This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of the contextual factors (socio-economic conditions and level of urbanization) on family processes and outcomes related to women. The family processes of interest were spousal relations relative power, feelings of mastery, and self evaluation of women in familial roles. Another aim was to investigate the effect of participation in the activities of family support and women education programs on women&#039 / s attitudes in relation to family roles. I studies with an accidental sample of 145 women in various districts of Kadik&ouml / y, istanbul. There were three groups of women (1) women living in poor districts of Kadik&ouml / y and in touch with &quot / Family Guiding/ Solidarity Center&quot / of Kadik&ouml / y Munucipality, (2) women living in the same districts but not in touch with (FG/SC), (3) women living in central-whealthy neighborhoods of Kadik&ouml / y. There were three main predictions / (1) education was predicted to determine economic status, which would influence mastery. Mastery in turn, would affect spousal relationsand decision making processes in family. Finally, spousal relations would predict self-evaluation (2) urbanization was predicted to influence modern attitudes toward spousal roles positively and traditional attitudes negatively, (3) women who were in touch with FG/SC were predicted to have more favorable attitudes toward modern spousal roles, but less favorable toward traditional spousal roles. The model of the first prediction revealed that / economic status determined mastery, which influences warmth and equality. Warmth and equality in turn influences individual&#039 / s self evaluation. As expected in the second prediction, urbanization was negatively related to traditional attitudes. Comparison of the three groups revealed that, women living in pheripheral districts showed more favorable attitudes towards traditional gender stereotypic duties of women, and maledominance than women living in central districts. Women living in pheripheral districts and intouch with FG/SC, showed more favorable attitudes toward women&#039 / s participation inlabor market than women living in the same area but not in touch with FG/SC, and women living in the central districts.

This thesis investigates three exemplars of uxorial substantive privileges in the criminal law: the marital coercion doctrine, the intraspousal conspiracy exemption, and the uxorial post-offence accessorial immunity. Their history, choreography and variations are comparatively investigated across the common law jurisdictions including the impact of statutory interventions. The principal argument is that the judicial and legislative treatment of these uxorial privileges has been inconsistent or erratic so that they are not the products of any systematic, modern development in the criminal law. This thesis proposes that there is no justification for their continued retention in common law legal systems. Archival, Parliamentary, and other sources have been used to identify the factors impinging upon the creation of specific statutory uxorial privileges. The diaspora of these laws throughout the other common law jurisdictions is investigated. The discussion is illustrated by examination of the particular issues raised by polygamy, customary law concubinage as well as by gender-reassignment. This thesis examines whether both gender-specific and marriage-specific criteria are valid constituents within the parameters of substantive criminal law. It traces the genesis of these special defences within the criminal law available exclusively to women, from the time of King Ine of the West Saxons c712, to examine the current status of such laws throughout common law jurisdictions. The investigation explores factors shaping the creation of a statutory defence of marital coercion by the British Parliament in 1925 and outlines the challenges generated by that law and its extraordinary resilience. This thesis demonstrates the failure of the criminal law to provide an overarching construct to implement emergent gender equality.

No description available.

