficult track, a strong river rapid; concerning the competition aspects, like competitiveness, adversaries, doubt about the results, competition importance; b) the feeling of fear's recognition by the students was achieved this way: afraid of falling, afraid to get hurt, afraid of down hills, afraid of being ran over, afraid of getting involved in an accident, afraid of losing, afraid of being misjudged, afraid of the unknown, afraid of dying, afraid of the track, afraid of the future, afraid of uncertainty, afraid of making a mistake, afraid of its result, afraid of not classifying, and afraid of not achieving a goal; c) when we analyze some kinds of emotion that the athletes feel, we find: positive affective states, like trust, motivation, enthusiasm, happiness and pleasure; and negative affective states, like loss of heart, solitude, disappointment, rage, nervousness, tension, apprehension, anxiety, fear, unreliability, and pressure; d) when we observed the definitions that athletes give to the feeling of fear, we noticed: something unknown, uncertainty, doubt, diffidence, physical fear, psychological fear, surviving instinct, unpleasant sensation, discomfort, state of great tension, apprehension toward difficulties, incapacity and unreliability; e) when we verified the strategies used.