Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Elizabeth Husch.pdf: 1923789 bytes, checksum: 66b22bd82c197d61e9ab27b9feed842a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Experiments conducted in field cages (1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.2 m) in Ponta Grossa, Paraná, with soybean NK 3363, during the 2010/2011 season, were designed to characterize and assess the damage caused by Edessa meditabunda, Chinavia impicticornis, and Piezodorus guildinii. The plants were infested with different population levels (0, two, and three adults/m) at different phenological phases, as follows: from the beginning of grain development up to maturation (R5.1-R9); 25% to 50% of seeds filled up to maturation (R5.3-R9); completely filled seeds up to maturation (R6-R9); physiological maturity (R7-R9). Two experiments were carried out: 1) the first with the species E. meditabunda and P. guildinii and the soybean sown on November 12, 2010 and harvested on April 8, 2011 (cycle of 147 days); 2) the second with the species C. impicticornis and P. guildinii and the soybean sown on December 16, 2010 and harvested on May 2, 2011 (cycle of 150 days). The following parameters were analyzed: leaf retention; germination; yield; damage estimate with tetrazolium, classified from 1 to 8; total number of non-viable seeds. Data underwent variance analysis and the Tukey test at 5% significance level. P. guildinii caused higher leaf retention during the longest infestation period (60 days, from R5.1 to R9), with an average retention index of 4.1 (41% to 60% of the plants with symptoms of leaf retention), whereas in the shortest period of infestation (21 days, from R7 to R9), the average retention index was 3.2. The lowest germination (66.5%) was observed in plants infested at the beginning of grain development (R5.1-R9) with three adults/m of P. guildinii, as well as in plants infested at the physiological maturity (R7-R9) with three adults/m of E. meditabunda (68.7%), a species that, in the same period of infestation, caused the highest number of non-viable seeds (18.0%). C. impicticornis infestation caused the lowest percentage of germination (76.5%) during phase R5.3 with two adults/m. The highest average percentage of seeds damaged occurred with infestations during R5.1-R9, with two and three adults/m of P. guildinii, when 22.6% to 25.0% of the seeds and 63.6% to 68.0% of the seeds were damaged in the first and second experiments, respectively, in a total of 50 seeds. E. meditabunda was responsible for the greatest damage in infestations at R7, with an average of 34.0% and 41.4% of the damaged seeds in the first and second experiments, respectively. C. impicticornis affected the highest number of seeds (approximately 54.0%) in infestations with two insects/m at R6. P. guildinii caused the severe damage (36.0% of non-viable seeds) in infestations during the longest period (R5.1-R9). No significant differences were observed between the periods of infestation with two and three insects/m. The highest reduction in viability and seed vigor was caused by infestations at R5.1 with three adults/m of P. guildinii, with only 64.0% of viable seeds and 38.7% of vigorous seeds. Yield (kg ha-1) was not significantly affected between the two periods of infestation and between different population levels. / Experimentos conduzidos em campo com gaiolas (1,0 m x 1,0 m x 1,2 m), em Ponta Grossa, Paraná, na cultura da soja, cv. NK 3363, na safra de 2010/2011, tiveram como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar os danos ocasionados pela alimentação de Edessa meditabunda, Chinavia impicticornis e Piezodorus guildinii. As plantas foram infestadas com diferentes níveis populacionais (0, dois e três adultos/m), em diferentes fases fenológicas, sendo elas: do início do desenvolvimento do grão até a maturação (R5.1-R9); 25% a 50% de granação até a maturação (R5.3-R9); semente completamente cheia até a maturação (R6-R9); maturidade fisiológica (R7-R9). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: o primeiro, com as espécies E. meditabunda e P. guildinii e a soja semeada em 12 de novembro de 2010 e colhida em 8 de abril de 2011 (ciclo de 147 dias); o segundo, com as espécies C. impicticornis e P. guildinii e a soja semeada em 16 de dezembro de 2010 e colhida em 2 de maio de 2011 (ciclo de 150 dias). Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: retenção foliar; germinação; produtividade; danos estimados com análise de tetrazólio, sendo classificados de 1 a 8; número total de sementes danificadas, classificado de 6 a 8; número total de sementes inviabilizadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey no nível de 5% de probabilidade. P. guildinii causou maior retenção foliar no período mais longo de infestação (60 dias, de R5.1 a R9), com índice médio de 4,1 (41% a 60% das plantas com sintomas de retenção foliar), enquanto no período mais curto de infestação (21 dias, de R7 a R9), o índice médio de retenção foliar foi de 3,2. A menor germinação (66,5%) foi observada nas plantas infestadas no início do desenvolvimento dos grãos (R5.1-R9) com três adultos/m de P. guildinii, bem como nas plantas infestadas na maturidade fisiológica (R7-R9) com três adultos/m de E. meditabunda (68,7%), espécie que, neste mesmo período de infestação, causou