The topic of this thesis are subdivisions of simplicial complexes, in particular we focus on the so-called antiprism triangulation. In the first main part, the real-rootedness of the h-polynomial of the antiprism triangulation of the simplex is proven. Furthermore, we study combinatorial interpretations of several invariants as the h- and local h-vector. In the second part, we show the almost strong Lefschetz property of the antiprism triangulation for every shellable simplicial complex.

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A tese trata das políticas públicas de regularização dos assentamentos urbanos de baixa renda - favelas, conjuntos habitacionais e loteamentos -no Município de São Paulo, com o objetivo de identificar avanços e impasses na aplicação dos novos instrumentos de política urbana, que regulamentaram a Constituição de 1988. As limitações do processo de regularização e os benefícios obtidos são investigados por meio da análise comparativa de três Programas, implementados pela Prefeitura de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2004: Programa de Regularização Fundiária em Áreas Públicas Ocupadas por favelas; Programa de Regularização, Recuperação de Créditos e Revitalização dos Empreendimentos do PROVER; e Programa Lote Legal. Os resultados da pesquisa comprovam que os benefícios decorrentes da regularização urbanística são mais efetivos, enquanto as questões jurídico-registrarias do processo de regularização ainda constituem entraves à plena realização dos objetivos de inclusão socioterritorial dos assentamentos. / This thesis analyzes the public policies of the city of São Paulo for land tenure regularization of urban low-income settlements - slums, public housing projects and illegal subdivisions. The purpose of this study is to identify; improvements and dilemmas on implementing new urban policy\'s instruments, that regulated 1988\'s Constitution. The limitations of regularization process and its benefi ts were investigated by a comparative analysis of three programs, implemented by São Paulo\'s city hall, from 1996 to 2004: Regularization Program in Public Areas Occupied by Slums; Regularization, Credit Recovery and Revitalization Program for PROVER Project; and Lote Legal Program. The results reached by the research demonstrate the great effectiveness of urban works otherwise the legal issues concerning the regularization process still represent a great obstacle for the acomplishment of the settlements\' socio-territorial inclusion.

Le lancer de rayon est un algorithme permettant de représenter des scènes 3D de façon très réaliste. Son principe, simple et puissant, repose sur les lois de l'optique géométrique : l'image que voit un observateur est le fruit des interactions entre des photons 6mis par des sources lumineuses et des objets possédant des propriétés géométriques et optiques. L'utilisation d'un modèle basé sur la physique permet une bonne approche des phénomènes naturels suivants : l'éclairement par des sources lumineuses, la réflexion de la lumière sur des objets et la transmission de la lumière à travers des objets transparents. L'algorithme dérivant de ce modèle possède pourtant un inconvénient majeur : le temps de traitement d'une image est très important. Bien que de nombreuses méthodes d'accélération aient été proposées pour tenter d'améliorer sa vitesse d'exécution, ce problème demeure bien présent. Toutefois, avec le développement actuel des machines parallèles à mémoire distribuée et des réseaux d'ordinateurs, une voie d'accélération très prometteuse se développe : la parallélisation. De plus, la mise en commun des capacités ''mémoire" de chaque composante d'une architecture parallèle rend possible le traitement de scènes comportant un plus grand nombre d'objets aux propriétés de plus en plus complexes. Le chapitre 1 présente l'algorithme de lancer de rayon ainsi que les accélérations séquentielles proposées dans la littérature. D apparaît que les techniques les plus efficaces sont basées soit sur l'utilisation de volumes englobants soit sur des subdivisions de l'espace. Malgré ces optimisations, la parallélisation demeure la source d'accélération au plus fort potentiel. Le