Jämställdhet innebär lika möjligheter och villkor för kvinnor och män i alla livets områden, däribland familj och barnuppfostran. Tidigare studier visar att det finns en skillnad i vilken ansvar som åläggs mödrar och fäder i barnomsorgen. När föräldrar brister i omsorgen av ett barn finns Lag (SFS 1990:52) med särskilda bestämmelser om vård av unga (LVU) för att skydda barn från omständigheter som kan skada deras utveckling. En av dessa brister kan vara om barnet har föräldrar med beroendeproblematik. Syftet med studien var att genom en socialkonstruktionistisk ansats och genusperspektiv analysera hur föräldraförmåga och beroendeproblematik framställs hos mödrar och fäder i förvaltningsrättens domar vid LVU-mål. Detta har gjorts genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av 63 domar från en av Sveriges förvaltningsrätter. Analysens resultat visade att att kvinnor åläggs ett större ansvar gällande föräldraskap samt att bedömningen av deras beroendeproblematik ges större utrymme. Ytterligare ett genomgående resultat var att män i dessa domar inte gavs samma utrymme och ansvar. Bland annat fanns en avsaknad av resonemang i domar gällande mäns föräldraförmåga och beroendeproblematik i vissa fall, vilket visar på könade förväntningar och mönster kring både beroendeproblematik och barnomsorg. Mödrar konstrueras som mer avvikande i sitt beroende och även som den primära omsorgsgivaren för barnet.

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by the compulsive use of addictive substances despite adverse consequences to the individual and society. Research has shown various social-psychological factors (e.g., positive affect, self-efficacy, behavioral intentions, beliefs held by others, and ones' perceptions of a behavior) to be essential determinants in recovery. Research has also demonstrated Entrepreneurial Education Programs (EEPs) to improve specific and global self-efficacy and autonomy in adolescent populations. The following study is the first to examine the impact of a therapeutically oriented EEP on entrepreneurial intentions and its antecedents in a population of adolescent males being treated for substance use disorder(s). Findings from the between-subjects analyses show that when compared to those who did not participate in the EEP, program participation increased entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents, entrepreneurial knowledge, emotion regulation, self-efficacy, positive affect, and interest in attending college. When compared to those who did not participate in the EEP, program participation also led to significant reductions in negative affect, anxiety, and stress. Findings from the within-subjects analyses show that participation led to significant increases from time 1 to time 2 in entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents, entrepreneurial knowledge, emotion regulation, self-efficacy, positive affect, and interest in attending college. When compared to time 1 scores, participation led to significant reductions in anxiety and stress. This study identifies the great potential of this therapeutic EEP to reduce behaviors involved in relapse and increase one's engagement with and commitment to antecedents of successful rehabilitation.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån yrkesverksammas perspektiv studera situationen och handlingsutrymmet hos kvinnor med samtidig våldsutsatthet och missbruksproblematik. Med avstamp i socialkonstruktionismen har denna studie använt sig av såväl teorin om det ideala offret som stämplingsteorin. Empiri har samlats in genom fyra intervjuer med yrkesverksamma som haft ett stort engagemang för målgruppen. Intervjuutskrifterna har transkriberats och sedan analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys. Sammanfattningsvis har denna studie visat på hur yrkesverksamma anser att stämpling spelar en central roll för kvinnornas svåra situation. Omgivningens reaktioner på kvinnorna och dess handlingar betraktas av de yrkesverksamma ha betydelse för kvinnornas återhämtning. / The aim of this study was to examine how professionals view the situation, as well as the capacity of action available to women with co-occurring exposure to violent victimisation and substance misuse. Through a social constructivist lens this study took on a theoretical perspective using both the Ideal Victim and Labelling Theory. Interviews were conducted with four individuals who all expressed a profound commitment to women experiencing these coexisting conditions. Each interview transcript was analysed using a thematic analysis. The results showed that professionals view labelling as playing a significant role in the difficult situations these women face. The interviewed professionals viewed the reactions of others to be of great importance for the women's ability to recover from being labelled for their actions.