o maior número de sementes inviáveis (18,0%). A infestação com C. impicticornis causou a menor porcentagem de germinação (76,5%) no período de R5.3 a R9, com dois adultos/m. As maiores porcentagens médias de sementes danificadas ocorreram nas infestações em R5.1-R9 com dois e três adultos/m de P. guildinii, tendo sido observados danos de 22,6% a 25,0% e de 63,6% a 68,0%, no primeiro e segundo experimentos, respectivamente, em um total de 50 sementes. E. meditabunda foi responsável pelos maiores danos nas infestações em R7, com média de 34,0% e 41,4% de sementes danificadas, no primeiro e segundo experimentos, respectivamente. C. impicticornis afetou o maior número de sementes (cerca de 54,0%) nas infestações em R6 com dois insetos/m. P. guildinii ocasionou os danos mais severos (36,0% de sementes inviabilizadas) em infestações no período mais longo (R5.1-R9). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os períodos de infestação com dois e três insetos/m. A maior redução da viabilidade e do vigor das sementes foi ocasionada pelas infestações em R5.1 com três adultos/m de P. guildinii, obtendo-se apenas 64,0% de sementes viáveis e vigor de 38,7%. A produtividade (kg ha-1) não foi afetada significativamente entre os diferentes períodos de infestação e entre os diferentes níveis populacionais.

Introdução: Dado que a trajetória socioeconômica pode influenciar na saúde individual durante a vida, nosso objetivo foi testar um modelo de efeitos socioeconômicos do curso de vida na perda dentária, doenças crônicas e qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal. Método: Este estudo de base populacional (n=433) foi realizado em Porto Alegre entre 2010 e 2012 com os usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com 18 anos de idade ou mais. As variáveis observadas utilizadas foram: sexo, idade, fumo e número de dentes presentes. As variáveis latentes utilizadas foram Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Posição Social na Infância (SESC), Posição Social na Vida Adulta (SESA) e Doença Crônica (CD). A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o modelo de equações estruturais (SEM) com o software Mplus. No modelo final foram mantidas as associações significativas (p<0,30). Resultados: O modelo final apresentou um ajuste adequado: RMSA 0,039, CFI 0,972, TLI 0,969 e WRMR 1.199. O efeito da SESC na SESA foi forte β= 0,59 (p<0,01). O efeito direto da SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,08 (p= 0,19), e nas doenças crônicas foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,10). O efeito direto da SESA na perda dentária foi β= -0,20 (p<0,01), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,05). O efeito indireto de SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,12 (p= 0,02), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,01). O efeito indireto da SESA no OHIP foi β= -0,02 (p= 0.3). SESC tem um efeito indireto sobre OHIP e perda dentária via SESA, apoiando a teoria da cadeia de efeitos. SESC e SESA tem efeitos independentes na perda dentária, apoiando a teoria do acúmulo de risco. SESC tem um efeito direto nas doenças crônicas apoiando a teoria do período crítico. Conclusão: Investigações com base no curso de vida relacionada à saúde bucal usando SEM são necessárias para melhor compreender os mecanismos que ligam fatores sociais à saúde das pessoas causando inequidades. / Introduction: Since the socioeconomic trajectory can influence on individual health during the life course, we aimed to test a model of life course socioeconomic effects on tooth loss, chronic disease and Oral Health Related to Quality of Life. Method: This population-based study (n = 433) was held in Porto Alegre between 2010 and 2012 with the Public Health (PH) users aged 18 or over. The observable variables were: gender, age, smoking and number of teeth. Latent variables were Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Socioeconomic Status in Childhood (SESC) Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood (SESA) and Chronic Disease (CD). Statistical analysis was performed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Mplus software. For the final model only significant associations were kept (p<0.30). Results: The final model presented an adequate fit: RMSA 0.039, CFI 0.972, TLI 0.969 and WRMR 1.199. The effect of SESC on SESA was strong β = 0.59 (p<0.01). The direct effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.08 (p = 0.19), and on chronic diseases was β = -0.14 (p = 0.10). The direct effect of SESA on tooth loss was β = -0.20 (p <0.01), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.05). The indirect effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.12 (p = 0.02), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.01). The indirect effect of SESA on OHIP was β = -0.02 (p = 0.3). SESC has an indirect effect on OHIP and tooth loss via SESA, supporting the chain of effects theory. SESC and SESA have independent effects on tooth loss, supporting the accumulation theory. SESC has a direct effect on chronic diseases supporting the critical period theory. Conclusion: Investigations based on the life course approach relating to the oral health using SEM are necessary to understand the mechanisms and social determinants of health, causing inequalities.

