Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T20:00:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 5216207 bytes, checksum: 96b8d07ed888a6e326a04e59f212f3ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T20:00:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 5216207 bytes, checksum: 96b8d07ed888a6e326a04e59f212f3ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / The terrorist attack that hit the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001, caused a historical impact in the United States of America, awakening in the country’s cultural industry a massive, patriotic reaction of endorsement of the War on Terror that followed. One of the centerpieces of that period, the American Superhero, however, was also mobilized to articulate criticism to the George W. Bush’s military campaign in some comics of the time, which also problematized the condition of that mythical figure of mass culture, a recognized nationalist symbol, during an increasingly contested government – by both the domestic population and the global community. This study aims to present the Ex Machina series, by Brian K. Vaughan and Tony Harris, as a radical example of this production, invoking the methodological support of Discourse Analysis to reveal the corrupt protagonist Mitchell Hundred (or The Great Machine ) – elected mayor of New York City after saving one of the Twin Towers on a reimagined September 11 – not only as a critical reflection of the Bush administration, but a demythifying appropriation of the American Superhero, one that invests itself with a critical view of the constitutive ideology of the superheroic paradigm and shows it as a reproduction of the redemptive and benevolent facade under which the USA imposes its international authority, in alleged missions for world peace, while obscure abuses and controversial geopolitical ambitions. / O ataque terrorista que atingiu o World Trade Center, em Nova York, no dia 11 de setembro de 2001, causou impacto histórico nos Estados Unidos da América, despertando na indústria cultural do país uma massiva reação patriótica de endosso à Guerra ao Terror que se seguiu. Uma das peças centrais desse período, o Super-herói Americano, porém, também foi mobilizado para articular críticas à campanha militar de George W. Bush em alguns quadrinhos da época, que ainda problematizaram a condição daquela figura mítica da cultura de massa, reconhecido símbolo nacionalista, durante um governo crescentemente contestado – tanto pela população doméstica quanto pela comunidade global. Este estudo se propõe a apresentar a série Ex Machina, de Brian K. Vaughan e Tony Harris, como um exemplar radical dessa produção, invocando o suporte metodológico da Análise do Discurso para revelar o corrompido protagonista Mitchell Hundred (ou A Grande Máquina) – eleito prefeito de Nova York após salvar uma das Torres Gêmeas num reimaginado 11 de Setembro – não apenas como reflexo crítico da administração Bush, mas uma apropriação desmitificadora do Super-herói Americano, que se investe de uma visão crítica da ideologia constitutiva do paradigma super-heroico e o evidencia como uma reprodução da fachada redentora e benevolente sob a qual os EUA impõem sua autoridade internacional, em supostas missões pela paz mundial, enquanto obscurecem abusos e ambições geopolíticas controversas.

As décadas de 1980-1990 marcam um ponto importante da história das revistas de quadrinhos de super-heróis. Mudanças no mercado, no público, na política, nos debates morais e culturais do momento ofereceram um cenário propício para novos desenvolvimentos no gênero super-herói. Esse quadro é cercado pelo pós-modernismo, a urbanização, a contracultura, mudanças nas artes e condições políticas que se desenvolvem da Guerra Fria, geograficamente centrada entre a Europa e os Estados Unidos, para a Guerra do Iraque, o que desloca atenções geopolíticas e conflitos para o Oriente Médio. Os quadrinhos de super-herói passam a oferecer maior liberdade temática para seus autores, e discussões sobre direitos autorais ganham força. Este cenário dispõe das condições para que alguns autores pudessem levar os super-heróis para discussões diferentes das décadas precedentes, permitindo o surgimento de trabalhos significativos, de autores que marcam suas obras abordando os super-heróis de forma pessoal. A presente pesquisa procura entender como o autor de histórias em quadrinhos Frank Miller se posicionou diante de uma determinada área de produção artística, utilizando-se das revistas de super-herói para discutir posicionamentos ideológicos, e reforçar seu caráter mítico e simbólico. Utilizando princípios da história cultural desenvolvidos por autores como Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske e Barzun, contextualiza-se a trajetória das histórias em quadrinhos até os anos 1980 e 1990, estabelecendo as condições da mídia quando do trabalho do artista. Para posicionar Miller em relação a seu mercado e suas relações de produção, são utilizadas as ferramentas analíticas de Michael Baxandall, que oferecem um modelo interpretativo das relações que se dão na produção artística. Finalmente, observam-se as abordagens temáticas e morais de sua obra, com seu contexto dentro de uma trajetória na história cultural. Para isso, traça-se um panorama que discute como a obra de Miller atualiza a jornada do herói de Joseph Campbell, utilizando-se da cultura popular para fazer um diálogo entre discussões morais, históricas e políticas, por meio de uma construção de narrativas heroicas que operam como mitos populares modernos e parâmetros civilizacionais, carregando em si princípios, valores e ideias de uma cultura. / The decades of 1980-1990 establish an important point in the history of comic books. Changes in the market, the audience, in politics and in the cultural and moral debates of the time offered a scenario which was welcoming to new developments on the super-hero genre. This moment is marked by post-modernism, urbanization, the counter-culture, changes in arts and the political conditions which develop from the Cold War, geographically centred between the United States and Europe, to the Iraq war, which moves the geopolitical attentions and conflicts to the Middle- East. Super-hero comics start offering wider thematic freedom to their authors, and discussions about creator\'s rights gain momentum. This scenario contains the conditions for some of these authors to take super-heroes to discussions which are different from the ones happening in the preceding decades, allowing the emergence of important works, made by authors which marked their work in a very personal manner. This research seeks to understand how comic-book author Frank Miller has positioned himself before an area of artistic production, using super-hero comics, and comics in general, to discuss moral positions, and to underline their mythical and symbolic character. Exercising principles of cultural history developed by authors like Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske and Barzun, we situate the trajectory of comics from their inception as magazines until the 1980s and 1990s, establishing which were the conditions of this medium when Miller produced the works we look at. To understand Miller in relation to his market and his production, we use the analytic tools of Michael Baxandall, which offer an interpretative model of the relationships which happen in artistic production. Finally, we observe the thematic and moral approaches of his work, with their context within a trajectory in cultural history. In order to perform this, we establish a context which discusses how Miller work updates Joseph Cambell\'s hero\'s journey, using popular culture to make connections between moral, political and historical debates, creating heroic narratives which operate as modern popular myths and as civilizational benchmarks, carrying with them the principles, values and ideas of a culture.

