Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa cujo objeto foi percepção de mulheres com relacionamento estável quanto à vulnerabilidade para contrair DST/Aids. Os objetivos foram: Descrever a percepção das mulheres com relacionamento estável quanto à vulnerabilidade para contrair DST e Aids e Discutir as influências das relações de gênero na percepção das mulheres com relacionamento estável quanto à sua vulnerabilidade para contrair DST e Aids. O estudo foi realizado em um Campus Universitário, situado na zona norte, no município do Rio de Janeiro, durante os meses de março e abril de 2008. Como sujeitos do estudo foram abordadas aleatoriamente 15 mulheres de idade a partir de 18 anos, que se autodeclaram em relacionamento estável, de diferentes níveis de escolaridades, raças e religião, e que freqüentam o Campus. Neste grupo incluem-se as estudantes dos diferentes cursos, as servidoras técnico-administrativas ou docentes e as demais usuárias das dependências do Campus. Em atendimento ao preconizado pela Resolução 196/1996 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, todos os sujeitos do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, em que foi garantido sigilo de sua identificação, direito de interromper ou sair da pesquisa e ficar ciente dos resultados finais. O projeto foi submetido à apreciação do Comitê de Ética da UERJ e foi aprovado em 12 de março de 2008 (projeto 1969-CEP/HUPE). As entrevistas foram gravadas em Digital Media Player (mp4) e posteriormente transcritas para análise. Aconteceram em salas de aula, sala de espera, no corredor ou nos bancos do jardim da universidade, de acordo com as escolhas das entrevistadas, de modo a manter sua privacidade. A análise dos dados foi feita segundo os pressupostos da análise de conteúdo conforme proposto por Bardin (1977). Os dados encontrados revelam-se em 3 categorias centrais: a primeira diz respeito à caracterização do relacionamento estável, a segunda discute vulnerabilidade e risco quanto ao relacionamento estável e a terceira apresenta as percepções de si e do outro em relação à vulnerabilidade para contrair DST/Aids. Concluiu-se que as mulheres, em relacionamento estável, reconhecem este grupo como tendo sua vulnerabilidade aumentada. Isto ocorre pelo fato de não adotarem medidas preventivas devido às características próprias do relacionamento estável, como por exemplo, o amor, a fidelidade e a confiança. Apesar disso, percebem as outras mulheres como as mais vulneráveis, uma vez que se excluem do risco de contrair DST/Aids, como uma conseqüência das desigualdades de gênero construídas culturalmente em nossa sociedade. / This is a descriptive work with a qualitative approach which goal was the perception of women with a stable relationship of vulnerability to get STD/Aids. The goals were: to describe the perception of women with a stable relationship of the vulnerability to get STD and Aids, and to discuss the influence of the genre relations in the self-perception of women with a stable relationship of her vulnerability to get STD and Aids. The study was conducted in a university campus, located in Rio de Janeiro city, during the period from March 2008 to April 2008. As the subjects of this study, we randomly approached 15 women above 18 years old who declared themselves in a stable relationship, with different years of education, races and religions, and who attended the campus. In this group, there are students from different colleges, technical and administrative public workers, professors and other users of the campus. In view of what is recommended by the resolution 196/1996 of the Health National Council, all the subjects of this study signed an informed consent form, in which the subjects privacy, the right of temporarily or permanently interrupting the study and its final results were guaranteed. The project of this research was submitted to the Ethic Committee of UERJ (Rio de Janeiro State University) and it was approved in March 12, 2008 (1969 project-CEP/HUPE). The interviews were recorded in a Digital Media Player (mp4) and they were transcribed to the analysis later. The interviews happened in classrooms, waiting rooms, hallways or on the benches of the university garden, according to the interviewees choice, in order to guarantee their privacy. The data analysis was done according to the presumptions of the content analysis, as proposed by Bardin (1977). The data found in this study were divided into 3 main categories: the first one is about the characterization of a stable relationship, the second one discusses vulnerability and risk in a stable relationship, and the third one presents the perceptions of oneself and of the other of the vulnerability to get STD/Aids. We concluded that women in a stable relationship acknowledge that this group has a higher vulnerability. It happens because they do not adopt preventive measures due to the intrinsic characteristics of a stable relationship, as, for instance, love, constancy and trust. In spite of this, they see other women as the most vulnerable ones, since they exclude themselves from the group in danger of getting DST/Aids, as a consequence of the differences of gender culturally built in our society.