This study investigates the influence of women’s empowerment measured via spousal educational difference and women’s completed education level on the use of maternal health services (Antenatal care and skilled birth assistance), and whether it varies by ethnicity. A theoretical framework based on Kabeer’s three dimension of empowerment combined with Zimmerman’s approach and the rational choice theory informs the analyses. Data from the 2013/2014 Zambia Demographic and Health survey are analysed focusing on women aged 15 -49 years who are married/ live with a partner and had a birth in the past five years. Multivariate logistic regression is the tool of analysis.The results indicate significant association between women’s completed education level and use of maternal health services. Spousal educational differences show no significant association with the use of MH services. For both ANC and SBA use, a relatively weak relationship is seen with ethnicity. In addition, women’s wealth level, the province they live in and region of residence type appear to be important with respect to the utilization of MH services. The findings are explained in relation to the theoretical framework as well as previous studies, concluding the study with suggestions for further research.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2340.pdf: 590880 bytes, checksum: 577464dd148d47bc60a87a37af5cb726 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / The scientific literature indicates that certain family characteristics can act as risk factors for children s social development, such as low income and low educational attainment levels, adolescent pregnancy, social isolation, parents who are highly stressed, single-parent families, a parent with a psychiatric disorder (including depression), parents with a criminal history, a history of drug abuse, or a high-conflict spousal relationship. More detailed information about some of these factors is lacking, particularly with respect to the Brazilian context, as in the case of spousal conflicts. Such information is essential to permit the construction of preventive programs that could reduce risk factors for infant social development, in Brazil. Risk factors can contribute to the development of problem behaviors among children and, as a result, interfere in their social relationships, as well as contributing to other difficulties such as learning problems, depression, anxiety and other psychological conditions. For this reason, the identification and prevention of risk factors that can harm human development is one of the research areas of the Special Education Graduate Program at the Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil). Although the number of Special Education prevention programs has increased significantly, especially in the United States, there are few prevention programs in this area, in Brazil, resulting in a situation in which professionals face the difficult task of remediating long-term problems. Considering the paucity of Brazilian studies that aim to verify the impacts of conflicts in the spousal relationship on infant social development, particularly among very young infants, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between personal parent-characteristics, characteristics of the spousal relationship and the social performance of their child, between one and two years of age. Given the exploratory nature of this study, a non-experimental design was used. Participants included 27 couples and their target child, who was between 15 and 26 months of age and who attended a daycare center in the city of Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil. The parents completed an instrument to evaluate their socioeconomic situation, a Marital Social Skills Inventory, a Description of Conflict Situations, and Lipp s Adult Stress Symptoms Inventory. The Operationalized Portage Inventory was used to evaluate the children s social performance. Although there was a certain amount of variability in the participants responses, the correlations between the parents personal characteristics and their child s social performance were non-significant. With respect to the parents marital social skills, in this sample, there was a significant negative correlation between the frequency with which the parents reported that they stomped out of the room, and the child s social performance (r = - 0.48, p < 0.05). Using the results from this study together with those from other studies about this topic, it should be possible to create programs that can help prevent problems in families with children in this age group, striving to provide them with the means to transform some of the characteristics of their spousal relationship so that they will be protective factors for their child s development. / A literatura científica tem apontado algumas características familiares como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento social das crianças, como por exemplo, baixa renda, baixa escolaridade, gravidez na adolescência, o isolamento social da família, pais vivendo com estresse elevado, famílias monoparentais, doença psiquiátrica parental (incluindo depressão), história parental criminal, história de abuso de substâncias, ou alto grau de conflitos conjugais. Alguns destes fatores, como no caso de conflitos conjugais, carecem de informações mais detalhadas, obtidas no contexto brasileiro, as quais são essenciais para fundamentar a construção de programas de prevenção para reduzir fatores de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil social, no Brasil. Os fatores de risco podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de problemas de comportamento por parte das crianças e, conseqüentemente, prejudicarem seu convívio social, além de serem possíveis fontes para outros problemas como dificuldades de aprendizagem, depressão, ansiedade e outros quadros psicológicos. Em função disso, a identificação e prevenção dos fatores de risco que possam prejudicar o desenvolvimento humano é uma das áreas de estudo do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Especial da Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Embora o número de programas de prevenção em Educação Especial tenha crescido significativamente, especialmente nos Estados Unidos, no Brasil pouco se fala em programas preventivos nesta área, restando aos profissionais que trabalham com esta população a difícil tarefa de remediar problemas de longa data. Considerando a escassez de estudos brasileiros que tenham como objetivo verificar os impactos de conflitos na relação conjugal no desenvolvimento social infantil especialmente com crianças muito pequenas, o objetivo deste estudo foi a investigação das relações entre características pessoais dos pais, características do relacionamento conjugal e o desempenho social de crianças na faixa etária de um a dois anos. Por se tratar de um estudo exploratório, o delineamento não-experimental foi utilizado. Participaram deste estudo 27 casais e seu filho-alvo, com idade entre 15 e 26 meses, matriculado em uma creche da cidade de Araraquara SP. Os pais preencheram um instrumento sobre seu perfil sócio-econômico, o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Conjugais, uma Descrição das Situações de Conflito e o Inventário de sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp. Para a avaliação do desempenho social das crianças o Inventário Portage Operacionalizado foi utilizado. Embora tenha existido certo grau de variação nas respostas dos participantes, não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre as características dos pais e o desempenho social das crianças. Com relação às habilidades sociais conjugais dos pais, houve uma correlação negativa significativa entre a freqüência com que o pai relatava que sai do lugar em que estava com seu parceiro, batendo o pé, e o desenvolvimento social das crianças desta amostra (r = - 0,48; p < 0,05). Espera-se que os resultados obtidos por este estudo e outros sobre a mesma temática possam ser utilizados como base para programas que tenham como objetivo trabalhar preventivamente com as famílias de crianças nesta faixa etária, a fim de instrumentalizá-los a transformar algumas das características de seu relacionamento conjugal em fatores de proteção para o desenvolvimento do seu filho.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Air Force Family Advocacy Program and examine the effects that situational dynamics have on recidivism. Although, the high volume of program participants and low recidivism rate demonstrated that the Family Advocacy Program is a valuable resource for treating families referred for spousal domestic violence.