This study seeks to extend observations on critical citizenship education by examining what the edutainment Comics Uniting Nations, which presents the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), may tell us about the UN view of imagined agency and citizenship, and subsequently, its broader view of development. Given that the SDGs’ message within the comics targets a global audience, the research work in this thesis puts the comic Heroes for Change to the test by surveying how the minority community in Gaza, occupied Palestine feel and situate themselves in the SDGs’ universal message. This is done via interviews with representatives who work with the youth in Gaza at local NGOs. The main discursive and visual analytical tools are postcolonial critical literacy in international development initiatives, soft vs critical theories of citizenship, and superhero semiotic and panel rhetoric organization. The result of this work shows that while the comic uses a universal and convivial citizenship discourse, it misses being a bottom-up designed agenda and hence misses distinguishing between marginalized and ordinary citizens. Also, the superhero metaphor echoes a problematic aspect in opening space for critical thinking and challenging the status quo, which calls to spark further debate on the limitations/potentials of superhero discourse as a communicative tool for radical development/social change.

Superhero film is currently a popular form of entertainment, which during recent years has become political in its content. While research has previously shown that the superhero narrative carries messages of ideology and social issues, little is known of how the film genre communicates regarding leadership. Through examining the narratives in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, this study aims to explore how leadership is constructed in relation to democracy in a democratic context by using the United States as an example. The study utilises theorisations of democracy as well as representation theory, supplemented by three concepts borrowed from the leadership theory trait theory. The narrative analysis and the narrative plot points are used as method with a model of analysis to retrieve the empirical evidence.  The study’s results show that the villain, while having a societal motivation which can be considered democratic, mostly represented nondemocratic traits. The superheroes mostly show democratic leadership, but they are not able to solve the conflict with the villain democratically. This suggests that the leadership constructed in a democratic context still contains some limitations, which could be connected to how nondemocratic actions are justified in some situations even in the democratic context.

Representation in the media has become a debated topic over the last decade, with many people advocating for more diversity in movies and on TV. After ten years of entirely white male superheroes, Marvel released Black Panther in 2018, featuring an almost all-black cast. Four years later, in 2022, they released Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, with Marvel's first ever black female superhero in the lead.  This thesis examines the construction of gender in the two movies, whilst applying a lens of intersectionality. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the films relate to stereotypes and norms surrounding masculinity and femininity. The research question posed was: How is gender represented in Black Panther and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, from an intersectional perspective, through the negotiating of stereotypes and gender norms? The theoretical framework consists of Hirdmans gender-contract, Hall's representation theory, intersectionality as well as social semiotics and discourse-theory. The research question was answered using multimodal critical discourse analysis. The model “Hero's Journey” was used to identify key-scenes in the movies which were then analyzed based on the theoretical framework.  The study finds that the movies overall do a good job of negotiating stereotypes, with many examples of norm-breaking behavior from both female and male characters, despite the latter being somewhat more in line with the stereotypes identified. Seeing as representation is a powerful tool in shaping societal discourse, this speaks for the movies abilities to create a more inclusive perception regarding the topic of gender.