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaVSR.pdf: 701184 bytes, checksum: 22e0d0dc6d1b3abe5a6fc63c790b103e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-20 / Rio Grande do Norte is among the Brazilian States where the tourism and sexual violence increasingly grow in the country, occupying 4th place in 2004. Associated to this fact, it comes the problematic one of the contamination of the women by Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD). Studies in Brazil have presented a considerable increase of the STDs, caused through lack of suitable protection in the sexual relationships. Due to the biological and psychosocial vulnerability, besides failures or inconsistencies in the condom use associated to the raised taxes of sexual activity with different partners, the STDs constitute the main risk of health. Many difficulties are found by the confrontation of this problem. In this context, this project had as aim to evaluate the vulnerability of this population of sexually active women in Natal-RN Ponta Negra neighbourhood to the infections by STDs, such as, Candida sp., Vaginoses Bacterial, Trichomonas Vaginalis and Chlamydia sp., arisen with the explosion of the sex market, showing a current statistical panorama. It was possible to detect vulnerable points in prevention through patient anamnesis, where the study it showed: high number of partners (8,3% with more than five), low age of first relationship and not the use of condoms (31,8% sometimes use and 45,8% had not used in the first relationship). Already consolidated by the preventive cytopathologic examination, these data were strengthened by high incidence of causing agents of STDs (58,6%). In this way, it is clear that the sexuality must to be thought on the context of the deep economic and socio-cultural transformations in which pass societies, and mainly the ones concerning to the sexuality exercise and to the sex market. With the profile change of the infections, new demands are placed in relation to the risk factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that the prevention vulnerable points detected as more important had been the deficiency in self-perception and wareness of the risk existence among the studied women / O Rio Grande do Norte est? entre os Estados brasileiros onde o turismo e a viol?ncia sexual mais crescem no Pa?s, ocupando o 4? lugar em 2004. Associado a este fato, vem a problem?tica da contamina??o das mulheres por Doen?as Sexualmente Transmiss?veis (DST). Estudos no Brasil t?m apresentado um aumento consider?vel das DST, desencadeado pela falta de prote??o adequada nas rela??es sexuais. Em decorr?ncia da vulnerabilidade biol?gica, psicossocial, al?m de falhas ou inconst?ncia no uso de preservativos associadas ?s elevadas taxas de atividade sexual com diferentes parceiros, as DST constituem o principal risco de sa?de. Muitas dificuldades s?o encontradas para o enfrentamento deste problema. Neste contexto, este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar a vulnerabilidade desta popula??o de mulheres sexualmente ativas no bairro de Ponta Negra, Natal/RN, ?s infec??es por DST, como: Candida sp., vaginoses bacterianas, Trichomonas vaginalis e Chlamydia sp., advindas com a explos?o do mercado do sexo, mostrando um panorama estat?stico atual. Por meio de anamnese das pacientes foi poss?vel detectar pontos vulner?veis na preven??o, onde o estudo mostrou que a maior parte das mulheres apresentou: n?mero elevado de parceiros (8,3% com mais de cinco), baixa idade das primeiras rela??es e o n?o uso de preservativos (31,8% utilizam ?s vezes e 45,8% n?o utilizaram na primeira rela??o). J? confirmados pelo exame citopatol?gico estes dados foram refor?ados pela alta incid?ncia de agentes causadores de DST (58,6%). Desta forma, fica claro que a sexualidade tem que ser pensada no contexto das profundas transforma??es econ?micas e s?cio-culturais pelas quais passam as sociedades e, principalmente, as que dizem respeito ao exerc?cio da sexualidade e ao mercado do sexo. Com a mudan?a do perfil das infec??es, novas demandas s?o colocadas em rela??o aos fatores de risco. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os pontos vulner?veis da preven??o detectados como mais importantes foram a defici?ncia na autopercep??o e a falta de conscientiza??o da exist?ncia do risco entre as mulheres estudadas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa cujo objeto foi percepção de mulheres com relacionamento estável quanto à vulnerabilidade para contrair DST/Aids. Os objetivos foram: Descrever a percepção das mulheres com relacionamento estável quanto à vulnerabilidade para contrair DST e Aids e Discutir as influências das relações de gênero na percepção das mulheres com relacionamento estável quanto à sua vulnerabilidade para contrair DST e Aids. O estudo foi realizado em um Campus Universitário, situado na zona norte, no município do Rio de Janeiro, durante os meses de março e abril de 2008. Como sujeitos do estudo foram abordadas aleatoriamente 15 mulheres de idade a partir de 18 anos, que se autodeclaram em relacionamento estável, de diferentes níveis de escolaridades, raças e religião, e que freqüentam o Campus. Neste grupo incluem-se as estudantes dos diferentes cursos, as servidoras técnico-administrativas ou docentes e as demais usuárias das dependências do Campus. Em atendimento ao preconizado pela Resolução 196/1996 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, todos os sujeitos do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, em que foi garantido sigilo de sua identificação, direito de interromper ou sair da pesquisa e ficar ciente dos resultados finais. O projeto foi submetido à apreciação do Comitê de Ética da UERJ e foi aprovado em 12 de março de 2008 (projeto 1969-CEP/HUPE). As entrevistas foram gravadas em Digital Media Player (mp4) e posteriormente transcritas para análise. Aconteceram em salas de aula, sala de espera, no corredor ou nos bancos do jardim da universidade, de acordo com as escolhas das entrevistadas, de modo a manter sua privacidade. A análise dos dados foi feita segundo os pressupostos da análise de conteúdo conforme proposto por Bardin (1977). Os dados encontrados revelam-se em 3 categorias centrais: a primeira diz respeito à caracterização do relacionamento estável, a segunda discute vulnerabilidade e risco quanto ao relacionamento estável e a terceira apresenta as percepções de si e do outro em relação à vulnerabilidade para contrair DST/Aids. Concluiu-se que as mulheres, em relacionamento estável, reconhecem este grupo como tendo sua vulnerabilidade aumentada. Isto ocorre pelo fato de não adotarem medidas preventivas devido às características próprias do relacionamento estável, como por exemplo, o amor, a fidelidade e a confiança. Apesar disso, percebem as outras mulheres como as mais vulneráveis, uma vez que se excluem do risco de contrair DST/Aids, como uma conseqüência das desigualdades de gênero construídas culturalmente em nossa sociedade. / This is a descriptive work with a qualitative approach which goal was the perception of women with a stable relationship of vulnerability to get STD/Aids. The goals were: to describe the perception of women with a stable relationship of the vulnerability to get STD and Aids, and to discuss the influence of the genre relations in the self-perception of women with a stable relationship of her vulnerability to get STD and Aids. The study was conducted in a university campus, located in Rio de Janeiro city, during the period from March 2008 to April 2008. As the subjects of this study, we randomly approached 15 women above 18 years old who declared themselves in a stable relationship, with different years of education, races and religions, and who attended the campus. In this group, there are students from different colleges, technical and administrative public workers, professors and other users of the campus. In view of what is recommended by the resolution 196/1996 of the Health National Council, all the subjects of this study signed an informed consent form, in which the subjects privacy, the right of temporarily or permanently interrupting the study and its final results were guaranteed. The project of this research was submitted to the Ethic Committee of UERJ (Rio de Janeiro State University) and it was approved in March 12, 2008 (1969 project-CEP/HUPE). The interviews were recorded in a Digital Media Player (mp4) and they were transcribed to the analysis later. The interviews happened in classrooms, waiting rooms, hallways or on the benches of the university garden, according to the interviewees choice, in order to guarantee their privacy. The data analysis was done according to the presumptions of the content analysis, as proposed by Bardin (1977). The data found in this study were divided into 3 main categories: the first one is about the characterization of a stable relationship, the second one discusses vulnerability and risk in a stable relationship, and the third one presents the perceptions of oneself and of the other of the vulnerability to get STD/Aids. We concluded that women in a stable relationship acknowledge that this group has a higher vulnerability. It happens because they do not adopt preventive measures due to the intrinsic characteristics of a stable relationship, as, for instance, love, constancy and trust. In spite of this, they see other women as the most vulnerable ones, since they exclude themselves from the group in danger of getting DST/Aids, as a consequence of the differences of gender culturally built in our society.

