Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VINICIUS WAGNER DE SOUSA MAIA NAKANO.pdf: 1659310 bytes, checksum: 707fe672c1b88325792de298ee8002ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Este trabalho foi elaborado dentro da perspectiva multidisciplinar do programa de mestrado da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, em Direito, Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento, tendo como objetivo aproximar o estudo do direito dos estudos sobre a linguagem. Principiando pela apresentação de teorias linguísticas como metadiscursos da linguagem e passando pela análise do positivismo e constitucionalismo como metadiscursos jurídicos, buscamos ao final a associação desses dois universos no intuito de verificar se as mudanças havidas no mundo jurídico podem ser traduzidas em termos linguísticos na passagem do estruturalismo para o dialogismo. E a base teórica do trabalho sustenta-se no dialogismo de Mikhail Bakhtin. O trabalho está dividido em três capítulos. O capítulo 1 compreende a abordagem dos metadiscursos linguísticos estruturalista e dialógico, nas perspectivas de Ferdinand de Saussure e Mikhail Bakhtin. O Capítulo 2 compreende a análise do positivismo e do constitucionalismo, a partir da abordagem linguística, no desenrolar histórico, ocasião em que tentamos associar os fenômenos. O Capítulo 3 compreende a análise da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 3510/DF, a partir da abordagem associada entre o neoconstitucionalismo e o dialogismo. A hipótese investigada enuncia que o neoconstitucionalismo é o fenômeno jurídico que traduzido em termos linguísticos representa a passagem do estruturalismo para o dialogismo. O resultado, diferente do que foi suposto inicialmente, conforma a hipótese, mas com reservas, já que o discurso jurídico se põe com precedência sobre os demais no âmbito das discussões travadas nos tribunais. Ao invés de uma imbricação semiótica, o resultado de um julgamento assume caráter preponderantemente jurídico, não fugindo do modelo estruturalista, em que pese a abertura da discussão que passou a envolver outras áreas do conhecimento, o que leva a admitirmos que houve maior prática dialógica, sem que isso tenha reconfigurado por completo o modelo proposto na teoria pura do direito.

Apresento como peça central do estudo o currículo cultural de Educação Física, uma proposta alinhada às preocupações do Multiculturalismo Crítico e dos Estudos Culturais com inspirações pós-estruturalistas e que se arranja numa sociedade pós-moderna e pós-colonizada. Enquanto artefatos culturais, as danças, lutas, esportes, brincadeiras e ginásticas transmitem certos significados e representações de mundo, sujeitos e sociedade, sendo então, função social da Educação Física nesta perspectiva, a tematização destas práticas corporais de modo que os estudantes possam travar contato com as representações que veiculam, a fim de ampliar, aprofundar e ressignificar seus saberes sobre esta parcela da cultura. Sem pretender finalizar a questão, muito menos estruturar ou gerar modelos para um currículo artistado, investigamos o modo como os professores constroem seus currículos a partir do conceito de escrita-currículo. Para isso, mapeamos os elementos, componentes, linhas de força e intensidades da escrita curricular registrada por professores parceiros, buscando a relação entre os enunciados pedagógicos sobre procedimentos didáticos (mapeamento, ressignificação, aprofundamento, ampliação, registro e avaliação) e princípios (reconhecimento da cultura corporal da comunidade, justiça curricular, evitar o daltonismo cultural, descolonizar o currículo e ancoragem social dos conhecimentos). Como forma de produção de dados, empregamos o Diário de Bordo Digital, o Grupo de Discussão e recolhemos relatos de experiência. A forma de análise baseou-se na teoria pós-estruturalista deleuze-guattariana, a partir da geofilosofia e do roubo de conceitos. De modo geral, a quantidade de elementos que se aproximaram nas escritas curriculares dos professores parceiros foi maior do que os elementos que se diferenciaram, a ponto de suspeitarmos de que a escrita curricular estivesse se tornando uma fórmula. Entendemos que, se isso está acontecendo, pode ser por desatenção aos agenciamentos maquínicos uma vez que estes são os grandes responsáveis pelas diferenciações. Sobre o papel do professor na elaboração da escrita-currículo, percebemos que ele não é um mero aplicador de um conjunto de enunciados aos quais se submete e replica, pois, atua dentro dos agenciamentos, como mais uma, dentre outras forças lá atuantes. No tocante as linhas de força, vimos que a escrita-currículo não pode ser constituída apenas de linhas de fuga, muito menos, somente por linhas duras. Ela é produzida no entrecruzar de infinitas linhas, algumas molares (duras), tais como: as leis educacionais, as regras e normas do regimento escolar, o Projeto Político Pedagógico, a concepção cultural e seus procedimentos didáticos; outras moleculares (flexíveis): a cultura dos alunos, seus desejos, atitudes, falas, as disposições espaciais, temporais e os princípios pedagógicos; e por fim, por linhas de fuga, que por tão efêmeras não se territorializam em enunciados pedagógicos, passam pela escrita-currículo como acontecimentos e agenciamentos inesperados, desrruptivos e criadores. / I present as a central part of the study of the cultural curriculum of Physical Education, a proposal in line with the concerns of Critical Multiculturalism and Cultural Studies with post-structuralism inspiration and that is arranged in a post-modern society and post-colonized. While cultural artefacts, the dances, fights, sports, playing and gymnastics transmits certain meanings and representations of the world, subject and society, being so, social function of Physical Education in this perspective, the theme of these embodied practices so that students can lock up contactwith the representations that convey, in order to broaden