L'esturgeon européen Acipenser sturio est un poisson migrateur amphihalin qui a connu un fort déclin au cours du 20ème siècle. La dernière population vit dans le bassin Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne (GGD) et sa dernière reproduction connue date de 1994. Les individus relachés lors de repeuplements sont supposés venir se reproduire prochainement. Du fait du changement global et de l'évolution des activités humaines, une meilleure connaissance de la vulnérabilité des jeunes stades de A. sturio vis-à-vis de la température, de la disponibilité en oxygène et des polluants s'est avérée nécessaire. La sensibilité aux conditions oxythermiques actuelles et à venir a été évaluée ainsi que la qualité des sédiments des frayères. Enfin, la sensibilité des jeunes stades de cette espèce à des mélanges de polluants représentatifs du bassin GGD a été également évaluée. Une forte sensibilité des jeunes stades de A. sturio au taux d'oxygène a été mise en évidence. Les fenêtres optimales et critiques de tolérance ont été estimées. La toxicité des sédiments de frayères de Dordogne est globalement supérieur à celle des sédiments de frayères de Garonne. Beauregard et Pessac-sur-Dordogne semblent être respectivement les sites les plus favorables et défavorables aux jeunes stades. La sensibilité de A. sturio aux polluants rencontrés dans le bassin est relativement faible. Les conditions environnementales actuelles du bassin GGD semblent globalement satisfaisantes pour accueillir le développement de jeunes stades de A. sturio. Les données collectées dans cette étude pourront servir pour d'autres programmes de réintroduction de cette espèce. / The European sturgeon Acipenser sturio is a diadromous species which has exibited a drastic decline during the 20th century. Its last population lives in the Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne (GGD) catchment where the last documented reproduction occured in 1994. Individuals released in the context of restocking actions are expected to re-enter the system for reproduction in the next few years. Because of global changes and human activity evolution, environmental conditions have changed from the last reproduction. Improved knowledge on the sensitivity of the European sturgeon to temperature, dissolved oxygen and pollutant is required to evaluate its capacities to recolonize the GGD catchment. Sentivity to present and future, considering global changes, oxygen and temperature conditions were evaluated as well as quality of the substratum of potential spawning grounds. The sensitivity of the early stages toward a mix of pollutants found in the GGD catchment was evaluated. Results obtained show a high sensitivity of the young stages of this species to oxygen concentration. Thermal optimum, optimal and critical tolerance windows were determined. Sensitivity to pollutants mixtures found in the GGD was relatively low. Dordogne river substratum was globally more toxic than Garonne river substratum. Beauregard and Pessac-sur-Dordogne were tested respectively as the best and the worst potential spawning ground for the development of the European sturgeon early stages according to their toxicological effects. Current conditions in the GGD catchment seems to be sustainable for European sturgeon early stages. Data from this study would be useful for further restocking programs in the historical european sturgeon reproduction area.