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Comic book superheroes have become adopted into American popular culture, and yet few have considered why these characters resonate with Americans. The first comic book superhero premiered in 1938 when Superman appeared on the cover of the first issue of Action Comics. For almost seventy years his adventures and the adventures of other costumed heroes have been continually published. Batman soon joined Superman as a popular costumed crime-fighter, and the early 1960s saw another generation of superheroes created that would be embraced in American culture. Among this new group of heroes were Spider-Man and the X-Men, who have proved as popular as Superman and Batman. The never-ending narratives of comic book characters provide a unique opportunity to analyze how superheroes have evolved across the decades to remain relevant for new generations of Americans. Superman, Batman, Spider-Man, and the X-Men are the most popular heroes, not only in comic books, but in other media adaptations. An exploration of why these specific characters have such resonance with Americans will provide insights into American mindsets, ideologies, and philosophies. Furthermore, comic books are uniquely positioned to allow a new historicist reading, as the characters' adventures have been published on a monthly schedule for decades. A consideration of the alterations made in the narratives to reflect the time periods is inherently enlightening.

<p>This study charts the real-world impact of Superman and how embedded the superhero is within American culture. Since debuting in 1938 as the first superhero, kids embraced Superman as a heroic symbol to emulate while adults mainly used him as comedic fodder to discuss race and ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. Although Superman is a fictional character, he maintains traceable documentary footprints and should be treated as a historical figure. Through sincere and satirical play, the public brought the Man of Steel and his make-believe world to life as an immersive realm and metatopography. This project studies the reception and adaptation of Superman by the populace and the geography of Comicland, a surreal realm mirroring our own modern reality that exists both within the imagination and the material world through pageant, masquerade, and multimedia. The beauty of this fictive universe is its mutability, being a permanent yet intangible place that imprinted itself in the real world. Comics fans do not have to travel to a theme park, even though it is now part of that type of entertainment, to participate in the fantasy. Comicland is, thus, a mental and physical landscape that audiences can inhabit as their own regardless of location and serves as a portal between fantasy and reality. From Superman’s inception, critics dismissed the superhero as a fad and its culture as marginal. However, multigenerational and multidecade engagement with Superman shows that the genre is mainstream and an unfading facet of Americana.</p>

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The figure of the cyborg, or more latterly, the posthuman body has been an increasingly familiar presence in a number of academic disciplines. The majority of such studies have focused on popular culture, particularly the depiction of the posthuman in science-fiction, fantasy and horror. To date however, few studies have focused on the posthuman and the comic book superhero, despite their evident corporeality, and none have questioned comics’ readers about their responses to the posthuman body. This thesis presents a cultural history of the posthuman body in superhero comics along with the findings from twenty-five, two-hour interviews with readers. By way of literature reviews this thesis first provides a new typography of the posthuman, presenting it not as a stable bounded subject but as what Deleuze and Guattari (1987) describe as a ‘rhizome’. Within the rhizome of the posthuman body are several discursive plateaus that this thesis names Superhumanism (the representation of posthuman bodies in popular culture), Post/Humanism (a critical-theoretical stance that questions the assumptions of Humanism) and Transhumanism (the philosophy and practice of human enhancement with technology). With these categories in mind the thesis explores the development of the posthuman in body in the Superhuman realm of comic books. Exploring the body-types most prominent during the Golden (1938-1945), Silver (1958-1974) and contemporary Ages of superheroes it presents three explorations of what I term the Perfect Body, Cosmic Body and Military-Industrial Body respectively. These body types are presented as ‘assemblages’ (Delueze and Guattari, 1987) that display rhizomatic connections to the other discursive realms of the Post/Human and Transhuman. This investigation reveals how the depiction of the Superhuman body developed and diverged from, and sometimes back into, these realms as each attempted to territorialise the meaning and function of the posthuman body. Ultimately it describes how, in spite of attempts by nationalistic or economic interests to control Transhuman enhancement in real-world practices, the realms of Post/Humanism and Superhumanism share a more critical approach. The final section builds upon this cultural history of the posthuman body by addressing reader’s relationship with these images. This begins by refuting some of the common assumptions in comics studies about superheroes and bodily representations. Readers stated that they viewed such imagery as iconographic rather than representational, whether it was the depiction of bodies or technology. Moreover, regular or committed readers of superhero comics were generally suspicious of the notion of human enhancement, displaying a belief in the same binary categories -artificial/natural, human/non-human - that critical Post/Humanism seeks to problematize. The thesis concludes that while superhero comics remain ultimately too human to be truly Post/Humanist texts, it is never the less possible to conceptualise the relationship between reader, text, producer and so on in Post/Humanist terms as reading-assemblage, and that such a cyborgian fusing of human and comic book allow both bodies to ‘become other’, to move in new directions and form new assemblages not otherwise possible when considered separately.