your knowledge, deepen and resign over this portion of culture. Without wishing to end the matter, much less structure or generating templates for a curriculum \"artistado\", we investigated how teachers build their curriculum from the concept of \"writing-curriculum\". For this, we map the elements, components, power lines and intensities of the curriculum written recorded by partner teachers, seeking the relationship between educational statements about teaching procedures (mapping, reinterpretation, deepening, expansion, registration and evaluation) and principles (recognition of body culture of the community, curricular justice, avoid cultural blindness, decolonizing the curriculum and social anchoring of knowledge). As a way of data production, we used the Digital Diary, the focus group and collect experience reports. The shape analysis was based on deleuze-guattarian poststructuralist theory, from geophilosophy and theft concepts. In general, the amount of items that came in the curriculum written partner teachers was higher than the elements that differed as to suspect that the writing-curriculum was becoming a formula. We understand that if this is happening, it may be inattention to machinic assemblages since these are largely responsible for the differences. About the teacher\'s role in developing the \"writing-curriculum\" we realized that he is not a mere applier of a set of statements to which subjects and replicates therefore acts within the assemblages, as another, among other forces there acting. Regarding the power lines, which saw the \"writing-curriculum\" can not consist only of lines of flight, much less, only by hardliners. It is produced in endless lines intersect, some molars (hard), such as: educational laws, rules and regulations of the school regulations, the Pedagogical Political Project, cultural design and its teaching procedures; other molecular (flexible): the culture of the students, their desires, attitudes, speech, spatial arrangements, timing and pedagogical principles; and finally, by lines of flight, which as ephemeral not territorializam in pedagogical statements, pass through \"writing-curriculum\" as unexpected events and assemblages, disruptive and creators.

Esta dissertação inscreve-se nos campos dos Estudos de Gênero e Culturais, em uma aproximação com a perspectiva pós-estruturalista de análise; investiga as posições de sujeito usuário/a de substâncias psicoativas e os atravessamentos de gênero (re)produzidos no âmbito da Política de Redução de Danos. A Política de RD está preocupada em reconhecer as escolhas dos/as usuários/as de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) que demandam algum tipo de cuidado e, desse modo, alcançar a esfera do direito à saúde, à cidadania e aos direitos humanos. O material empírico é composto pelos documentos normativos da política e seus desdobramentos. Para o exame do corpus de investigação, foi utilizada a análise cultural, em combinação com a pesquisa documental, operando com os conceitos de posição de sujeito, norma, poder e gênero. Os documentos da política e seus desdobramentos foram tomados como artefatos culturais e pedagógicos que (re)produzem e veiculam discursos biomédicos, psicológicos, morais e jurídicos implicados com a produção de sujeitos e de práticas de cuidado no campo da saúde mental voltada para o uso de SPA. A análise permitiu descrever, discutir e problematizar os sentidos de termos como usuário, dependente, droga, substância, autonomia, dentre outros utilizados de forma naturalizada na política; com esse movimento analítico, foi possível explorar sua multiplicidade, conflitualidade e historicidade. As análises empreendidas contribuem para que sejam desnaturalizadas determinadas noções tão presentes nas formulações de propostas para o cuidado desses usuários/as. A (in)definição de termos discutidos permitiu visualizar a aparente sobreposição de sentidos de alguns termos como usuário/dependente para explorar distinções entre eles; também algumas relações lineares, como uso/consumo = dependência, que podem levar o indivíduo a evitar a aproximação com serviços de saúde como o CAPS mesmo quando deles precisa, com receio de ser nomeado como um/uma dependente, uma vez que essa nomeação produz diferentes efeitos em sua vida. Do ponto de vista do gênero, parece haver algumas pistas na (in)definição desses termos, mostrando que, em alguma medida, não se contemplam distinções produzidas pelo gênero, talvez porque haja ainda uma dificuldade em associar a mulher ao uso/abuso de SPA, embora os estudos mostrem o uso crescente destas entre as mulheres. Assim, um olhar sensível às abordagens de gênero na política permitiu ir "encontrando" pistas em relação à naturalização da relação entre uso de SPA e masculinidade e de uma feminilidade que não se droga. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa intentou desnaturalizar e mostrar alguns silenciamentos nas representações de feminino/masculino ainda ativas na cultura que contribuem para dificultar o dimensionamento de uma demanda de cuidado. / This dissertation is inserted in the field of Gender and Cultural Studies, approaching the poststructuralist perspective of analysis. It investigates the places of the subject/user of psychoactive substances and gender crossings (re)produced under the National Policy of Harm Reduction, a public policy concerned in recognizing the choices of the users of psychoactive substances (PAS) who require some sort of care, so reaching the boundaries of health protection and social citizenship and social rights. The empirical material consists of normative documents of the policy and its consequences. Cultural analysis, in combination with documentary research, was used for data analysis, considering the concepts of subject position, rule, power and gender. The policy documents and its consequences were taken as cultural and educational artifacts that (re)produce and convey biomedical, psychological, moral and