chapitre 2 recense les différents types d'architectures parallèles et expose les familles d'algorithmes utilisées pour la parallélisation du lancer de rayon sur des machines parallèles à mémoire distribuée. Deux stratégies permettent une distribution de la base de données : 1' envoi de rayons et l'envoi d'objets. Dans le chapitre 3, après avoir présenté nos contraintes, nous comparons les algorithmes parallèles pouvant y répondre grâce à leur modélisation. Les résultats obtenus vont nous amener à proposer deux nouveaux algorithmes de parallélisation basés sur un nouveau type de flot. Enfin, dans le chapitre 4 nous présentons nos résultats expérimentaux et leur analyse. Nos tests sont réalisés sur des machines massivement parallèles et sur un réseau de stations de travail.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta pesquisa pretende discutir os impactos socioambientais provocados pela implantaÃÃo dos condomÃnios horizontais e loteamentos fechados no municÃpio de EusÃbio, CearÃ. A metodologia empregada foi desenvolvida em trÃs etapas descritas a seguir. A primeira consistiu na revisÃo bibliogrÃfica sobre as origens, formas e implicaÃÃes das tipologias habitacionais fechadas à produÃÃo do espaÃo urbano, destacando os possÃveis impactos da instalaÃÃo de tais empreendimentos ao municÃpio de EusÃbio, tendo como enfoque o contexto metropolitano de Fortaleza, Capital do Estado do CearÃ. Em seguida, partiremos para a discussÃo do estudo de caso, atravÃs de uma descriÃÃo sobre a evoluÃÃo urbana de EusÃbio e dos sistemas ambientais da regiÃo. Parte dessa etapa foi desenvolvida considerando as observaÃÃes do primeiro plano diretor, aprovado em 2001, elemento estruturador da produÃÃo dos condomÃnios horizontais e loteamentos fechados. A revisÃo desse plano em 2008 trouxe algumas inovaÃÃes ao processo de parcelamento do solo que foram discutidas atravÃs de comparaÃÃes entre ambas as legislaÃÃes, destacando os efeitos sobre a produÃÃo do espaÃo provocado pelos dois planos. Na Ãltima fase foi produzido um banco de dados relativos à produÃÃo de empreendimentos fechados do municÃpio, usando como base o recorte temporal jà referido. Por meio de material cartogrÃfico e fotogrÃfico, tais empreendimentos foram georreferenciados no intuito de fornecer subsÃdios para a discussÃo sobre a produÃÃo do espaÃo excludente e elitista proporcionada pelas tipologias habitacionais fechadas. A descriÃÃo dos impactos socioambientais trazidos pelos empreendimentos fechados utilizou como base a Matriz de Leopold et al. (1971 apud SÃnchez 2010). Este mÃtodo foi adaptado no intuito de retratar as interaÃÃes entre as aÃÃes impactantes e as componentes ambientais impactadas mostrando os efeitos relativos da recente expansÃo do municÃpio ao meio ambiente, ao meio econÃmico e ao meio social. Junto a isso, houve a comparaÃÃo, por meio de imagens de satÃlites, do processo de ocupaÃÃo do territÃrio, compreendido num espaÃo temporal de aproximadamente dez anos (1997 a 2008). A produÃÃo desse material arrefeceu a discussÃo dos resultados sobre a descaracterizaÃÃo ao meio natural, mais precisamente em decorrÃncia da supressÃo da cobertura vegetal e degradaÃÃo dos recursos hÃdricos (rios, cÃrregos, lagunas, lagoas e aÃudes); e tambÃm quanto à privatizaÃÃo dos espaÃos pÃblicos, por meio da implantaÃÃo de tipologias fechadas que desarticulam a evoluÃÃo da malha urbana municipal, gerando grandes âenclavesâ prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento intra-urbano do local. Esse modelo de urbanizaÃÃo foi posto em debate, destacando as conseqÃÃncias socioambientais da moradia em empreendimentos fechados localizados em locais de infra-estrutura precÃria e distantes dos centros urbanos consolidados. / This research aims to discuss the social and environmental impacts caused by the deployment of condominiums and closed subdivisions in the municipality of Eusebius, CearÃ. The methodology was developed in three steps described below. The first was the literature review on the origins, forms and implications of housing typologies closed the production of urban space, highlighting the possible impacts of the installation of such enterprises to the city of Eusebius, focusing