Este estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, mediada pela metodologia da pesquisa-ação, fundamentada em referencial teórico-metodológico de Paulo Freire. Esse visa a levantar problemas vivenciados por uma população específica de nove surdos, adultos jovens, alunos de uma Classe de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) frente à sexualidade e as IST/aids, através da comunicação pela Língua de Sinais Brasileira (LIBRAS); criar junto deles possibilidades de construção, implementação e avaliação de ações educativas, frente a situações problematizadas, criando subsídios à reflexão para uma mudança de atitude frente às dificuldades identificadas, com vistas ao desenvolvimento da autonomia, da escolha responsável e cidadã relativa à vida sexual, à negociação do sexo seguro e à prevenção das IST/aids. Discute-se a necessidade de um trabalho voltado especificamente a esta população que é peculiar, dada a exclusão existente e pela própria dificuldade da comunicação. Analisa-se a construção de um referencial que possa dar conta da implementação de um processo educativo, ao mesmo tempo dando respaldo para a abordagem crítica e científica do mesmo. Isto suscitou instrumentalização para lidar com esta questão exigindo da pesquisadora freqüentar e concluir curso de LIBRAS para favorecer a interação horizontal. A entrevista foi aplicada de acordo com os preceitos éticos e o rigor cientifico. Foi verificada uma dificuldade no que diz respeito aos conteúdos curriculares de Educação Básica, em 7 relação ao corpo humano, bem como a gravidez e parto. Relativamente à sexualidade, esta palavra não era de conhecimento dos surdos pesquisados. Quanto à prática do sexo uma grande parte já havia tido experiências neste sentido e como método de proteção para o sexo, a camisinha, o casamento, a fidelidade e a pílula anticoncepcional eram os conhecidos por eles. Com respeito as IST/aids e as outras questões depreendeu-se a necessidade de informações complementares para o exercício de uma sexualidade segura e responsável. Foram efetuadas, descritas e avaliadas as ações educativas implementadas, concluindo-se que os surdos são uma população que demanda de uma educação preventiva para as temáticas estudadas de forma dinâmica, contextualizada e voltada para sua peculiaridade, ou seja, sua língua, sua cultura, sua experiência visual acurada e sua facilidade de comunicação com seus pares, indo de encontro com a proposta de formação de agentes multiplicadores. / This study is about a qualitative research, measured by action-research methodology, based in Paulo Freire’s theoretical method. This paper is to raise problems lived by a specific young deaf adults population facing sexuality and STD/AIDS, through language communication by signs, using LIBRAS( Brazilian Sign Language) ; creating among them construction possibilities, implementation and assessment of teaching actions, facing problematic situations, creating subsidy to reflexion for a change in attitude facing identified problems leading to a self development and a responsible choice related to sexual life, safe sex and STD/AIDS prevention. The need of a job is discussed specifically turned to this peculiar population since exclusion is always present and by their own difficulty in communication. The build of a referential is also discussed, that can implement the educative process and at the same time giving support to a critical and scientific approach. This brought about instrumental to deal with questions, demanding the researcher to conclude a LIBRAS course to favor the horizontal interaction. The interview was done according to ethical rules and scientific accuracy. A great dificulty was found regarding the current curriculum content in relation to the human body, pregnancy and childbirth. Sexuality is a word not known by the group in this study; regarding sex practice, only one has never had sex before and all of them 9 have known about sex protection methods, condom, marriage, fidelity and anti conceptional pills. Regarding STD/AIDS and other matters related, we could see the need of complementary information for a safe and responsible sexuality practice. The implemented educational actions were done, described and assessed. It may be concluded that the deaf population is calling for a preventive education in the areas mentioned above in a dynamical form, contextualized and turned to their language, culture, sharp visual experience and the facility for partner communication, heading toward the proposal of multiplier agent formation.