juridical discourses involved in the production of subjects and care practices in the field of mental health addressed to the use of PAS. The analysis allowed to describe, debate and discuss the meanings of terms such as user, addicted, drug, substance, autonomy, among others used in a naturalized way in the policy, whose multiplicity, conflictuality and historicity was explored from this analytical movement. The undertaken analyses contribute to denaturalize certain notions usually used in the texts of the care proposals for those users. The (in)definition of discussed terms allowed to perceive the apparent meaning overlaps of some terms such as user/addicted to explore distinctions between them; it was also possible observe some linear relations, such as use/consumption = addiction, which can lead the individual to avoid looking for healthcare services, such as the Centers of Psychosocial Care (CAPS), even when he/she needs those services, fearing being named as addicted, since this nomination causes different effects in his/her life. From the gender point of view, there seem to be some clues in the (in)definition of these terms, showing that, to some extent, distinctions produced by the genre are not considered, perhaps because there are still some difficulties in associating the woman to the use/abuse of PAS, although some studies show increasing use among women. Thus, a sensitive reading to gender approaches in the policy allowed to go "finding" clues regarding the naturalization of the relationship between the use of PAS and masculinity, and regarding a femininity that is not addicted. In this sense, this research intended denaturalize this relationship and show some silences regarding the female/male representations still active in the culture that contribute to hinder the design of a care demand.

The idea of \'management control\' regards stability within the organisational environment, in the sense of directing the behaviour of employees towards some set of \'organisational\' objectives. More than a collection of managerial artefacts, however, this signifier labels a specific set of objects and practices, which typify a regime of practices \'management control\' at the same time that they are driven, enabled and constrained by it. In this sense, diverse \'organisation\'-like social and political logics are materialised through these objects and practices and through the crystallised regime of practices, then being recognised as \'management control\'-like constitutive logics. Throughout the exercise of such logics - political institutions of social logics - a \'management control\'-like organisational discourse is constituted, hence constituting the \'management control\'-like \'organisation\', then being experienced as a typical \'management control\' organisation. The organisation - and the \'management control\'-like organisation - does not happen as a random phenomenon, but it happens out of the constitution of \'management control\'-like organisational discourse. The present thesis develops the arguments towards this essential description, working on post-structuralist discourse theory and following a retroductive circle of problematisation, theory construction and persuasion/intervention for research in social sciences, willing to answer the research question regarding the dynamic whereby \'management control\' logics are articulated and thus constitute contextually-specific organisational discourses. A case study has been developed at the Enterprise, a family-owned metallurgic business, and five theoretical contributions are then proposed, regarding the dynamic process of constituting the organisation, the conceptual difference between discourse theory and institutional theory, the powerful role of political actors for instituting, de-instituting and re-instituting social logics, the relevance of using management accounting artefacts as tools for materialising \'management control\' social logics, and the materialisation of \'management control\'-like hegemonic discourse through the feedforward process with the articulation of the regime of practices. / A ideia de \'controle gerencial\' refere-se a estabilidade no ambiente organizacional, no sentido de direcionar o comportamento dos empregados em direção a um conjunto de objetivos \'organizacionais\'. Mais do que uma coleção de artefatos gerenciais, entretanto, este significante rotula um conjunto específico de objetos e práticas, os quais tipificam um regime de práticas \'controle gerencial\' ao mesmo tempo em que são direcionados, habilitados e limitados por ele. Nesse sentido, diversas lógicas sociais e políticas tipo \'controle gerencial\' são materializadas por meio desses objetos e dessas práticas e por meio do regime de práticas cristalizado, então sendo reconhecidas como lógicas constitutivas tipo \'controle gerencial\'. Ao longo do exercício dessas lógicas - instituição política de lógicas sociais - um discurso organizacional tipo \'controle gerencial\' é constituído, então constituindo a \'organização\' tipo \'controle gerencial\', então sendo experienciada como uma típica organização de \'controle gerencial\'. A organização - e a organização tipo \'controle gerencial\' - não acontece como um fenômeno aleatório, mas acontece pela constituição de discurso organizacional tipo \'controle gerencial\'. A presente tese desenvolve os argumentos visando a essa descrição essencial, trabalhando sobre teoria pós-estruturalista do discurso e seguindo um círculo retrodutivo de problematização, construção teórica e persuasão/intervenção para pesquisa em ciências sociais. Um estudo de caso foi desenvolvido na Enterprise, uma empresa metalúrgica familiar, e cinco contribuições teóricas são então propostas, considerando o processo dinâmico de constituição da organização, a diferença conceitual entre teoria do discurso e teoria institucional, o papel poderoso dos atores políticos para instituição, deinstituição e reinstituição de lógicas sociais, a relevância de usar artefatos de contabilidade gerencial como ferramentas para materialização de lógicas sociais \'controle gerencial\', e a materialização de discurso hegemônico tipo \'controle gerencial\' por meio do processo de realimentação com a articulação do regime de práticas.