Ce mémoire se consacre à l’étude de l’expérience du parrainage conjugal, dans ses dimensions affectives et incorporées et les impacts que cette démarche opère sur les individus et le couple. La catégorie de parrainage conjugal (qui se divise en 3 sous-catégories en fonction du « statut conjugal du couple ») est une catégorie d’immigration qui défie les limites privé/public et intimité/institutions, car elle repose sur une exposition intime de la relation (dans le cadre d’un dossier recoupant des « preuves de relation ») dont le but est de prouver son authenticité. Ce dévoilement effectué par les couples se fait dans le cadre normé et codifié d’une procédure légale, procédure par ailleurs remplie de contraintes. En prenant comme point de départ la rencontre entre l’État et les couples, il s’agit de dresser une analyse de l’expérience de cette catégorie d’immigration pour les couples lesbo-queers. De fait, ce mémoire part du constat que la migration de couple n’aborde que très peu les migrations de couples non-hétérosexuels, lorsque les études d’immigration queer se consacrent surtout aux parcours migratoires individuels. Or, avec l’ouverture au début des années 2000 du parrainage conjugal aux couples non-hétérosexuels au Canada (LaViolette 2004), et la croissante suspicion dont sont sujets les couples passant par le parrainage (Geoffrion 2018 ; D’Aoust 2014), il apparait intéressant de questionner comment les modalités de cette procédure agissent dans la vie des couples qui y sont confrontés. En étant une catégorie qui repose sur l’évaluation des relations conjugales allant de légitimes à illégitimes, d’authentiques à frauduleuses, il est porteur d’étudier comment cette expérience normative est vécue par les couples – lesbo-queers en particulier. Cette recherche se base sur les récits de vie de sept personnes ayant été parrainées dans le cadre de relations lesbo-queers, et vise à questionner les effets affectifs, matériels, symboliques que les modalités du parrainage opèrent sur les couples. Cette recherche invite à approfondir les enjeux sous-tendus par cette rencontre singulière entre les couples et l’État, suivant une perspective queer. / This thesis is devoted to the study of the experience of spousal sponsorship, in its affective and embodied dimensions and the impacts that this process has on individuals and the couple. The category of conjugal sponsorship (which is divided into 3 sub-categories according to the "conjugal status of the couple") is an immigration category that defies private/public and privacy/institutional boundaries, as it relies on an intimate exposure of the relationship (in the context of a file of "relationship evidence") whose purpose is to prove its authenticity. The disclosure made by the couples is done within the normed and codified framework of a legal procedure, a procedure that is also full of constraints. Taking as a starting point the encounter between the State and the couples, the aim is to analyze the experience of this immigration category for lesbo-queer couples. In fact, this thesis starts from the observation that couple migration only very rarely addresses the migration of non-heterosexual couples, when queer immigration studies are mainly devoted to individual migratory paths. However, with the opening of conjugal sponsorship to non-heterosexual couples in Canada in the early 2000s (LaViolette 2004), and the growing suspicion of which couples going through sponsorship are subject (Geoffrion 2018; D’Aoust 2014), it seems interesting to question how the modalities of this procedure act in the lives of the couples facing it. Being a category that relies on the evaluation of marital relationships ranging from legitimate to illegitimate, from authentic to fraudulent, it is a carrier to study how this normative experience is lived by couples - lesbo-queer in particular. This research is based on the life stories of seven people who have been sponsored within the framework of lesbo-queer relationships, and aims to question the affective, material and symbolic effects that the modalities of sponsorship have on the couples. This research invites to deepen the stakes underlying this singular meeting between the couples and the State, according to a queer perspective.