Sensibilizadas com as questões relativas à sexualidade, DST, aids e drogas, voltadas principalmente para pessoas em detenção em sistema penitenciário, procuramos desenvolver esta pesquisa-ação com 49 mulheres detentas de três cadeias públicas femininas do interior paulista, objetivando levantar com elas seus problemas frente à sexualidade, DST, aids e drogas, trabalhando a seguir, um programa educativo sobre estes temas, possibilitando-lhes, conhecimentos e habilidades nesta área, bem como, preparando-as para serem agentes multiplicadores. Coletamos os dados através de entrevistas individuais gravadas, a partir de questionário aberto e com questões norteadoras as quais nos permitiram qualitativamente verificar o significado positivo que as mulheres dão à vida, à família, sublimando a maternidade. Sentem profunda tristeza pela situação em que se encontram, sendo que a maioria está presa devido ao uso e tráfico de drogas. Praticam qualquer tipo de sexo, mais preferem o vaginal. São promíscuas e algumas bissexuais. Atribuem às DST-aids, a desinformação do povo e possuem grande interesse em saber e participar de atividades educativas no interior das cadeias sobre estas temáticas. Algumas revelam presença de DST em sua vida, referindo-se ao uso inadequado do preservativo, afirmando ser difícil negociar sexo seguro com o parceiro. Demonstram conhecimento simples às vezes ingênuo sobre sexualidade, sexo, DST-aids e drogas e não desenvolvem a consciência para a mudança de comportamento. Depreendemos então, que estas mulheres não têm preparo para lidarem com a sua sexualidade e contra às DST-aids e drogas. / Thinking on issues related to sexuality, STD, AIDS and drugs regarding people confined in prisons, the author developed a research-action with 49 women confined in three public feminine prisons at the state of São Paulo, Brazil aiming at understanding their problems regarding sexuality, STD, AIDS and drugs and afterwards at implementing an educational program on these topics as well as preparing them to disseminate this knowledge. The author collected data through individual interviews, starting from an open questionnaire with guiding questions that enabled her to quantitatively verify the positive meanings that these women give to life, family and maternity. These women showed their sorrow regarding their situation, especially because the majority of them were arrested due to drug trafficking and use. They are used to have sex of different types but prefer vaginal sex. They are promiscuous and some are bisexual. They consider the lack of information the main cause of STD-AIDS and are really interested to participate in educational activities about this theme. Some of them point out the inadequate use of condoms as the cause of STD in their lives, affirming that it is difficulty to talk about safe sex with their partners. They show simple and ingenuous knowledge on sexuality, sex, STD-AIDS and drugs and are not willing to change their behavior. In sum, the author concluded that these women are not prepared to deal with their sexuality and STD-AIDS and drugs.

Os caminhoneiros de estrada constituem um grupo de grande mobilidade geográfica em função do trabalho – o transporte de cargas, que exige vários dias até meses fora de suas casas e longe da família. A solidão a que se vêem condicionados torna alguns destes profissionais vulneráveis a manterem relacionamentos sexuais no transcurso das viagens. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivo investigar os fatores de vulnerabilidade entre os caminhoneiros de estrada para o risco de contaminação com o HIV/aids. A metodologia utilizada foi o método quali-quantitativo que teve como eixo norteador a pesquisa – ação e o método da problematização de Paulo Freire. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2003, através de uma entrevista semi-estruturada. Foram entrevistados neste período 50 caminhoneiros de estrada presentes nas cooperativas que serviram de campo para este estudo. A análise dos dados quantitativos foi feita com base na estatística descritiva e os dados qualitativos através do método de Bardin (1979). Os resultados encontrados apontam que os caminhoneiros têm conhecimentos sobre vários aspectos da transmissão da aids, mas muitos se envolvem em relacionamentos sexuais na estrada sem o uso do preservativo. Por outro lado, o uso de álcool e anfetaminas (para reduzir o sono) faz parte do cotidiano de alguns destes profissionais, constituindo fatores de vulnerabilidade, uma vez que sob o efeito da bebida nos pontos de paradas para descanso alguns se envolvem com prostitutas. Finalmente, concluímos que os comportamentos observados entre os caminhoneiros estão fundamentados em princípios socialmente construídos com base na cultura machista, levando muitos a se envolverem no sexo sem proteção ou a aventuras como forma de mostrar sua virilidade a qualquer custo, tornando-os, deste modo, vulneráveis a DST/aids. / The truck drivers constitute a group of great geographical mobility through the cargo transport that requires many days and until months far from their family and home too. The loneliness that they are conditioned, lead some these professionals to vulnerability and to keep sexual relations during their journeys through the highway. Thus, this study aims to investigate the vulnerability factors among truck drivers to the risk of HIV/AIDS’ contamination. The methodology utilized in this study was the quanti-qualitative method that had as the reference the research-action and the Paulo Freire’s problematization method. The data were collected in the months of January to February 2003 through the semi-structured interview. Fifty truck drivers were interviewed in the cooperatives that served as place to this study. The analysis of the quantitative data was based on descriptive statistic and the qualitative data through the Bardin’s method (1979). The results indicate that the truck drivers have knowledge about the several aspects of AIDS’ transmission, but many of them involve to sexual relations in the highway without use of condom. On the other hand, the use of alcohol and amphetamine (to reduce the sleep) is present in the daily life of some them and constitute vulnerability factors in the stop points to rest where the use of alcoholic beverages facilitates the sexual relations together whores. At last, we can conclude that the watched behaviors among the truck drivers are founded in socially built principles based on the culture of masculinity leading many of them to involve in sexual relations or just adventure without use of condom to show their virility all time, becoming them so vulnerable to STD/AIDS.