Focusing on migration from Guinea-Bissau to Portugal, this thesis examines the role played by food and plants that grow in Guinean land in connecting life-worlds in both places. Using a phenomenological approach to transnationalism and multi-sited ethnography, I explore different ways in which local experiences related to food production, consumption and exchange in the two countries, as well as local meanings of foods and plants, are connected at a transnational level. One of my key objectives is to deconstruct some of the binaries commonly addressed in the literature, such as global processes and local lives, modernity and tradition or competition and solidarity, and to demonstrate how they are all contextually and relationally entwined in people's life-worlds. In order to do so I trace Guinean foodstuffs and plants from their origin sites in Guinea-Bissau to their final destination in Portugal. I examine, first, the significance of the Guinean land where they grow. Second, I look at the adaptations that take place in Guineans' relationship with that land when it ‘travels' – through its food and plants – to Portugal. Third, I explore food-related ways in which the past, present and future of a Guinean life-world that is ‘disrupted' by migration are brought together through memory practices and future projects of migration and return. Finally, I examine practices of food exchange as gifts and trade across borders. By starting with production and ending with exchange practices, this thesis emphasises that both are not necessarily alienated from each other, even when they are physically distanced by migration. The unique relationships they generate and the role played by Guinean land's special properties, as well as the fact that these are able to travel, through the food and plants that share its substance, to Portugal, enable Guineans' local life-worlds to be connected in a transnational context.

The work "Modelling the human approach to world" is part of the mutlidisciplinary field of informatics which deals with production and use of information systems in enterprises and other communities. It contributes to its development in the area of human-machine relationship and communicating information. At present information systems (IS) are used for collecting, distributing, storing, processing and conveying information. Their components are hardware (machines) and software. Without information systems today's work with information wouldn't be possible. People remain in spite of intensive implementation of information technologies the main element for companies' operation. Information technologies help man, cannot replace him however. To understand the role of information technologies it is important to be aware of the difference between man and machine (computer) information processing from which we can deduce the implications for business operation. The computer is only able to work with a reality model prepared by a human being. Reality is in information systems represented by means of signs. Even though we can understand the information system as a tool similar to classical tools (typing machine, filing cabinet etc.), there is a difference, because these tools don't exist as physical objects, but only as signs. The symbolic nature of information systems didn't interest researchers in the past very much, but now it increases. The first reason can be found in the massive implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT), which calls for intelligibility of their representation; the second reason can be found in the fact that computers are used as media with functions similar to textbooks, letters, newspapers, telephones, films, where the importance of semiotics has already been recognized. The advancement of hardware requires from software developers abilities similar to professional artists. The third reason lies in the fact that production processes are more and more controlled by computers. Cooperating people must rely on symbols mediated by computers (Andersen, 1997). IS are more complex and important is their influence on people on many levels and through many means. Structuralism may be of some help as it studied similar phenomena in the first half of the 20th century. In the first part of my work I described the differences between human and computer information processing, in the second part I analysed the modelling theories which take into account the human approach and at the end I deduced general conclusions for the relationship between man and computer in information system and suggested some recommendations on how to improve their relationship and make human understanding and use of information in information system easier. One of the researchers who studied the difference between man and machine was Hubert Dreyfus. He came to the conclusion that there is a principle difference between man and machine. He identified some typical situations where man and machine differ: Rule following, bodily existence, situations, pattern recognition etc. Dreyfus' analysis will be supplemented with the analysis of public space, intentionality and language. I don't want to present a complete description of human approach to world, I rather sketch some key points to clarify the difference between man and machine. From the analysis of man and machine two conclusions emerge: on the one hand proposal how to analyse and propose information system which would better connect subjective and objective aspects; on the other hand importance of IS integration into the business culture and the whole context of human work. As a suitable approach appears in compliance with P. Ricoeur structuralism and its analysis of