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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Karoline Ferreirados Santos - 2018.pdf: 13498793 bytes, checksum: 7d65eb53a37966540fdeaf20e235927d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The solar energy that arrives at the Earth surface is an essential phenomenon for the life maintenance and the knowledge of its dynamics contributes to the understanding of complex processes, like the water spectral behavior. Among the main properties that interact with electromagnetic radiation are chlorophyll "a" and suspended solids. In this sense, this study aims to analyze the influence of the Active Optical Components on the water spectral behavior of reservoirs of the Barra dos Coqueiros hydroelectric power plant (GO) at 40 data collection sites. To obtain the data, four field campaigns were carried out on February 10, 2016 and January 28, 2017 (higher precipitation) and 04 / August 4, 2016 and July 7, 2017 (lower precipitation). The spectral data were obtained using a portable spectroradiometer, FieldSpec® Hand Held model in spectral bands of 400 nm to 900 nm. The analysis of chlorophyll "a" followed the proposal of Mackinney (1941), suspended solid data followed Wetzel and Likens (1991; 2000) and APHA (1998; 2005) and the water transparency was according to Esteves (1998) and Peixoto et al. (2015). The analysis of the main information of the water bi-directional reflectance spectra occurred with the application of techniques: continuous removal, 1st and 2nd derivative, cluster analysis, surface reflectance extraction from the Landsat 8-OLI satellite image. Based on the results, there were several factors of performance in the spectral behavior of waters in Barra dos Coqueiros HPP reservoir, such as the climatic seasonality (rainy and dry periods) and the types of land use and occupation, due to the different agricultural production. These aspects favor higher values of suspended solids and chlorophyll a and lower water transparency in fields work of February/2016 and January 2017, resulting in higher reflectance in green (500 nm to 600 nm ) and red (600 nm at 700 nm) spectral ranges. In the field studies conducted in August/2016 and July/2017, reflectance influenced by suspended solids and chlorophyll a was low and the water transparency showed higher depth due to the higher levels of absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the water in the spectral bands of blue (400 nm to 500 nm) and infrared (700 nm to 900 nm). Thus, the geotechnologies applied in this study evidenced several possibilities for interpretation of water spectral information. / A energia solar que chega à superfície da Terra representa um fenômeno essencial para a manutenção da vida e o conhecimento de sua dinâmica contribui para a compreensão de processos complexos, como o comportamento espectral da água. Dentre as principais propriedades que interagem com radiação eletromagnética encontram-se a clorofila-a os sólidos em suspensão. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar em 40 pontos de coleta de dados, a influência dos Componentes Opticamentes Ativos no comportamento espectral das águas, do reservatório da Usina hidrelétrica Barra dos Coqueiros (GO). Para obtenção dos dados, foram realizadas quatro campanhas de campo, as quais ocorreram em 10/fevereiro/2016 e 28/janeiro/2017 (maiores precipitações) e 04/agosto/2016 e 07/julho/2017 (menores precipitação). Os dados espectrais, foram obtidos por meio de espectrorradiômetro portátil, modelo FieldSpec® Hand Held. A análise de clorofila-aseguiu a proposta de Mackinney (1941), os dados de sólidos em suspensão a metodologia de Wetzel e Likens (1991; 2000) e APHA (1998; 2005) e a transparência da água realizada conforme Esteves (1998) e Peixoto et al. (2015). O diagnóstico das principais informações dos espectros de reflectância da água ocorreu com aplicação de técnicas: remoção do contínuo, derivada, análise cluster, extração da reflectância de superfície da imagem do satélite Landsat 8-OLI. Com base nos resultados, verificou-se diversos fatores de atuação no comportamento espectral das águas do reservatório da UHE Barra dos Coqueiros (GO), como a sazonalidade climática (período chuvoso e seco) e as formas do uso e ocupação da terra, distintas pelas produções agrícolas, aspectos esses, que favorecem nos campos de fevereiro/2016 e janeiro/2017, valores mais elevados de sólidos em suspensão e clorofila-a menores transparência da água, resultando em maiores reflectância nas faixas espectrais do verde (500 nm a 600 nm) e vermelho (600 nm a 700 nm). Nos campos realizados em agosto/2016 e julho/2017, os níveis da reflectância influenciados por sólidos em suspensão e clorofila-asão baixas e as transparências da água apresentou maiores profundidade, devido a maior absorção da radiação eletromagnética na água nas bandas espectrais do azul (400 nm a 500 nm) e infravermelho (700 nm a 900 nm). Desse modo, as geotecnologias aplicadas neste estudo, evidenciaram diversas possiblidades para interpretação da informação espectral da água.