Background: Concern has been voiced over the needs of ex-military personnel following their discharge from military service and subsequent transition to community living. This concern has extended to include veterans, particularly those who have mental health, drug or alcohol problems, who come into contact with criminal justice services and are imprisoned. Research examining the experiences of military veterans prior to and during their incarceration in Scottish prisons was carried out. This study sought to examine whether veteran prisoners form a unique prison sub-group with different health, social and criminogenic needs when compared to non-veteran prisoners, and how veteran prisoners differ from non-prisoner veterans. Additionally an exploration of veterans’ experiences of prison, and what they believed caused or contributed to their imprisonment, was conducted. This sought to identify whether veterans in prison had unique vulnerability/ risk factors and whether they had a common or idiographic pathway that led to their incarceration. Methods and design: This study comprised of three separate but linked parts. It adopted a mixed-method approach combining quantitative analysis of survey data (Part 1) with qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis of focus group (Part 2) and interview data (Part 3). Survey data examined, through the use of standardised questionnaires, a range of themes; including, mental health and wellbeing, substance and alcohol use, childhood experiences, offending histories, and military experience. In Part 1 participants were recruited into three separate groups. Group 1 consisted of veterans in prison, while Group 2 consisted of prisoners who had no military experience and Group 3 comprised of Scottish Prison Service staff who had previous military experience. In Parts 2 and 3 participants were recruited from the veteran prisoner population, with participants in Part 3 having declared current mental health and/or substance use problems. Findings: Analysis of survey data identified many differences in health and wellbeing, and some differences in length of, and discharge from, military service, when comparing veteran prisoners with a non-imprisoned veteran group. Both groups, however, appeared to have similar levels of combat exposure. Comparison between veteran prisoners and non-veteran prisoners identified more similarities than differences across most of the measures. Many of the mental health drug or alcohol problems experienced by veteran prisoners were also experienced by non-veteran prisoners. Post-traumatic stress disorder did appear to be a specific problem for veteran prisoners but this did not appear to be attributable to their military experience. Additionally, veterans being raised by a mother-figure other than their birth-mother appeared to be a unique risk factor for veteran imprisonment but this finding should be viewed with caution as the number of participants raised by a mother-figure other than their birth mother was small. Findings were mixed regarding how veterans described their experience of imprisonment: some found it unchallenging yet unstimulating while others described feelings of ongoing punishment and a sense of being embattled. Reciprocal processes of dehumanising both prisoners and staff were also evident, as were contradictory experiences on the availability and quality of care provision in prison. Veteran prisoners appeared to identify with their prisoner identity rather than their veteran identity, believing that they were the same as other prisoners and had the same needs. This was evident when veterans described their experiences of forming and maintaining interpersonal relationships, albeit within-prison relationships appeared superficial in nature. While some veterans appeared reluctant to ask for assistance in prison, concerns about the inadequacies or availability of support services appear valid. Gaps in provision of care, particularly mental health care, existed at the time of the study. Lastly, some participants appeared to feel unprepared for their release from prison back to the community. This may stem from their previous experience of transitioning from the military to civilian living but it is more likely the recognition that many prisoners leave prison only to return back to custody. For some veteran prisoners this is because they believe community services are unavailable or unable to help as they struggle to cope with community living. As such, some may consider prison living the easier option. Conclusions and implications: Many of the findings suggested that veteran and non-veteran prisoners had, or were believed to have had, by veteran prisoners, similar ‘needs’ and reasons for offending. Veteran prisoners should, therefore, not be regarded as a specific sub-group of the prison population, and addressing prisoner needs should not be prioritised according to their pre-prison occupational status. Lastly, where gaps in service provision exist, the SPS and its partner agencies, including the NHS, should continue to address these. This should include giving consideration to the adoption of a trauma-informed approach within the prison environment.