narrativity. In the area of IS development there are four so called socio-technical theories which try to incorporate some principles of human approach to world into their modelling procedures and balance the superiority of technical view on the human computer interaction. The main common feature of these theories lies in the emphasis on the importance of human factor for organisations (they consider organisations social systems). The role of technical equipment is seen in the support of human activities. They are called Language Action Perspective, specifically methodology DEMO, Organisational Semiotics, Theory of Organised Activity and Human Interaction Management. DEMO methodology focuses on communication which is analysed by means of four axioms based on the language act theory. The theory differentiates between locution, illocution and perlocution. Locution deals with the proposition's content, illocution is related to the intention which we communicate the proposition with and perlocution contains effects in the addressee. From these three perspectives production and communication acts are analysed. Organizational semiotics deals with the semiotic aspect of human communication. It uses a six-stage semiotic ladder with physical, empirical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and social level. On all these levels communication and its signs are analysed. On the first three levels machines can be used, on the next three levels the human work with information is carried out and machines don't help there much. Organisational semiotics emphasizes the social level where organisational, social and cultural norms play an important role. Theory of organized activity is based on the theory of units which the group has in common. The theory divides the world on actors and things. For the activity to start both these elements must be present. Typical features of actors are interest and responsibility. The human interaction management tries to modify the proposal and functioning of information systems in order to respect the principles of human work. The basic argument of human interaction management is that most processes where people are involved is in instant change which cannot be governed by rules independent of the process participants. Flexibility is necessary for success. K.H. Broninski, the author of Management of Human Interaction, calls for support for mental work a transformation of information into knowledge. He proposes a procedure structuring work. It consist of five parts: research, evaluation, analysis, constrain, task. Another piece of knowledge of the Human interaction management is that a big proportion of human work has small concrete results, and cannot be quantified. However time spent on researching, comparing, evaluating, generally information processing and their transformation into knowledge, is a substantial part of a worker cooperating with colleagues and other people. It is better for employees to have supportive rather than directive leadership, as people are individuals. People do things in different times, in different ways, on the basis of communication with others, according to the state of resources and their mood. They do what they consider most appropriate in given situation. Continual process change must be possible and it is necessary to support it. Human activities are creative, exploratory and loosely structured. The socio-technical theories neither explicitly address the difference between man and machine nor try to unify their perspectives organically. However they show some content elements which are important for human beings. When considering the human approach to world we cannot be limited to a set of perceptions where man and machine differ. We should consider their arrangement which allows for new ways of understanding reality. The synthesis of the elements can be carried out only when the elements are linked together into a structure, e.g. a plot. Another problem lies in the necessity to consider time. Progressive development and its modalities constitute integral part of a homogenous stylistic form. Two rationalities are at work here; the one understands the world in its unity mediated by a form, best of all and most generally by a narrative; the other systemizes the first understanding and transforms it onto a syntactic level. The modelling techniques use the second syntactic rationality; we can reach it only in time, however. Stories have many advantages in comparison to other ways of conveying information: aims, causes, chances, agents are unified in time and space into a plot. Originally different elements are unified in the plot. They seem accidental; however they gain necessity in the plot. Other important aspects are source of information, narrator, rhythm, repetition and focalization. These elements can be separated on three levels: text, plot, fabula. They concentrate on different elements and their relations. We will use the results of work of the structuralist J. Greimas and his theory of actants suggesting which role can be considered in narrative information conveying. His semiotic square is a method of understanding context elements. Analysis of the elements of narrative which are the results of structuralist research cannot substitute the narrative understanding; we can only approximate it and explain it in further details. We encounter a creative act which cannot be reduced on rules and formalized. That is why a creative approach of the author is necessary in the development of IS. The conclusion achieved in the analysis of differences between human and machine that human understanding and behaviour is not completely formalizable was found in our attempt to use the structuralist approach on design and functioning of information systems. The interconnection of objective world of machines with the subjective human understanding is possible in a story created by a creative human being able to ensure organic and natural unity.