Drawing on the Network Theory, this research had the objective to analyse the influence of networks within the life cycle stages of a Born Global company. By developing a framework that consisted of a pre-inception phase, start-up phase and the growth phase, the study proposed to identify which types of networks were used within the development of the BG, and how they influenced on the internationalisation speed. By conducting an in-depth interview, data has been collected to be analysed as a single-case study. Our findings indicate that the company made active use of networks in every phase of its life cycle in terms of acquiring market knowledge, financial support and access to customers in which directly influenced in its internationalisation process and speed. Moreover, we observed that the characteristics of the entrepreneur, the product and also the mechanism of networking contributed to both of the development within the life cycle stages of the company as the internationalisation speed.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-08-04T00:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Tamara_Tana.pdf: 823783 bytes, checksum: b47d6203bd51aea839cf2df6a5296331 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-04T00:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Tamara_Tana.pdf: 823783 bytes, checksum: b47d6203bd51aea839cf2df6a5296331 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Physalis genus belongs to the Solanaceae family, and shows species with great economic potential due to the production of secondary metabolites and their fruits rich in vitamins and other nutrients. This study aimed to characterize the phenology, productivity and evaluate physical and biochemical parameters of Physalis angulata, Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis philadelphica and Physalis pubescens fruits along the maturation period. Were determined days after sowing (DAS) for the occurrence of each stage and assessed length and stem diameter in three sowing dates. To biometric characterize the fruits were evaluated weight, longitudinal and transverse diameter, and biochemical characterization were quantified the protein content, reducing sugars, sucrose and total soluble sugars fruits in three maturation levels determined by the fruit calyx color, which were taken for determination of the content of chloroplastid pigments with DMSO. Physalis plants are susceptible to high temperatures and low rainfall, P. angulata is the most tolerant soil and climatic conditions in the region. Cultivation started in April provides a better plant growth, with productivity similar to regions where the crop has already been established. The ripe fruits had higher fruit and more sugar content, and must be harvested in the third stage of maturity: straw color to P. angulata, when cup rupture to P. ixocarpa, and yellow for P. philadelphica and P. pubescens. / O g?nero Physalis pertence ? fam?lia Solanaceae, e apresenta esp?cies com grande potencial econ?mico devido ? produ??o de metab?litos secund?rios e seus frutos ricos em vitaminas e demais nutrientes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a fenologia e avaliar par?metros f?sicos e bioqu?micos dos frutos ao longo do per?odo de matura??o de esp?cies de Physalis. O experimento foi realizado na Unidade Horto Florestal, localizada em Feira de Santana/BA. As mudas foram semeadas em estufa e transplantadas ao campo experimental quando apresentavam aproximadamente 20cm. Foram determinados os dias ap?s a semeadura (DAS) para ocorr?ncia de cada fenofase e avaliados semanalmente o comprimento e o di?metro do ramo principal em fun??o de tr?s ?pocas de semeadura das esp?cies Physalis angulata, Physalis ixocarpa e Physalis philadelphica. Para a caracteriza??o biom?trica dos frutos de P. angulata, P. ixocarpa, P. philadelphica e P. pubescens, foram avaliados a massa, di?metro longitudinal e transversal m?dio, e para caracteriza??o bioqu?mica foram quantificados colorimetricamente os teores de prote?nas sol?veis, a??cares redutores, sacarose e a??cares sol?veis totais em tr?s n?veis de matura??o, determinados pela colora??o do c?lice que envolve o fruto, os quais foram retirados para determina??o do teor dos pigmentos cloroplast?dicos utilizando DMSO. As plantas das esp?cies de Physalis s?o suscet?veis a temperaturas acima de 30? e escassez de chuvas, sendo a P. angulata a mais tolerante as condi??es edafoclim?ticas da regi?o. O cultivo iniciado no m?s de abril proporciona um melhor desenvolvimento das plantas, com produtividade semelhante a regi?es onde o cultivo j? foi estabelecido, sendo a melhor ?poca de cultivo na regi?o de Feira de Santana. As esp?cies apresentaram frutos maiores e com maior teor de a??cares quando maduros, devendo ent?o ser colhidos no terceiro est?dio de matura??o, cor de palha para P. angulata, quando ocorre o rompimento do c?lice para P. ixocarpa, e amarelo para P. philadelphica e P. pubescens.