Os teores totais e trocáveis de alumínio, arsênio, cádmio, cobre, ferro, manganês, mercúrio, níquel, chumbo e estrôncio, foram determinados em amostras de sedimento do rio Corumbataí. As leituras para quantificação dos elementos foram feitas por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-AES), análise por ativação neutrônica (AAN) e espectrometria de fluorescência atômica (AFS). As amostras para determinação dos teores totais de metais, quantificados por ICP-AES e AFS foram digeridas em bombas de Teflon em meio de água régia. Para quantificação de metais trocáveis utilizou-se extração a frio com HCl 1,0 M. O As foi quantificado por AFS através de geração de hidretos. Para comparação de resultados, Fe, Cr e As foram também analisados por AAN, método em que a amostra foi irradiada com fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de 1012n cm-2 s-1 e a determinação do elemento feita em espectrômetro de raios gama por meio das radiações emitidas pelos radionuclídeos formados. As amostras de sedimento foram coletadas em sete pontos ao longo do Rio Corumbataí, em março, agosto e novembro de 2004 e fevereiro de 2005. Coletas de águas superficiais para a determinação de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas, as quais compõem o Índice de Qualidade de Água (IQA), preconizado pela CETESB, foram realizadas concomitantemente. No período de cheia, ou seja, novembro de 2004 e fevereiro de 2005 foram obtidas amostras de sólidos em suspensão, que passaram pelos mesmos procedimentos descritos para sedimento. As amostras foram caracterizadas quanto à granulometria e conteúdo de C e N, evidenciando os baixos níveis de carbono nas partículas e a classificação arenosa dos sedimentos, cuja granulometria mostrou-se relevante na dinâmica dos metais no ecossistema aquático. Não houveram indícios de que o sedimento do rio estivesse contaminado por elementos metálicos. As partículas finas (<63 µm) dos sólidos em suspensão, com maiores teores de carbono, foram responsáveis pelo transporte desses elementos até o rio Piracicaba. A qualidade da água, medida através do IQA, foi considerada Boa, à exceção dos pontos de coleta 6 e 7 que sofrem maior impacto devido ao despejo de efluentes do município de Rio Claro e do bairro Santa Teresinha, e foram classificados com qualidade Aceitável em três épocas de coleta. / Total and exchangeable levels of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cupper, iron, manganese, mercury, nickel, plumb and strontium, were determined in sediment samples from Corumbataí river. The measurements for the elements quantification were made by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES), neutron activation analyses (NAA) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The samples for total metals load determination, quantified by ICP-AES and AFS were extracted in Teflon bombs with aqua regia. Cold extraction with HCl 1,0 M was used for the quantification of exchangeable metals. As were quantified by AFS through hydride generation technique. For results comparison, Fe, Cr and As were also analyzed by NAA, method that the sample was irradiated with 1012n cm-2 s-1 thermal neutrons flux and the element determination is made by gamma ray spectrometry through the radionucleotideos radiation emission. The sediment samples were collected in seven sites in the Corumbataí River, in March, August and November 2004 and February 2005. Superficial water sampling for the determination of physics, chemical and biological variables which set up the Water Quality Index IQA, commended by CETESB, were made concomitantly. In the rainy period, corresponded to November 2004 and February 2005, were collected suspended solids that went through the same procedures described for sediment. The sample were grain size, C and N percentage characterized becoming evident the low levels of carbon and the sediment classification as sandy, in which the grain size show up relevant in the metals dynamics in that aquatic environment. There were no indications of metallic elements contamination in the Corumbataí River. The suspended matter clay particles (<63 µm), with higher carbon levels in which are adsorbed greater quantities of metals are responsible for these elements transport for the Piracicaba river. The water quality, measured through IQA is Good, exception made to the 6 and 7 sites that received greater impact due to the effluents discharge from counties of Rio Claro, Santa Gertrudes and the district of Santa Teresinha, and were classified as Acceptable in three sampling times.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse consiste à l’étude des rejets en mer, par émissaire marin, des eaux usées urbaines des collectivités littorales. Nous focalisons notre étude sur les rejets chargés de matières en suspension. Ces matières risquent de déposer autour du point de rejet et créent une zone très polluée. Dans ce contexte, nous procédons à la modélisation de la déposition des particules transportées en suspension par les rejets urbains dans la zone proche du point de rejet dite « champ proche ». Ceci est fait dans le but de mieux comprendre ce phénomène et de pouvoir déterminer, en conséquence, le niveau de traitement à l’amont ainsi que la configuration du dispositif de rejet en fonction des capacités du milieu récepteur à assimiler la pollution solide. Nous avons réalisé ce travail en trois parties. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié les rejets urbains dans les zones littorales, les caractéristiques des eaux usées urbaines et celles des particules solides transportées par ces eaux. Nous avons aussi étudié la relation entre les différents critères de qualité des eaux du milieu récepteur et le rejet urbain ainsi que le rôle de l’émissaire marin dans la réduction de l’impact environnemental du rejet sur le milieu marin. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous concentrons sur la zone proche de l’émissaire marin. Il s’agit du jet turbulent issu du rejet. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions le comportement hydrodynamique du jet et nous le modélisons. Ceci est fait par l’établissement d’un modèle Lagrangian pour l’étude du champ proche (modèle de la phase liquide). Dans la troisième partie, nous construisons un modèle pour anticiper la déposition des particules solides transportées par les rejets urbains (modèle de la phase solide). Ce modèle se base sur le phénomène de concentration préférentielle. Il est couplé avec le modèle Lagrangian du comportement hydrodynamique du jet, conçu dans la deuxième partie. Le modèle est validé par des données expérimentales représentant le taux de déposition longitudinale des jets horizontaux et inclinés flottants dans un milieu stationnaire, en présence de co-courant et les jets horizontaux non flottants dans un milieu stationnaire. Nous terminons ce travail par une analyse de sensibilité pour étudier les effets d’un certain nombre de paramètres du jet et du milieu ambiant sur le comportement hydrodynamique du jet et sur le taux de déposition. / In this study, we are interested in the problem of marine wastewater discharge via the submarine outfall. We emphasize on the urban discharge laden with suspended solids. These suspended solids may depose around the discharge point in the sea and create a highly polluted zone. The objective of this study is the modeling of deposition of suspended solids from urbandischarge in the zone near the discharge point, called nearfield, in order to understand the phenomenon and determine thereafter the treatment level upstream in addition to the configuration of the discharge point depending on the capacity of receiving milieu to assimilate the solid pollution. The work is realized in three parts. In the first part, we studied the management of urban discharge in coastal areas, including the characteristics of urban wastewater, and those of solid particles transported by wastewater. We studied also the relation between the receiving water quality criteria and urban discharge in addition to the role played by the submarine outfall in the reduction of environmental impact of the urban discharge on the marine milieu. In the second part, we concentrate on the zone near the submarine outfall that means the turbulent jet issued from the discharge. We study the hydrodynamic behaviour of the jet, the modeling of this behaviour. Then we present our Lagrangian model designed for the study of nearfield (liquid phase model). In the third part, we construct a model to anticipate the deposition of solid particles driven to the sea by the urban discharge (solid phase model). This model is based on the phenomenon of preferential concentration and is coupled with the Lagrangian model of hydrodynamic behaviour of the jet designed in the second part. The model is validated by experimental data presenting the longitudinal deposition rate of horizontal and inclined jets in stationary ambient, in presence of coflow in addition to the case of horizontal non-buoyant jets in stationary ambient. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed where we studied the effects of many parameters of the jet ad the ambient milieu, on the hydrodynamic behaviour of the jet and on the deposition rate.

This master thesis is focused on waste waters from cosmetics industry and basic indicators of these waters. The pollution of the environment caused by increase industrial development has a negative effect on ecosystem. Waste waters are part of the pollution. In theoretical part a basic indicators of waters (its definition and way of determination) have been described. Membrane processes for water purification have been mentioned as well – particularly the ultrafiltration. The experimental part of thesis deals with practical determination of indicators mentioned in methods described in the theoretical part. Results are discussed at the close. The discussion is focused on evaluation of efficiency of the device for waste waters adjustment, which is in use in the Dermacol company, which produces cosmetics products.