Esta dissertação, de cunho qualitativo, está situada no campo dos Estudos Culturais e de Gênero em Educação a partir das contribuições teóricas pós-estruturalistas de Michel Foucault. Proponho pensar as pedagogias de masculinidade que se instalam na prática do hip-hop, imprimindo no corpo modos hegemônicos de viver o masculino, no cenário das danças contemporâneas. Minhas indagações centrais estão centradas na forma como se estruturam as estratégias e negociações utilizadas pelos garotos dançarinos de hiphop na produção, constituição e manutenção de representações de masculinidades. Quais são as pedagogias que se instalam nesta prática e operam como produtoras de um corpo masculino no contexto da dança? Como questões de gênero e sexualidade se atravessam na produção dessas representações? Este estudo tematiza as questões de corpo, gênero e sexualidade dentro de um campo específico das culturas corporais: a dança hip-hop. Entendendo a dança como uma prática corporal produzida pela/na cultura, que marca os corpos e narra diferentes formas de constituição do sujeito, se constitui com as relações de gênero e sexualidade. Em nossa cultura ocidental contemporânea, a dança é marcada pelo universo feminino, ou seja, é significada como uma prática corporal feminina nos contextos sociais. A delicadeza/leveza do gesto e o andar suave e ereto são padrões de movimentos promovidos por discursos trazidos pela primazia da dança clássica e diluída nos diferentes espaços. O hip-hop, entendido como um espaço de trocas e aprendizagens múltiplas na produção de identidades juvenis, produz posições de sujeito ‘confortáveis’ e/ou ‘seguras’ para os meninos dançarinos, apresentando-se como um terreno masculino no universo das danças competitivas. Para isso, analisei as narrativas trazidas por dez jovens dançarinos de hip-hop que transitam em um terreno comum: o hip-hop espetacularizado na cidade de Canoas. As entrevistas foram gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas, permitindo, assim, a recorrência de determinados relatos no qual procuro analisar ao longo dos capítulos dessa pesquisa. / This piece of work, using a qualitative approach, is situated in the field of Cultural and Gender Studies in Education based on the post-structuralism theoretical contributions of Michel Foucault. I propose to reflect the masculinity pedagogies that are set up within the practice of hip-hop, printing hegemonic ways of living the masculinity on the body, in the scenario of contemporary dances. My central questions are about how to structure the negotiations and strategies used by the male dancers on the production, creation and maintenance of masculinity representations. What are the pedagogies that are set up within this practice operating as a male body producer in the context of dance? How do gender and sexuality issues get through the production of these representations? This study addresses the body, gender and sexuality issues within a particular field of corporal culture: the hip-hop dance. Understanding dance as a body practice produced by/in the culture, which marks the bodies and tells different forms of the subject constitution, it is constituted by gender relations and sexuality. In our western culture, dance is marked by the feminine universe, that is, it is meant as a female body practice in social contexts. The gracefulness/smoothness of gesture, the upright and smooth walking are outline movements promoted by speeches brought from the primacy of classical dance and diluted in different spaces. The hip-hop, understood as an exchange and multiple-learning space in the production of juvenile identities, produces ‘comfortable’ and ‘secure’ subject positions for male dancers, being as a male environment in the world of competitive dances. To goal it, I analyzed the narratives brought by ten young dancers of hip-hop living in a common environment: the spectacled hip-hop in the city of Canoas. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed, allowing, thus, the return of certain accounts in which I try to analyze throughout the chapters of this research.