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salete de Paula.pdf: 1167747 bytes, checksum: 9705df79d28b7d3992e3d6910e9ce124 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-24 / Fundação Araucária / This study describes the development and allometric growth patterns of larval Piaractus mesopotamicus from induced reproduction. From hatching until the 19th day, twenty individuals were selected for eight stage of development (yolk sac larval, preflexion, initial of flexion, flexion, end of flexion and post flexion). Later, morphometric measurements were taken of each individual: total length, head length, trunk length, tail (post anal) length, head height, body height, muscle height at anus leveleye diameter, mouth length, caudal peduncle height and caudal peduncle length. Allometric growth coefficients were calculated by linear regression; the changes in the coefficients of growth relate to ontogenetic changes in the priorities of the larvae. During the developmental stages of larval yolk and pre-flexion (mean CT = 3.363 and 5.89 mm), the larvae showed an evident priority for feeding and swimming capabilities. From the flexion stage (mean CT = 9.33 mm) was observed a change in growth priorities, especially those relating to body height, important characteristic for this species. From the post-flexing stage (mean CT = 16.25 mm) a greater propensity to isometry was evident for all coefficients growths. These results confirm the informations that there are different growth patterns for priority functions during ontogeny initial larvae. This study of morphometric and allometric growth of larvae Piaractus mesopotamicus, may assist the fisheries biology, supporting management strategies and conservation of natural populations / Este estudo descreveu o desenvolvimento e os padrões de crescimento alométrico de larvas de Piaractus mesopotamicus provenientes de reprodução induzida. Desde a eclosão até o 19° dia, vinte indivíduos foram selecionados para oito estágios de desenvolvimento (larval vitelino, pré-flexão, início de flexão, flexão, final de flexão, início de pós-flexão, pós flexão e final de pós-flexão). Posteriormente, foram tomadas medidas morfométricas: comprimento da cabeça, comprimento do tronco, comprimento da cauda anal posterior, altura da cabeça, altura do corpo, altura do músculo em nível do ânus, diâmetro do olho, comprimento da boca, altura do pedúnculo caudal e comprimento do pedúnculo caudal. Os coeficientes de crescimento alométrico foram calculados por meio de regressões lineares; as alterações ocorridas nos coeficientes de crescimento referem-se as mudanças nas prioridades ontogenéticas das larvas. Durante os estágios de desenvolvimento de larval vitelino e pré-flexão (média CT= 3,36 e 5,89 mm) as larvas apresentaram uma evidente prioridade para as capacidades de alimentação e natação. A partir do estágio de flexão (média CT= 9,33 mm) foi observada uma mudança nas prioridades de crescimento, principalmente as relacionadas com a altura do corpo, característica importante para essa espécie. No estágio de pós-flexão (média CT=16,25 mm) uma propensão maior a isometria ficou evidente, para todos os coeficientes de crescimentos. Esses resultados confirmam as informações de que existem padrões diferenciados de crescimento para funções prioritárias durante a ontogenia inicial de larvas. Este estudo sobre morfometria e crescimento alométrico das larvas de Piaractus mesopotamicus, poderá auxiliar a biologia pesqueira, subsidiando as estratégias de manejo e conservação das populações naturais

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Student Number : 0204770E - MEd research report - School of Education - Faculty of Humanities / The present study investigates a bereavement training programme with a group of volunteer lay counsellors. In South Africa, the number of orphans resulting from an increase in parental deaths from natural causes, such as AIDS and nonnatural causes, for example violence, is increasing rapidly. The increasing number of bereaved children is creating a demand for professional support services that cannot be met by the present number of trained professionals. To address this imbalance, the training of lay counsellors is proposed. It is thus relevant to train those who are willing to help with the necessary knowledge and skills in a bereavement training programme. The present study involves ten volunteers from a Community Centre. Qualitative research methods are employed to analyse the data that is gained from the preand post-training responses to the interviews and Case Examples. Content analysis is used to elucidate the themes that emerge from the collected data. The results of the present study indicate that perceptual and developmental changes have occurred within the volunteers following the training programme, however, it is evident that further training is necessary because of the limited ability that the volunteers demonstrate in practically transferring the knowledge to new cases. In terms of this finding it is clear that factors such as language, age, educational level and personal experiences of death are important criteria to consider in the selection of volunteers for a bereavement training programme. Furthermore, traditional African perspectives of death, cultural differences and HIV/AIDS awareness need to be incorporated into future bereavement training programmes. In terms of the outcomes of the study, a positive outcome is the revision of the Bereavement Programme for children, taking cognisance of cultural sensitiveness, to make it more applicable within the local context. The results of the study also highlight the limitations and implications of the present research, which are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.