This master thesis was performed in cooperation with SchlumbergerSema. During the project we identified several maintenance methodologies and studied the characteristics of both the ISO and IEEE standard. The base for our evaluation of the CURE maintenance model (developed by SchlumbergerSema) were both the result of our case study that comprised interviews from five maintenance projects as well as maintenance literature available. Both the interviews and the literature studies resulted in lists of requirements that each area make on a maintenance model. We compare the CURE model to the requirements found within these two areas. Based on the result of the comparison we give our recommendations for maintenance in general, maintenance within SchlumbergerSema as well as specific recommendations for the CURE development team. Our conclusions drawn from our work were mostly positive about CURE. However we have suggested several issues for further development such as e.g. certification to a standard. Other conclusions are that no matter what model you choose as a maintenance model, make sure that you implement the model fully. A major pitfall is to allow it to become "just a fancy book on the shelf". / Erik Björling - erik@bjorling.com Anna Hoff - pt97hol@student.bth.se

Detta ämne valdes eftersom det har upptäckts att matematik anses vara ett tråkigt ämne i skolan, som inte kan användas och anpassas till det vardagliga livet och anses därmed vara ett onödigt ämne (Jenner, 2004). Däremot enligt Skolverket i kommentarmaterial till kursplanen i matematik 2017, leder ämnet matematik till ett logiskt och nyanserat tänkande som kan hjälpa en att lösa olika problem i livet. Därför valde jag att fördjupa mig i att försöka hitta olika metoder som kan motivera elever till att lära sig matematik. Syftet med den här studien är att dels utreda elevernas motivation inom matematik påverkas av olika arbetsformer och studera olika metoder för att motivera elever till matematik i årskurs 7-9. För att uppfylla syftet med examensarbetet användes undersökningsmetoderna: enkätfrågor, observation samt intervju med några lärare. Resultatet visade att det fanns olika faktorer som påverkar elevernas motivation i skolan bland annat relationen mellan lärare och elev, lärarens tydliga strukturer, en lugnare miljö för att skapa trygghet hos elever samt varierande och stimulerande arbetsformer för att bedriva intressant och meningsfull undervisning. Slutsatsen är att läraren spelar en central roll när det gäller att uppmuntra och motivera sina elever. Detta innebär att varje elev med hjälp av sina lärare och ansvariga kan skapa sin egen metod för att i sin tur skapa en slags motivation för att lära sig.

PALICH, K. The use of fixed-base simulators in pilot training. Brno: Brno university of technology, Faculty of mechanical engineering, 2013. 80 s. Diploma thesis head: Ing. Jiří Chlebek, Ph.D. This diploma thesis deals with aircraft simulators and syntethic training devices which are used for pilot training. One of the chapters consist of division of syntethic training devices, which is defined by ordinance. In the next chapter there is general description of the basic function of those devices, history of simulators and their development from the very beggining to the present. A significant part of this diploma thesis is about flight simulator Jeppesen Flite Pro, which is at Institute of Aerospace at VUT. In the following chapters there is information about usage of this simulator in the education at this institute and there are picked specific subjects, where this simulator can be used.