The fieldwork for this study was conducted in the West Kimberley region of Western Australia between 1997 and 1999. Qualitative and quantitative information provided by 170 Aboriginal participants enabled an exploration of the context and patterns of Aboriginal alcohol use; Aboriginal perceptions of the alcohol issue, existing interventions, research findings, 'culture' and its role in prevention and intervention; and participants' incorporation of these perceptions into an Aboriginal model for alcohol misuse prevention, intervention and evaluation. Findings were based on the results of individual and focus group interviews, serial model-planning focus groups, documentary data and observation.Study findings generally suggest that in addition to self-determination and support components, 'cultural context' retains an important role for many remote area Aboriginal people. The findings from a small sub-sample tentatively suggest that 'cultural' disruption, in addition to the socio-economic consequences of colonisation and dispossession, may play an important role in alcohol misuse. Consequently, it appears that in combination with self-determination and support components, the strengthening of a locally-defined 'cultural' context may have an important role in alcohol misuse prevention and intervention - an approach frequently unrepresented in existing symptom-focused models and one inviting further investigation. The model developed by study participants expands significantly on existing symptom-focused approaches through a comprehensive life-enhancement focus on aspects of identity, opportunity and hope. This approach adds depth and meaning to understandings of cultural appropriateness and of culturally relevant models for substance misuse prevention and intervention.

The focus of this thesis is the factorial survey approach as a method for studying professional judgements in social work. The factorial survey approach, which was first introduced in the social sciences around the beginning of the 1980s, constitutes an advanced method for measuring human judgements of social objects. At the general level, this quasi-experimental approach involves presenting respondents with fictive descriptions of social objects (vignettes), in which selected characteristics describing the objects to be judged are simultaneously manipulated. This thesis consists of four studies: In Study I, I explore the general use of the factorial survey approach in sociology between 1982 and 2006. Study II and Study III consist of factorial survey applications in the field of professional judgement in Swedish substance misuse treatment, as organized by the social services. To be more specific, the aims of these papers are to disentangle predictors of social work practitioners’ choices of inpatient or outpatient substance misuse treatment (Study II), and of social work practitioners’ judgements about eligibility for compulsory care (Study III). Finally, in Study IV, I present a conceptual and an analytical framework for the application of the factorial survey approach to the study of professional judgements in social work.

No description available.

No description available.

Aim: To fill the knowledge gap about the importance of contextual factors after resettlement on mental health, substance misuse and labour market participation among young refugees who immigrate to Sweden as teenagers. Methods: Register studies in national registers of national cohorts of young refugees, unaccompanied and accompanied, who settled in Sweden as teenagers. Studies 1-4 used Cox regression models to study the risks of psychiatric care consumption and substance misuse, while Study 5 used multinomial regression to study position on the labour. These findings were compared with peers from the same birth cohorts in the general Swedish population and non-European intercountry adoptees (Studies 2 and 5). Results: The overall results suggest that young accompanied and unaccompanied refugees were more likely to be admitted to psychiatric inpatient and compulsory hospital care, but not outpatient care, with refugees born in the Horn of Africa and Iran having the highest risk (Study 1). Young accompanied and unaccompanied refugees also had higher risk of hospitalization and criminal conviction associated with substance misuse (Study 3). Longer duration of residence in Sweden was associated with increased risks of outpatient care (Study 1) and hospitalization related to substance misuse (studies 3 and 4). These increase risks of young refugees were associated with their socioeconomic living conditions (Studies 3 and 4), but risk factors associated with the country of origin of the refugee population and the intercountry adoptees were more important determinants of schizophrenia than socioeconomic conditions in Sweden (Study 2). Young accompanied and unaccompanied refugees and intercountry adoptees had a lower likelihood of being in full employment than native Swedes with comparable levels of education. Secondary education, however, increased employment chances and reduced the risk of being neither employed nor in education or training (Study 5). Conclusion: Evidence suggests that several groups of young refugees are at higher risk of mental health problems and substance misuse. They also face employment disadvantages and barriers to psychiatric care in the early stages of developing a psychiatric disorder. / Syfte: Att undersöka betydelsen av kontextuella faktorer för psykisk hälsa, alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk samt sysselsättning bland unga flyktingar som invandrat till Sverige som tonåringar.Metod: Avhandlingen baseras i sin helhet på studier i nationella register av nationella kohorter av flyktingar som anlände till Sverige i åldern 13-19 år och var folkbokförda i Sverige 2005, jämförda med övrig svensk befolkning och utlandsadopterade (Studier 2 och 5) i samma åldrar. Studierna 1-4 använder sig av Cox regressionsmodeller för att undersöka psykiatrisk vårdkonsumtion inklusive vård relaterad till alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk. Studie 5 undersöker position på arbets-marknaden bland unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flyktingar med hjälp av multinominal regression. Resultat: Unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flykting-ungdomar vårdas i större utsträckning i psykiatrisk sluten- och tvångs-vård, men ej öppenvård, med störst risk för flyktingar födda på Afrikas Horn och i Iran (Studie 1). Unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flyktingungdomar hade också högre risk för sjukhusvård och att dömas för brott i samband med alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk (Studie 3). Denna ökade vårdkonsumtion förklaras till en del av de unga flyk-tingarnas socioekonomiska levnadsförhållanden (Studier 3 och 4). Konsumtionen av psykiatrisk öppenvård ökade med tiden efter ankomsten till Sverige (Studie 1), liksom sjukhusvård till följd av alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk (Studier 3 och 4). Sjukhusvård och kriminalitet i sam-band med missbruk av alkohol och narkotika är vanligare bland unga manliga flyktingar än för kvinnliga. Faktorer associerade med flyktingars och utlandsadopterades ursprungsland var mer betydande riskfaktorer för schizofreni än de socioekonomiska förhållandena i Sverige (Studie 2). Unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flyktingar hade en högre risk att varken arbeta eller delta i en utbildning och hade också sämre utsikter till anställning än inhemska svenskar med jämförbar utbildningsnivå. Gymnasiekompetens ökade chanserna för inträde på arbetsmarknaden (Studie 5). Slutsats: Resultaten tyder på att flera grupper av unga flyktingar har en högre risk för problem med psykisk ohälsa och substansmissbruk. De konfronteras även i högre grad med arbetslöshet och olika hinder för att få psykiatrisk vård i tidiga stadier av psykisk ohälsa. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