Le présent travail concerne le développement d'une méthode d'éco-conception pour la création de produits impliquant des indicateurs environnementaux pour l’aide à la prise de décision au stade de la conception conceptuelle. La méthode proposée s’appuie sur la définition et la génération d’un TRIPLET, c’est-à-dire une relation cohérente entre matériaux, procédés et formes. Une taxonomie de formes caractérise les différentes formes réalisables par les procédés de fabrication. Un tableau de description du concept (DCT) regroupe certaines dimensions globales de la pièce imaginée ainsi que les procédés d’enlèvement de matière de finition venant s’additionner au procédé de base sélectionné. Un indicateur environnemental basé sur la base RECIPE et adapté à la méthode peut être alors évalué. La démarche d’aide à la conception conçue intègre deux approches, déductive et inductive basées sur l'expérience du concepteur. Le DCT comprend le choix d’un solide de base qui suggère, à partir des surfaces fonctionnelles définies dans la démarche, une réflexion vers une esquisse du concept de pièce. Les différents concepts élaborés sont hiérarchisés à partir d’une aide à la décision multicritère basée sur l’indicateur environnemental, sur un coût de fabrication, sur un indice de performance et sur un indice de combinaison obtenu par logique floue. La démarche s’appuie sur une base de données lié aux connaissances requises et sur un outil logiciel « ECOTRIAL ». Une application de reconception d’une pièce de liaison clôt la thèse et montre l’applicabilité de la méthode proposée. / The development of an eco-design method to create products involving environmental indicators to aid decision making at the stage of conceptual design, can be found in the present work. The proposed method is based on the definition and generation of a TRIPLET: a consistent relationship between materials, processes and forms. A taxonomy of shapes characterizes different shapes achievable by the manufacturing processes. A Description of Concept (DCT) includes some overall dimensions of the piece conceived and the finishing and material removal processes. An environmental indicator based on RECIPE database and adapted to the method to be able to evaluate the environmental impact. The aid integrates two approaches, deductive and inductive based on the experience of the designer. The DCT includes choosing a solid base that suggests, based on the functional surfaces defined in the process, a reflection towards a sketch of the piece concept. The different concepts developed are ranked from a multiple-criteria decision analysis based on the environmental indicator, a manufacturing cost, a performance index and a combination index obtained by fuzzy logic. The process is supported on a database linked to the required knowledge and the software tool "ECOTRIAL". A redesign application concludes the thesis and demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method.

Scandate cathode under various processing stages: scandia nano-powder, tungsten scandia mix powder, sintered and impregnated pellets, were characterized with techniques that included electron microscopy, EDS, XPS, and work function measurements. The size and shape uniformity of nano-scale scandia particles changed from round to square and polyhedron during heat treatment. Reduction in size and improvement in size uniformity as heat treating temperature increased were observed. When determining the highest Sc coverage, three assessment methods were used and with their combined results, it was concluded that set VII had the highest Sc at%. In the sintered pellets, it was observed with SEM that more initial scandia coverage in the mix powder sets corresponded to a larger number of scandia particles distributed over the tungsten surface. The structure of the cross section made on pellet surface was porous which was expected in any functional cathode. Kelvin probe measurements revealed that work function values of sintered pellets were similar and decreased by approximately 0.6 eV after the impregnation. A cross section on the impregnated pellet surface revealed that the pores that existed in sintered pellets were gone and filled with impregnated materials that emerged to the surface during impregnation.