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is an obligate intracellular human pathogen. It causes blinding trachoma and sexually transmitted disease such as chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease and lymphogranuloma venereum. Ct has a unique biphasic development cycle and replicates in an intracellular vacuole called inclusion. Normally it has two forms: the infectious form, elementary body (EB); and the non-infectious form, reticulate body (RB). Ct is not easily amenable to genetic manipulation. Hence, to understand the infection process, it is crucial to study how the metabolic activity of Ct exactly evolves in the host cell and what roles of EB and RB play differentially in Ct metabolism during infection. In addition, Ct was found regularly coinfected with other pathogens in patients who got sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A lack of powerful methods to culture Ct outside of the host cell makes the detailed molecular mechanisms of coinfection difficult to study. In this work, a genome-scale metabolic model with 321 metabolites and 277 reactions was first reconstructed by me to study Ct metabolic adaptation in the host cell during infection. This model was calculated to yield 84 extreme pathways, and metabolic flux strength was then modelled regarding 20hpi, 40hpi and later based on a published proteomics dataset. Activities of key enzymes involved in target pathways were further validated by RT-qPCR in both HeLa229 and HUVEC cell lines. This study suggests that Ct's major active pathways involve glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycerolphospholipid biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway, while Ct's incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis are less active. EB is more activated in almost all these carbohydrate pathways than RB. Result suggests the survival of Ct generally requires a lot of acetyl-CoA from the host. Besides, both EB and RB can utilize folate biosynthesis to generate NAD(P)H but may use different pathways depending on the demands of ATP. When more ATP is available from both host cell and Ct itself, RB is more activated by utilizing energy providing chemicals generated by enzymes associated in the nucleic acid metabolism. The forming of folate also suggests large glutamate consumption, which is supposed to be converted from glutamine by the glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (glmS) and CTP synthase (pyrG). Then, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis was performed by me in a coinfection study. Metatranscriptome from patient RNA-seq data provides a realistic overview. Thirteen patient samples were collected and sequenced by our collaborators. Six male samples were obtained by urethral swab, and seven female samples were collected by cervicovaginal lavage. All the samples were Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) positive, and half of them had coinfection with Ct. HISAT2 and Stringtie were used for transcriptomic mapping and assembly respectively, and differential expression analysis by DESeq2, Ballgown and Cuffdiff2 are parallelly processed for comparison. Although the measured transcripts were not sufficient to assemble Ct's transcriptome, the differential expression of genes in both the host and GC were analyzed by comparing Ct positive group (Ct+) against Ct-uninfected group. The results show that in the Ct+ group, the host MHC class II immune response was highly induced. Ct infection is associated with the regulation of DNA methylation, DNA double-strand damage and ubiquitination. The analysis also shows Ct infection enhances host fatty acid beta oxidation, thereby inducing mROS, and the host responds to reduce ceramide production and glycolysis. The coinfection upregulates GC's own ion transporters and amino acid uptake, while it downregulates GC's restriction and modification systems. Meanwhile, GC has the nitrosative and oxidative stress response and also increases the ability for ferric uptake especially in the Ct+ group compared to Ct-uninfected group. In conclusion, methods in bioinformatics were used here in analyzing the metabolism of Ct itself, and the responses of the host and GC respectively in a coinfection study with and without Ct. These methods provide metabolic and metatranscriptomic details to study Ct metabolism during infection and Ct associated coinfection in the human microbiota. / Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) ist ein obligater intrazellulärer Pathogen des Menschen. Er verursacht Trachoma und sexuell übertragbare Krankheiten, wie Chlamydiose, Unterleibsentzündung und Lymphogranuloma venereum. Ct besitzt einen biphasischen Entwicklungszyklus und vermehrt sich in intrazellulären Vakuolen, sogenannten Einschlusskörperchen. Normalerweise können zwei Formen beobachtete werden: Die infektiöse Form, Elementarkörperchen (EK); und die nicht-infektiöse Form, Retikularkörperchen (RK). Ct ist nicht einfach genetisch zu manipulieren. Um den Infektionsablauf besser zu verstehen, ist es wichtig, zu untersuchen, wie sich genau die metabolische Aktivität von Ct in der Wirtszelle entwickelt und welche Rolle EK und RK im Metabolismus von Ct während der Infektion spielen. Zusätzlich wurde Ct häufig bei Patienten mit sexuell übertragbaren Krankheiten (STD) in Co-Infektion mit anderen Erregern gefunden. Ein Mangel an leistungsfähigen Methoden zur Kultivierung von Ct außerhalb der Wirtszelle macht es schwierig die genauen molekularen Mechanismen von Co-Infektionen zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals ein genomweites metabolisches Model mit 321 Metaboliten und 277 Reaktionen aufgebaut, um die metabolische Adaption von Ct in der Wirtzelle während der Infektion zu untersuchen. Dieses Model wurde erstellt und umfasst 84 „extreme pathways“ (Grenz-Stoffwechselwege). Darauf aufbauend wurde die metabolische Fluss-Stärke berechnet. Die Zeitpunkte 20 hpi (20 Stunden nach der Infektion), 40 hpi und die anschließende Infektionsphase wurden durch Nutzung von Proteom-Daten modelliert. Die Aktivitäten von Schlüsselenzymen, welche in wichtigen Stoffwechselwegen involviert sind, wurden zusätzlich durch RT-qPCR überprüft. Dabei wurden die Ergebnisse sowohl für HeLA229- als auch HUVEC-Zellen nachgemessen. Diese Untersuchungen zeigten, dass Ct’s wichtigste aktive Stoffwechselwege die Glykolyse, die Gluconeogenese und der Pentosephosphatweg sind, während der unvollständige Zitronensäurezyklus und die Fettsäuresynthese weniger aktiv sind. Gegenüber RK sind bei EK fast alle diese Kohlenhydratwege stärker aktiviert. Im Allgemeinen benötigt Ct eine größere Menge an Acetyl-CoA. Außerdem können sowohl EK, als auch RK die Folsäurebiosynthese nutzen, um NAD(P)H zu generieren. Dabei werden möglicherweise unterschiedliche Pathways genutzt, abhängig vom Bedarf an ATP. Sobald mehr ATP sowohl durch die Wirtszellen als auch von der Ct-Zelle selbst zur Verfügung steht, wird die Nutzung von Energieträgern, produziert durch Enzyme des Nukleinsäurestoffwechsels, in RK stärker aktiviert. Die Bildung von Folsäure lässt den Schluss zu, dass große Mengen von Glutamat umgesetzt werden, welches vermutlich aus der Umwandlung von Glutamin durch die Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate-transaminase (glmS) und CTP-Syntase (pyrG) stammt. Anschließend wurde eine Analyse von RNA-Sequenzierungsdaten (RNA-seq) aus einer Co-Infektions-Studie (Chlamydien und andere Keime, insbesondere Gonokokken (GC)) durchgeführt. Dafür wurden Proben von dreizehn Patienten gesammelt und von Kollaborationspartnern sequenziert. Sechs Proben männlicher Patienten wurden durch Abstrich der Harnröhre und sieben Proben weiblicher Patientinnen durch cervicovaginale Lavage gewonnen. Alle Proben waren Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) positiv, wobei die Hälfte eine Co-Infektion mit Ct aufwies. Die Programme HISAT2 and Stringtie wurden zum Abbilden der transgenomischen Reads beziehungsweise zur Assemblierung des Genoms verwendet, und eine Analyse der differentiellen Expression wurde jeweils mit DESeq2, Ballgown und Cuffdiff2 durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse verglichen. Obwohl nicht ausreichend viele Transkripte von Ct gewonnen werden konnten, um das Transkriptom komplett assemblieren zu können, wurde die differentielle Expression der Gene sowohl von Wirt als auch von GC durch den Vergleich zwischen der Gruppe der Ct-positiven (Ct+) der Gruppe der Ct-unifizierten Patienten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass in der (Ct+)-Gruppe die auf der MHC-Klasse-II basierte Immunantwort stark induziert war. Die Infektion von Ct ist mit der Regulation der DNA-Methylierung, DNA-Doppel-Strang-Schädigung und Ubiquitinierung verbunden. Die Analyse zeigte zusätzlich, dass die Infektion mit Ct die Fettsäure β-Oxidation des Wirts steigert, dadurch mROS induziert, und sowohl die Ceramid-Produktion als auch die Glycolyse reduziert. Die Co-Infektion reguliert GC’s eigene Eisentransporter und Aminosäureaufnahme hoch, während Restriktions- und Modifikationssysteme herunterreguliert werden. Gleichzeitig zeigt GC sowohl eine stickstoffsensitve Stress Antwort als auch eine oxidative. Dies verstärkt zusätzlich die Fähigkeit für die Aufnahme von Eisen, insbesondere in der (Ct+)-Gruppe. Zusammenfassend wurden Methoden der Bioinformatik genutzt, um den Metabolismus von Ct selbst, und die Antwort des Wirtes respektive GC‘s in einer Co-Infektionsstudie mit und ohne Ct zu analysieren. Diese Methoden lieferten wichtige metabolische und metatranskriptomische Details, um den Metabolismus von Ct während der Infektion, aber auch das Mikrobiom während einer Ct assoziierter Co-Infektion zu untersuchen.