Studien är en källstudie vars syfte är att undersöka huruvida SARA B-SAFER fungerar som riskbedömningsinstrument och om brottsutvecklingen för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer har ökat eller minskat under tidsperioden, åren 2000-2012. Urvalet för studien är Kalmar polismyndighet och Södertörn polismästardistrikt. Underlaget för studien är tidigare forskning från hur Polisen har arbetat med SARA B-SAFER och offentlig statistik på antalet anmälda brott från Brottsförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). Resultaten i studien visar på en ökning av antalet anmälda brott för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer, samtidigt som anmälningarna ligger på en förhållandevis jämn nivå. Vidare indikerar studien på att det finns en komplexitet kring SARA B-SAFER som riskbedömnings-instrument, då det finns indikationer på att instrumentet har en prediktiv validitet. Åtgärder för att skydda brottsoffren hamnar i skymundan och SARA B-SAFER fungerar då inte preventivt, vilket kan förklara antalet ökade anmälningar för att instrumentet predicerar rätt. / This study aims to appose if the SARA B-SAFER are successful as a risk-assessment tool and if the crime development for spousal against women have risen or declined between the years 2000-2012. Kalmar Police County and Södertörn Manor are participating and statistics over crimes for spousal violence against women are studied in these areas. The material for the study is earlier research and statistics from Brottförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). The result in the study show that the crimes for spousal violence against women have increased but lay on a stable level. Further there is a complexity about SARA as a risk-assessment tool, when it seems to work on a predictive level, but not as much on a preventive stage, as wishes. The predictive factor on SARA can explain the increased numbers of crimes.

Les études typologiques sur les conjoints violents ont mis en évidence qu’il n’existe pas un profil unique de conjoints violents et que certaines psychopathologies peuvent expliquer le passage à l’acte (ex. : caractéristiques associées à un trouble de la personnalité, abus de substances, dépression, etc.). Toutefois, il existe un manque de connaissance concernant le profil psychopathologique et des traits de personnalité des conjoints qui agressent sexuellement leur partenaire. Ainsi, cette étude a pour objectif de classifier des conjoints violents à partir de leurs psychopathologies et traits de personnalité (MCMI-III et NÉO-PI R) afin de vérifier s’il existe une concordance entre les profils obtenus entre, d’une part, une approche dimensionnelle et, d’autre part, une approche catégorielle. Dans un second temps, cette étude a pour objectif de distinguer les groupes de conjoints violents en fonction : du type de violence commise, soit sexuelle et/ou physique ; de leur niveau d’hostilité envers les femmes ; de leurs stratégies de résolution de conflit en contexte conjugal ; de leurs stratégies d’adaptation face à des situations stressantes ; et de leurs croyances sur le viol. Pour ce faire, 121 hommes ayant été condamnés pour avoir commis au moins une forme de violence conjugale ont été rencontrés en entrevues et ont complété des questionnaires. Parmi eux, 21 ont commis au moins une violence sexuelle et 100 ont commis au moins une forme de violence physique et/ou psychologique. En ce qui concerne l’analyses de classification (two-step cluster anlysis) réalisé à partir de données obtenues à l’aide du MCMI-III, elle a permis d’identifier trois groupes, soit le sadique/antisocial, le très pathologique et le non pathologique. L’analyse de classification à partir de données obtenues à l’aide du NÉO PI R a permis d’identifier trois groupes présentent certaines similitudes avec les trois groupes de notre première classification, soit celle obtenu en fonction du MCMI-III. En effet, l’hostile présente aussi des caractéristiques associées au trouble de la personnalité sadique et antisociale. Le névrosé est caractérisé par la présence de diverses psychopathologies et le contrôlant est caractérisé par une absence de caractéristiques associées à un trouble de la personnalité et autres trouble mentaux. / Studies on abusive spouses have shown that there are different factors that predispose a man to become violent (sexual, physical, psychological). Indeed, compared to non-violent partners, violent partners present more psychopathologies (ex.: personality desorders, anxiety, etc). Furthermore, the different typologies of violent spouses have shown that there is no single profile of violent spouses. The majority of studies have found that antisocial and borderline personality disorders are significantly associated with the perpetration of violence in intimate relationships. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the psychopathological profile of spouses who sexually assault their partners. This study aims to: (1) classify (two step cluster) abusive spouses on the basis of their psychopathological profile; and (2) to compare the psychopathological characteristics (e.g., substance abuse) and types of violence committed (e.g., physical or sexual) in the profiles. To do this, 121 men who had been convicted of committing at least one form of spousal violence were interviewed and completed questionnaires (MCMI-III NÉO PI-R, CTS2, CISS, Rape Myth Scale, Hostility Toward Women Scale). Among them, 21 had committed at least one sexual violence and 100 had committed at least one form of physical and/or psychological violence. The two-step cluster anlysis of the MCMI-III data identified three groups: sadistic/antisocial, highly pathological and non-pathological. The classification analysis based on data obtained using the NEO PI R identified three groups with certain similarities to the three groups in the first classification (MCMI-III) : the hostile, which presents characteristics associated with sadistic and antisocial personality disorder, the neurotic, which is characterized by the presence of various psychopathologies, and the controlling, which is characterized by an absence of characteristics associated with a personality disorder and other mental disorders.

The study sought to determine, first, what the rules of the Hananwa family law were and, second, whether those rules were compatible with the Constitution. First, it documented the rules of the official family law. The problem that the study countenanced is that customary law is "corrupted, inauthentic and lacking authority".1 Second, it established and documented the rules of the Hananwa family law. The problem that the study countenanced in respect of Hananwa law was that it was difficult to ascertain the content of the rules of the "living" Hananwa law in order to determine their compatibility with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the traditional Hananwa community is inegalitarian and patriarchal. Section 9 of the Constitution provides that everyone is equal before the law and enjoys equal and full protection and benefit of the law. The study found that the Hananwas still observe their system of customary law. However, there are visible changes. For instance, nowadays the spousal consent is a validity requirement for all customary marriages. A parent or legal guardian must consent to a customary marriage of a minor. The individual spouses, not their families, are parties to their own customary marriages. African women enjoy equal status. This development is consistent with section 9 of the Constitution read with section 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998. According to the Constitutional Court, in MM v MN and Another 2013 4 SA 415 (CC), the first wife must consent to her husband's customary marriage to another woman in addition to her customary marriage to him. However, some rules of the Hananwa law do not comply with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. For instance, according to the Hananwa law, extramarital children do not enjoy equal inheritance rights and maintenance rights yet. This discrimination is inconsistent with the constitutional right to equality and the provisions of the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009.The Constitution puts common law and customary law on a par. However, the courts have often replaced customary law dispute resolution rules with the common law rules. For instance, the Constitutional Court in Bhe and Others v Magistrate, Khayelitsha and Others; Shibi v Sithole and South African Human Rights Commission and Another v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another 2005 1 SA 580 (CC) and the High Court in Maluleke v Minister of Home Affairs 2008 JDR 0426 (W) substituted the rules of common law for those of customary law in order to resolve customary law disputes. The legislature could not be outdone. A meticulous study of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 and the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009 reveals that their provisions almost appropriately reflect the common law marriage and intestate succession rules respectively. The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act has, furthermore, adopted the provisions of the Divorce Act of 1979. Section 28 of the Constitution read with the Children's Act 38 of 2005 has generally substituted the fundamental human rights for the unequal rights provided by the customary law of parent and child. The Maintenance Act 99 of 1998 has substituted the communal form of maintenance under customary law. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LLD (International and Constitutional Law)