on the metropolitan context of Fortaleza, capital of the State of CearÃ. Then departure for the discussion of the case study through a description of the urban evolution of Eusebius and environmental systems in the region. Part of this step was developed based on the observations of the first master plan, approved in 2001, the structural element of the production of closed condominiums and subdivisions. The review of this plan in 2008 brought some innovations to the process of division of land that were discussed by comparing both laws, especially the effects on the production of space caused by the two plans. In the last phase was produced a database on the production of enterprises closed in the city, using as base the time frame mentioned above. Through photographic and cartographic material, such ventures were geocoded in order to provide subsidies for the discussion of the production of space afforded by the exclusionary and elitist housing typologies closed. The description of the social and environmental impacts brought by the enterprises closed used Matrix based on the Leopold et al. (1971 cited by SÃnchez 2010). This method was adapted in order to depict the interactions between actions and the impact of the environmental components affected showing the relative impacts of the recent expansion of the city to the environment, the economical and social environment. Along with this, the comparison was by means of satellite images, the process of land occupation, understood in a temporal space of about ten years (1997-2008). The production of this material cooled the discussion of results from the distortion to the natural environment, more precisely due to the removal of vegetation and degradation of water resources (rivers, streams, ponds, lakes and dams), and also on the privatization of public spaces through the deployment of typologies closed to dismantle the evolution of the urban city, creating large "enclaves" harmful to the development of intraurban location. This pattern of urbanization was put into the debate, highlighting the social and environmental consequences of living in closed enterprises located in areas of poor infrastructure and away from urban centers consolidated.

A tese trata das políticas públicas de regularização dos assentamentos urbanos de baixa renda - favelas, conjuntos habitacionais e loteamentos -no Município de São Paulo, com o objetivo de identificar avanços e impasses na aplicação dos novos instrumentos de política urbana, que regulamentaram a Constituição de 1988. As limitações do processo de regularização e os benefícios obtidos são investigados por meio da análise comparativa de três Programas, implementados pela Prefeitura de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2004: Programa de Regularização Fundiária em Áreas Públicas Ocupadas por favelas; Programa de Regularização, Recuperação de Créditos e Revitalização dos Empreendimentos do PROVER; e Programa Lote Legal. Os resultados da pesquisa comprovam que os benefícios decorrentes da regularização urbanística são mais efetivos, enquanto as questões jurídico-registrarias do processo de regularização ainda constituem entraves à plena realização dos objetivos de inclusão socioterritorial dos assentamentos. / This thesis analyzes the public policies of the city of São Paulo for land tenure regularization of urban low-income settlements - slums, public housing projects and illegal subdivisions. The purpose of this study is to identify; improvements and dilemmas on implementing new urban policy\'s instruments, that regulated 1988\'s Constitution. The limitations of regularization process and its benefi ts were investigated by a comparative analysis of three programs, implemented by São Paulo\'s city hall, from 1996 to 2004: Regularization Program in Public Areas Occupied by Slums; Regularization, Credit Recovery and Revitalization Program for PROVER Project; and Lote Legal Program. The results reached by the research demonstrate the great effectiveness of urban works otherwise the legal issues concerning the regularization process still represent a great obstacle for the acomplishment of the settlements\' socio-territorial inclusion.