Esse trabalho se ocupa do processo de construção dos Estados letão e estoniano após o fim da URSS, tendo como pano de fundo a exclusão da minoria russa residente nesses países. O objetivo da presente dissertação é compreender as razões para a existência de pessoas em um limbo social, político e jurídico, definidas como “não-cidadãs” no Báltico. Sugere-se que essa situação decorre da contradição inerente ao processo de independência de Letônia e Estônia no pós-Guerra Fria: por um lado, marcado por características próprias da constituição do Estado moderno excludente e, por outro, permeado pelas condicionalidades para associação às instituições europeias. A partir de uma perspectiva teórica pós-estruturalista, entende-se a construção dos Estados como uma prática performática resultante de relações de poder. No caso em tela, essas relações podem ser identificadas em nível “interno” e “externo”. Internamente, demonstra-se que a construção dos Estados letão e estoniano ocorreu por meio do estabelecimento de leis de cidadania excludentes contra a minoria russa, alimentada por um cenário político de legitimação das elites nacionais no poder. Em nível “externo”, a adequação dessa construção estatal excludente foi modificada pelos critérios para adesão às instituições europeias. Porém, paradoxalmente, essa pressão externa não foi suficiente para que as minorias russas adquirissem os direitos defendidos pelas instituições europeias, exatamente em razão de a própria identidade europeia ser construída a partir da oposição à Rússia. Por isso, o lugar dos “não-cidadãos” na construção estatal do Báltico é a fronteira moral entre o “interno” e o “externo”, o nacional e o pós-nacional. / This study deals with the construction process of the modern Latvian and Estonian states after the end of the USSR, using as a backdrop the exclusion of the Russian minority residing in these countries. This dissertation’s aim is to understand the reasons for the existence of people in a social, political and legal limbo, defined as "non-citizens" in the Baltic countries. It is suggested that this situation arises from the inherent contradiction in Latvia and Estonia’s independence process in the post-Cold War: on the one hand, marked by the characteristics constitution of the modern exclusionary State, and, on the other hand, permeated by membership conditionalities of European institutions. From a post-structuralist theoretical perspective, this study understands the construction of states as a performative practice resulting from power relations. In this case, these relationships can be identified internally and externally. Internally, it is demonstrated that Latvian and Estonian states’ construction occurred through the exclusionary citizenship laws establishment against the Russian minority, fueled by a political scenario of legitimizing the national elites in power. At the external level, the adequacy of this exclusionary state construction was modified by the criteria for membership of the European institutions. However, paradoxically, this external pressure was not enough for the Russian minorities to acquire the rights defended by the European institutions, precisely because the European identity itself was built from the opposition to Russia. Therefore, the place of the "non-citizens" in the construction of the Baltic States is the moral boundary between the internal and the external, the national and post-national.

Les conflits de valeurs seraient, selon l’expression de Max Weber une guerre des dieux, traduction d'une irréductibilité sociologique des différentes cultures. La thèse s'inscrit dans la ligne de ce constat tout en s'efforçant d'en tempérer la portée. Cette dernière a pour objet de clarifier les équivoques qui pèsent sur le concept de valeur, à partir d'une étude critique du discours doctrinal dominant. Nous nous sommes placés pour ce faire dans un cadre relativement ouvert, celui des systèmes juridiques occidentaux, en y incluant les Etats-Unis d'Amérique et certains ordres juridiques régionaux (droit européen des droits de l’homme mais aussi le système théologique). Ces équivoques tiennent selon nous, en grande partie, au fait que la doctrine s'attache la plupart du temps, dans son approche de ce concept, à des problématiques prédéterminées qui limitent a priori la portée de l'analyse. Plus spécifiquement, l'une de ces problématiques, héritées du jus-naturalisme traditionnel et d'un certain positivisme juridique, est celle qui consiste à traiter des valeurs en termes d'intégration (ou non) de certaines normes d'un type particulier, à l'intérieur d'un ordre supposé clos ou relativement fermé sur lui-même. Cette proposition ne peut que déboucher sur une impasse. Il nous a donc semblé nécessaire d'échapper à ce dilemme, et nous avons eu recours, pour y parvenir, à une double directive méthodologique:- Proposer une théorie dialectique des valeurs, qui mette au premier plan le rôle du juge, et spécialement celui du juge constitutionnel, dans le cadre d'un processus de constitution d'un ordre spécifique, appelé parfois ordre de valeurs; - Puiser, pour rendre possible l'analyse de ce processus, dans une conception élargie des sources du droit, où la doctrine serait entendue, non comme une autorité, mais comme une "entité", selon l'expression proposée par Ph. Jestaz et Ch. Jamin, considérée dans ses relations avec les autres sources de droit. C’est ainsi qu'à travers un certain nombre de principes de base, revisités à l'aune de la question des valeurs (à commencer par le principe démocratique) nous avons pu fournir les éléments d'une théorie générale de la valeur, en faisant de cette dernière, l'un des éléments de la culture juridique des peuples. Le réalisme juridique, plus particulièrement sa variante interprétative occupe une place à part dans ce tableau, et sert de transition entre