Children who grow up with one or both parents who substance misuse are at an elevated risk of being harmed. This study aimed to compile current knowledge on directed interventions intended to improve the outcomes of children who live in environments where adults misuse substances, and to analyze children’s influence and participation in interventions. The method used was a systematically undertaken scoping review. Despite a comprehensive searching strategy only ten relevant studies were found. There was a low geographical spread indicating the lack of intervention studies, including within Scandinavian settings. The result showed that nine out of ten interventions were group support. Interventions were manualised and primarily focused on changing children’s behaviour or increasing children’s general knowledge about misuse. Hart’s participation ladder was used to assess children’s degree of participation and influence in both intervention and research setting. Results indicated that children had low to mediocre degrees of participation. An implication for the future is that support groups showed positive effects on children’s attitudes towards misuse by increased knowledge about parental substance misuse. There is still a need for more intervention studies before it is possible to identify the best types of support for children affected by parental substance misuse. / Barn som växer upp med en eller båda föräldrar med missbruk har en ökad risk för att fara illa. Denna studie syftade till att sammanställa tillgänglig kunskap om interventioner riktade mot barn med målet att stödja barn som växer upp i miljöer där vuxna har ett missbruk samt att analysera barns delaktighet och påverkan i interventioner. Metoden som användes var en systematiskt genomförd scoping review. Trots omfattande litteratursökningar bedömdes endast tio effektutvärderingar som relevanta för inklusion. Studierna hade låg geografisk spridning vilket visade på avsaknaden av effektutvärderingar, bland annat inom skandinavisk forskning. Resultatet visade att nio av tio interventioner var gruppstöd. Interventionerna var manualbaserade och fokuserade på att förändra barns beteende eller öka barns generella kunskap om missbruk. Harts delaktighetstrappa användes för att undersöka barns delaktighet och påverkan i interventioner och forskning. Resultatet indikerade att barn hade låg- till medelgrad av delaktighet. Ett fynd för framtiden är att stödgrupper visade på positiva effekter på barns attityd till missbruk genom ökad kunskap om vuxnas missbruk. Det finns fortsatt ett stort behov av att genomföra fler effektutvärderingar innan det är möjligt att konstatera vilken eller vilka interventioner för barn som fungerar bäst.