Les campagnes du nord de l’Artois, autour des villes d’Aire et de Saint-Omer, sont conquises par les armées de Louis XIV en 1676 et 1677. Le déplacement de frontière qui en découle a d’abord des conséquences économiques, avec la coupure des anciens débouchés que fournissaient les Pays-Bas méridionaux. La région est profondément attachée à ses anciens souverains bourguignons sous lesquels elle jouissait d’une liberté tout autant politique qu’économique. Le rattachement au royaume de France se fait au prix dune lecture nouvelle de l’histoire. L’appropriation de l’espace se traduit d’abord par l’adaptation à l’environnement, mais aussi par la manière de le représenter, sous forme de cartes ou dans le récit des voyageurs, et par la toponymie. Sur le plan administratif, la période est également marquée par de profonds changements. Elle voit la genèse et le développement de l’administration moderne. La seigneurie se défait de ses atours féodaux pour devenir une structure économique la plus rentable possible. La vieille noblesse entre en concurrence avec une noblesse récente, de robe ou financière. Les officiers seigneuriaux au village, les gros laboureurs et les fermiers, qui sont généralement les plus gros propriétaires fonciers, occupent les places les plus importantes dans la gestion de la fabrique paroissiale, qui gère les finances locales. Ils dominent aussi la communauté d’habitants, institution qui apparaît comme moins importante que la fabrique, mais dont les procès-verbaux témoignent des rapports de force au village. / Northern Artois countries, near Aire and Saint-Omer, are subdued by Louis XIV armies in 1676 and 1677. The movement of the border had economic consequences with the stoppage of ancient southern Low Countries channels. The population are deeply attached to her old burgundian sovereigns under those they take advantage of political and economical liberties. The annexation to the kingdom of France is in the beginning of a new reading of the history. The appropriation of space is first interpreted by the adaptation to the environment, but also by the way to represent it, in the form of maps or in voyagers narrations, and by toponymy. The period is a like marked by administrative transformations, with genesis and development of modern administration. Seigniory leave its feudal clothes to became a profit-earning economic structure. Old nobility is in rivalry with the new legal or financial one. Seigniorial officers in the village got a real power, more especially as the lord and his agents usually don’t live on the spot. In the village, laboureurs and fermiers, that are among the most important ground-landlords, filled the principal posts in the administration of parochial fabrique, that ruled local resources. They also ruled the communauté d’habitants, institution that appeared as less important than the fabrique

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiza Noronha Siqueira.pdf: 983888 bytes, checksum: db91238acddce0ba79bc46ff4ecd8ff0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-14 / This dissertation critically reflects about The Brazilian Federal State, the nacional tax system and the political independence of the subdivisions in order to verify the consistency of the federation with respect to political autonomy, administrative and financial of the political subdivisions. Scrutinizes the features of federalism and the federal state, the political subdivisions and competences distributions. Looks after the constitutional limitations on the power to tax discourse upon the competence concerning tax matters, constitutional principles of tax, immunities, and the general rules on tax matters. Addresses the fiscal federalism with references at the cooperative federalism and the loyalty federalism on the financial autonomy and tributary competences of political subdivisions. Considering whether to creation of the Value Added Tax in Brazil and its repercussions in relation to the federal agreement / A presente dissertação reflete criticamente sobre o Estado Federal brasileiro, o sistema tributário nacional e a autonomia dos entes federados para averiguar a consistência da federação no que tange à autonomia política, administrativa e financeira dos entes federados. Examina as características do federalismo e do Estado Federal, os entes federados e as distribuições de competências. Cuida das limitações constitucionais ao poder de tributar discorrendo sobre as competências tributárias, os princípios constitucionais tributários, as imunidades e as normas gerais em matéria tributária. Trata do federalismo fiscal com referências no federalismo cooperativo, na lealdade federativa, na autonomia financeira e competências tributárias dos entes federados. Examina a possibilidade de criação do Imposto sobre o Valor Agregado no Brasil e suas repercussões em relação ao pacto federativo