Freshwater mussels is one the most endangered groups of organisms worldwide and stand in front of several threats. Global warming along with anthropogenic influence affect the mussel’s natural habitat and stress leads to changes in their behaviour. The aim was to investigate if the behaviour of Unio tumidus exposed to thermal stress differs depending on fine particulate matter exposure. This study hypothesises that (1) the critical thermal maximum of mussels is lower in high turbidity than in clear water (2) mussels in highly turbid water extend their foot at a lower temperature than in clear water (3) mussels have a more frequent gaping behaviour in high turbidity than in clear water. Mussels were placed in each water filled beaker with sensors glued to their shells for monitoring gaping behaviour. Aquarium heaters increased the water temperature gradually until the mussels reached their CTM. One group were placed in clear river water and one group in water with high turbidity. There was no significant difference in the CTM between the highly turbid and clear water. The mussels in the river water extended their foot at a lower temperature compared to the mussels in high turbidity. One possible explanation is that the mussels remain shut to protect themselves due to higher stress levels. Valve gaping behaviour was visually investigated and displayed different patterns between mussels in clear and highly turbid water. This study contributes with information regarding mussel behaviour and response to thermal stress which can be of value for future studies. / Sötvattenmusslor är en av de mest hotade organismerna i världen och står inför flera hot. Global uppvärmning tillsammans med antropogen inverkan påverkar musslornas naturliga livsmiljö och stress leder till förändringar i deras beteende. Syftet var att undersöka om beteendet hos Unio tumidus som utsätts för termisk stress skiljer sig beroende på exponering av fina partiklar. Denna studie antar att (1) critical thermal maximum för musslor är lägre vid hög turbiditet än i åvatten (2) musslor i hög turbiditet sträcker ut sin fot vid en lägre temperatur än i åvatten (3) musslor har ett mer frekvent öppningsbeteende vid hög turbiditet än i åvatten. Musslor placerades i vattenfyllda bägare med sensorer limmade på sina skal för att övervaka öppningsbeteende. Akvarievärmare ökade vattentemperaturen gradvis tills musslorna nådde sitt critical thermal maximum. En grupp placerades i åvatten och en grupp i vatten med hög turbiditet. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i CTM mellan hög turbiditet och åvattnet. Musslorna i åvattnet sträckte ut sin fot vid en lägre temperatur jämfört med musslorna i hög turbiditet. En möjlig förklaring är att musslorna förblir stängda för att skydda sig på grund av högre stress. Öppningsbeteende undersöktes visuellt och visade olika mönster mellan musslor i åvatten och vatten med hög turbiditet. Denna studie bidrar med information om musslornas beteende och respons på termisk stress som kan vara av värde för framtida studier.

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Wastewater treatment facilities around the world use significant amount of energy which contributes to large quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the U.S.EPA, nearly 3% of the USA's energy is used to treat wastewater. This consumption is increasing at faster rates with increase in population and regulations. Wastewater facilities use large number of pumps in their transfer stations, treatment plants, and effluent pump stations. All these pumps consume considerable amounts of energy. This study presents a preliminary energy inspection of two facilities from Louisiana. This audit provides an inventory of the energy consumed for various activities like pumping, treatment, and discharge. This analysis helps the operators to identify the potential power consuming areas and optimize by adopting several energy conservation measures (ECMs). This study also involves the quantification of GHG emissions based on the energy consumption. The benefits of the study include minimizing energy and GHG emission.

<div>Agricultural headwater streams in the Midwestern United States are subject to contaminants from fields, increased sedimentation, and degradation of natural habitat. Previous research has shown that physical instream habitat degradation better explained variation in fish community structure than water chemistry. However, these studies did not include total suspended solids (TSS), which are considered a major freshwater contaminant. The objective of this study is to determine whether total suspended solids better explains fish community structure than other variables in agricultural headwater streams. Mixed linear effects modeling was used to determine the set of independent variables that best predicts each of the fish response variables of species richness, Shannon diversity index, fish density, and index of biotic integrity. Standardized coefficients were used to determine which independent variable in each of the models had the largest influence on fish response metrics. The set of independent variables that best explained species richness were mean total suspended solids, imidacloprid, discharge, and substrate richness. Shannon diversity index was explained best by the combination of maximum total suspended solids, mean total suspended solids, atrazine, total nitrogen, and discharge. Fish density was explained best by the percentage of silt and clay, dissolved oxygen, the percentage of canopy cover, cover type richness, and discharge. IBI was explained best by the combination of the percentage of silt and clay, total phosphorus, mean total suspended solids, and dissolved oxygen. Total suspended solids was the most influential independent variable for fish species richness and Shannon diversity, however the percentage of silt and clay in benthic sediments was the most influential independent variable for fish density and IBI. Results also indicate discharge and total phosphorus as being influential to fish community metrics. The results from this study suggest that models containing a combination of different types of independent variables best explain fish community structure. This study supports the use of conservation and restoration practices that reduce total suspended solids and the amount of silt and clay present in bed sediments to increase fish community integrity of agricultural headwater streams of the Midwestern United States.</div>

From the Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 15-16, 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada / This study, conducted to determine the interrelationships among nitrogen transformations, infiltration rates, and development of the black layer found in the Santa Cruz River downstream of the Tucson (Arizona) sewage treatment plant, tested these interrelationships by percolating sewage effluent through clear acrylic columns uniformly packed with river sand for the first run, with gravel for the second run. Sewage effluent was continuously applied to three of the columns for 28 and 64 days during the first and second runs respectively. The remaining column was continuously flooded with tap water to serve as a control. Infiltration rates decreased rapidly upon application of the sewage, and within a few days a black layer developed, its thickness inversely related to the infiltration rate but not a cause of reduced flow, which is attributed, rather, to clogging of the surface by suspended solids. There was an average reduction in total nitrogen of 62.9% for the first run, and 15.9% for the second. The mechanisms of removal for run 1 were predominately absorption and denitrification, whereas the predominate removal mechanism in run 2 was filtering of organic nitrogen with adsorption and denitrification also playing an important role.