les deux parties de la thèse, dont la première est plutôt dédiée à la critique du système explicatif existant, à partir de ses origines plus particulièrement philosophiques et théologiques, alors que la seconde partie se veut constructiviste. Nous avons été conduits à cette fin à distinguer le réel, autrement dit le milieu et la réalité juridique, en analysant les rapports que ces deux derniers termes entretiennent avec les valeurs: celles-ci nous sont apparues alors tantôt comme des catégories juridiques spécifiques (droits, principes) tantôt comme un arrière-plan nécessaire au fonctionnement de l'ensemble. / This thesis tempts to clarify the ambiguities surrounding the concept of value, by means of a critical study which focuses on the dominant doctrinal discourse. The clash of values might be a clash of gods according to Max Weber who affirms (in Science comme vocation, 1919) that the sociological nature of cultures is irreducible. For this purpose we do that in a relatively open framework, that of the legal system in the Occident, including the United State of America and some other regional legal organisations like the European legal human right system and the theological system. We think that these ambiguities can be explained by the fact that this doctrine is quite often subject to predetermined issues which limit the focus of its analysis. One of these issues, related to traditional “jusnaturalisme” and to a kind of some legal positivism, is the one which deals with values in terms of integration (or not) of some particular norms in a system which is supposed to be closed or relatively self centred. Such a suggestion can only lead to a dead end. In order to bypass such a dilemma we have adopted a double directive methodology: -Suggesting a dialectical theory of values which enhances the role of the judge, especially that of a constitutional judge, within a constitutional process, with a specific system, sometimes called “system of values”. - Making use of a large set of legal sources, to allow analysis of this process, where the doctrine can be considered not as an authority but as an entity, as Ph. Jestaz and Ch. Jamin call it, considered with relation to other legal sources. In this regard and by means of some basic principles revisited through questions of values (including the principle of democracy) we have managed to provide aspects of a general theory of values by turning it into one of the elements of the people’s legal culture. Legal realism, especially interpretive realism, has a particular significance in this framework, and allows transition from the first to the second part of this thesis. The first part is dedicated to criticism of the existing explicative system, through its philosophical and theological origins, while the second is in fact quite constructivist. Accordingly, reality seems to be a constructed thing, whereas the “real” appears as a given data in an environment where different factors should bring society together, and which the judge should take into account. In conclusion, we have come to distinguish the « real », or said otherwise, the environment and the legal reality, by analysing the relationship that these two terms share with values. The latter terms appear sometimes as specific legal categories (law and principles), while in others as a necessary background for the functioning of the overall.

[pt] A partir das reflexões de Frege em seus Grundlagen der Arithmetik, destaca-se como o fio condutor da presente dissertação o problema que se refere à determinação da natureza numérica. A análise que Frege dedica a este problema almeja caracterizar a noção de número com o auxílio da noção de objeto lógico, e tal aproximação receberá um intenso ataque teórico por parte de Paul Benacerraf. Este ataque teórico, por sua vez, será auxiliado pela sugestão de que, na medida em que o interesse dos matemáticos (enquanto matemáticos) permanece em um âmbito estruturalista, uma pesquisa filosófica sobre a matemática deveria, em princípio, preservar semelhante aspecto. Esta argumentação de Benacerraf, aliada aos trabalhos anteriores do grupo Bourbaki, impulsionou as mais diversas pesquisas no âmbito estruturalista, constituindo-se os trabalhos de Stewart Shapiro como um de seus mais interessantes desenvolvimentos. São assim apresentadas as bases ontológicas e epistemológicas que sustentam tal teoria – intitulada como estruturalismo ante rem – para, por fim, se delinear um histórico de tais concepções. Sublinham-se, então, alguns debates ocorridos ao final do século XIX e início do século XX, com a intenção de se iluminar as heranças conceituais de Shapiro e alguns possíveis pressupostos de Benacerraf, oferecendo-se alguma notoriedade às figuras do matemático alemão Richard Dedekind e do grupo francês Nicholas Bourbaki. / [en] Frege’s reflections on the nature of numbers, presented in his Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884), provide the guiding theme for this dissertation. His characterization of numbers as logical objects was sharply criticized by Paul Benacerraf (1965), who suggested that since mathematicians (as mathematicians) work within a structural framework, philosophical research on mathematics should preserve this structural aspect of mathematics. Benacerraf’s arguments, as well as earlier works by the Bourbaki group, gave raise to several structuralist research projects, one of the most interesting of which is developed by Stewart Shapiro. We present the ontological and epistemological basis of Shapiro’s socalled ante rem structuralism, as well as some of the debates from the late 19th and early 20th centuries which throw some light on the conceptual presuppositions of Shapiro and Benacerraf. In this connection we emphasize the work of the German mathematician Richard Dedekind and of the French group Nicholas Bourbaki.