I maj 2011 infördes nya plan- och bygglagen som gör reglering av fastighetsindelningen möjlig i detaljplaner genom så kallade fastighetsindelningsbestämmelser. Enligt äldre lagstiftning bildades tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner som i dag räknas som fastighetsindelningsbestämmelser. Eftersom majoriteten av dessa antingen är genomförda eller inaktuella i dag skapar det problem vid fastighetsbildning och måste därför upphävas.   Syftet med rapporten är att beskriva och analysera hur äldre tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner hanteras i samband med fastighetsbildningsärenden. Rapporten ska undersöka vilka olika handläggnings- och beslutsordningar som används för upphävande av äldre tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner. Ett bisyfte är att ge förslag på hur handläggnings- och beslutsordningen kan förbättras med fokus på nya plan- och bygglagen.   Metoderna som använts har varit litteraturstudie, fallstudier och enkätundersökning. Litteraturen som studerats har varit vetenskapliga artiklar, lagtext, lagkommentarer, propositioner och annan juridisk facklitteratur. Fallstudierna har genomförts för att beskriva och analysera upphävandeärenden från Leksand, Falun, Sandviken och Gävle. Enkätundersökningen skickades till verksamma förrättningslantmätare inom Dalarnas och Gävleborgs län för att få fördjupad kunskap och deras åsikter om tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner.   Litteraturstudien visar att behovet av att reglera markanvändningen har funnits länge och finns än i dag. Genom att bestämma hur marken delas in i fastigheter förhindras en okontrollerad utbyggnad av staden. Lagstiftningen har under åren förändrats och flera nyheter har tillkommit efter införande av PBL, bland annat planbesked. Av fallstudierna och enkätundersökningen framgår det att lantmäterimyndigheterna hanterar handläggnings- och beslutordningen olika i samband med upphävande av tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner. Det finns skillnader mellan statliga och kommunala lantmäterimyndigheter avseende kommunikation och upprättande av handlingar. Det statliga Lantmäteriet har till skillnad mot de kommunala lantmäterimyndigheterna i Gävle och Sandviken inte delegationsbeslut om upphävande av tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner. Skillnader finns även i hur myndigheterna upprättar handlingar, där statliga Lantmäteriet saknar en enhetlig utformning medan kommunala lantmäterimyndigheten i Gävle kommun har upprättat mallar.   Slutsatsen är att handläggnings- och beslutsordningen kan förenklas genom att upprätta enhetliga ärendehandlingar. Det statliga Lantmäteriet bör även i fortsättningen få upprätta planförslag till upphävande av fastighetsplaner. En lagändring kan göras för att ge SLM tillfällig rätt att besluta om upphävande av fastighetsplaner. Vidare föreslås planbeskedet bör undantas från upphävandeprocessen, eftersom det riskerar förlänga processen upp till fyra månader. / In May 2011 the new Planning and Building Act was introduced, which makes it possible to regulate the division of property into property division’s provisions. Today, plot subdivisions and property regulation plans formed under previous legislation, counts as property division’s provisions according to the Planning and Building Act. Since the majority of these are either completed or outdated today, it becomes a problem connected to land parceling and therefore needs to be abolished.   The aim with this report is to describe and analyze how older plot subdivisions and property regulation plans are dealt with in connection to land parceling. The report will explore which handling and decision-making systems are used when abolishing plot subdivisions and property regulation plans. A secondary objective is to provide suggestions on how to improve the handling and decision-making process according to the new Planning and Building Act.   The methods consist of a literature review, case studies and a questionnaire survey. The studied literature was scientific papers, legal texts, law proposals and other appropriate literature. The case studies were conducted to describe and analyze the handling and decision-making process in different land surveying agencies. The survey was sent to active land surveyors in Dalarnas and Gävleborgs counties, to obtain a deeper knowledge and their opinions on plot subdivisions and property regulation plans.   The literature review shows that the need to regulate land use has long existed and still exists today. By determining how land is divided into parcels it could prevent uncontrolled expansion of the city. The legislation has changed over the years and several new features have been introduced in the new Planning and Building Act, i.e. plan notices. The case studies and questionnaires shows that the surveying authorities manages the handling and decision-making process differently. There are differences between national and municipal surveying authorities regarding communication and establishing records. The National Land Surveying Agency in Dalarna, unlike the municipal surveying authority in Gävle, does not have a delegation decision from the town planning committee to abolish plot subdivisions and property plans. There are also differences in how to establish records, the National Land Surveying Agency lack a uniform format while the municipal surveying authority in Gävle has established templates.   The conclusion is that the handling and decisions-making process can be simplified by establishing uniform records. The National Land Surveying Agency should continue to create planning proposals. A legislative amendment may be made to provide the National Land Surveying Agency a temporary right to make the decision to abolish property regulation plans. It is proposed that the plan notice should be exempt from the handling and decision-making process.

As a result of the industrialization process, the environment has been degraded both because of the great use of natural resources and energy, growth of the cities, and the difficulty in maintaining a balance between use and planet capacity. However, cities should create conditions to ensure urban and environmental quality standards capable of universalizing, and preventively act to avoid continuation in the current degradation trend. Therefore, it is important to incorporate the principles of social and environmental sustainability for producing human settlements, according to environmental planning. For this purpose, we can alternatively use Permaculture as an environmental planning tool, because it seeks to enable human begins to meet their needs with minimal environmental impact. Based on this statement, this work aims to motivate the discussion on this new paradigmatic base for production of human settlements, designing low-income subdivisions as built ecosystems. Adopting an inductive methodology, based on qualitative method, socioenvironmental guidelines are proposed and corresponding actions are suggested for giving directions to the stages of planning and design of subdivisions. Subsequently, to assist in verifying their employment on low-income housing settlements is prepared a checklist of proposed guidelines. Finally, a relationship matrix to verify the association between the main Permaculture principles of design and proposed guidelines, observing a high degree of interaction between them is created. As a conclusion of this work, we believe that it is possible to employ Permaculture as a tool for environmental planning in human settlements seeking socioenvironmental sustainability, because it incorporates ecological principles for providing a reduction in negative impacts generated by such buildings, besides allowing a better quality of life for its residents. Altogether, we consider that this work contributes to the field of urban planning, encouraging the debate on alternative ways of promoting urban development, by the adopting more environmentally appropriate and socially responsible solutions. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Com a industrialização, a grande concentração do uso de recursos naturais e de energia, o aparecimento dos aglomerados urbanos e a dificuldade em manter um balanço entre o uso e a capacidade de suporte do Planeta marcam o início da degradação ambiental. Torna-se, assim, necessário que as cidades busquem assegurar os padrões de qualidade urbana e ambiental, o que pode ser realizado por meio da incorporação dos preceitos da sustentabilidade socioambiental, segundo o planejamento ambiental. Para tanto, pode-se utilizar a Permacultura, pois esta visa permitir que os humanos satisfaçam suas necessidades com o mínimo de impacto ambiental. Baseando nisto, o presente trabalho objetiva ampliar o debate sobre essa nova base paradigmática de produção de assentamentos humanos, através da visualização dos loteamentos de interesse social como ecossistemas construídos. Através de uma metodologia indutiva, realizada por meio do método qualitativo, desenvolvem-se diretrizes socioambientais e estudam-se possíveis ações que visam nortear as fases de planejamento e projeto dos loteamentos, através do uso da Permacultura como mecanismo guia. Posteriormente, elabora-se uma lista de verificação (check-list) das diretrizes propostas, objetivando auxiliar na verificação da incorporação das mesmas nos loteamentos sociais. E, finalizando a discussão, cria-se uma matriz relacional entre alguns princípios permaculturais de design e as diretrizes propostas. Tal matriz possibilitou concluir que existe um elevado grau de interação entre princípios e diretrizes. Dentre as conclusões obtidas pelo levantamento realizado, constata-se de que é possível o uso da Permacultura como ferramenta de planejamento ambiental em assentamentos humanos, visando a sustentabilidade socioambiental. Assim, ao analisar o presente trabalho, considera-se que o mesmo contribui para a área do planejamento ambiental urbano, ao ampliar o debate sobre formas alternativas de promoção do desenvolvimento urbano, a partir de soluções ambientalmente mais adequadas e socialmente responsáveis.